A counterexample to an algorithm for computing monotone hulls of simple polygons

A two-stage algorithm was recently proposed by Sklansky (1982) for computing the convex hull of a simple polygon P. The first step is intended to compute a simple polygon $\text{P}{}^1$ which is monotonic in both the x and y directions and which contains the convex hull vertices of P. The second step applies a very simple convex hull algorithm on $\text{P}{}^1$. In this note we show that the first step does not always work correctly and can even yield non-simple polygons, invalidating the use of the second step. It is also shown that the first step can discard convex hull vertices thus invalidating the use of any convex hull algorithm in the second step.     

寻求简单多边形凸壳的线性时间算法

本文提出在线性时间内构造简单多边形顶点凸壳的两种算法。第一个算法的基本思想是利用一种技巧对多边形顶点进行筛选，使剩余顶点的角的大小排成递增序，然后用Graham扫描方法删去非凸壳顶点，最后得到多边形凸壳的顶点序列.第二个算法不断删去多边形的凹点及新产生的 凹点，最后得到凸壳顶点序列。这两种算法简单，易于实现，时间复杂性都是O（n)。     

An Efficient Adaptive Algorithm for Constructing the Convex Differences Tree of a Simple Polygon

The convex differences tree (CDT) representation of a simple polygon is useful in computer graphics, computer vision, computer aided design and robotics. The root of the tree contains the convex hull of the polygon and there is a child node recursively representing every connectivity component of the set difference between the convex hull and the polygon. We give an O(n log K + K log² n) time algorithm for constructing the CDT, where n is the number of polygon vertices and K is the number of nodes in the CDT. The algorithm is adaptive to a complexity measure defined on its output while still being worst case efficient. For simply shaped polygons, where K is a constant, the algorithm is linear. In the worst case K = O(n) and the complexity is O(n log² n). We also give an O(n log n) algorithm which is an application of the recently introduced compact interval tree data structure.     

平面点集凸壳的快速算法

提出一种计算平面点集凸壳的快速算法。利用极值点划分出四个矩形,它们包含了所有凸壳顶点,通过对矩形中的点进行扫描,排除明显不是凸壳顶点的点,剩余的点构成一个简单多边形。再利用极点顺序法判断多边形顶点的凹凸性并删除所出现的凹顶点,最终得到一个凸多边形即为点集的凸壳。整个算法简洁明了,避免了乘法运算（除最坏情况外）,从而节省计算时间。     

基于有序简单多边形的平面点集凸包快速求取算法

凸包问题是计算几何的基本问题之一，在许多领域均有应用。传统平面点集凸包算法和简单多边形凸包算法平行发展，互不相干。本文将改进的简单多边形凸包算法应用于平面点集凸包问题中，提出了新的点集凸包算法。该算法首先淘汰掉明显不位于凸包上的点，然后对剩余点集排序，再将点集按照一定顺序串联成有序简单多边形，最后利用前瞻回溯方法搜索多边形凸包，从而得到点集的凸包。本文算法不仅达到了Ｏ的理论时间复杂度下限，而且算法     

A COUNTER－EXAMPLE TO A FAST ALGORITHM FOR FINDING THE CONVEX HULL OF A SIMPLE POLYGON

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简单多边形分解成凸多边形差组合的算法

本文说明一种把简单多边形分斛成凸多边形的差形式的组合的算法。该算法在求一简单多边形凸包的同时求出凸包和原多边形的差(把差称为内多边形),再对内多边形递归地作同样计算便可得到最终结果。最后证明了运算法的时间复杂性为O(N~2),其中N为原多边形的边数。     

Orienting polygonal parts without sensors

In manufacturing it is often necessary to orient parts prior to packing or assembly. We say that a planar part ispolygonal if its convex hull is a polygon. We consider the following problem: given a list ofn vertices describing a polygonal part whose initial orientation is unknown, find the shortest sequence of mechanical gripper actions that is guaranteed to orient the part up to symmetry in its convex hull. We show that such a sequence exists for any polygonal part by giving anO[n ² logn) algorithm for finding the sequence. Since the gripper actions do not require feedback, this result implies that any polygonal part can be orientedwithout sensors.This report describes research conducted in part while the author was a graduate student supported by NSF Grant DMC-8520475 and NASA-Ames Grant NCC 2-463 at the School of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University. The author is currently supported by a grant from the Faculty Research Initiation Fund at the University of Southern California.     

基于方向包围盒投影转换的轮廓线拼接算法

基于轮廓线拼接算法重构三维模型时,由于拼接对象的复杂性,任何一种拼接方法都不能完全涵盖所有情况。为此,提出一种基于方向包围盒(OBB)投影转换的轮廓线拼接算法：首先判断多边形的顶点凹凸性,对于凹顶点,将其转换到对应的凸包上;然后计算凸包的方向包围盒,旋转平移矩形包围盒,并求包围盒内接椭圆,将每个顶点都按比例投影此椭圆上;基于投影后的点进行轮廓线拼接,寻找相邻轮廓线顶点之间的对应关系;最后还原实际坐标,进行原始模型的三维重构。     

Applications of a two-dimensional hidden-line algorithm to other geometric problems

Recently ElGindy and Avis (EA) presented anO(n) algorithm for solving the two-dimensional hidden-line problem in ann-sided simple polygon. In this paper we show that their algorithm can be used to solve other geometric problems. In particular, triangulating anL-convex polygon and finding the convex hull of a simple polygon can be accomplished inO(n) time, whereas testing a simple polygon forL-convexity can be done inO(n ²) time.     

On the application of the convex hull to histogram analysis in threshold selection

A recently proposed algorithm for computing the convex hull of a grey-level histogram in image segmentation is shown to be inefficient due to the fact that it does not exploit the histogram's structure. It is pointed out that a histogram is a weakly externally visible polygon and thus a very simple linear convex hull algorithm will work for such applications.     

A Fast Parallel Algorithm for Convex Hull Problem of Multi-Leveled Images

In this paper, we propose a parallel algorithm to solve the convex hull problem for an (n×n) multi-leveled image using a reconfigurable mesh connected computer of the same size as a computational model. The algorithm determines parallely the convex hull of all the connected components of the multileveled image. It is based on some geometric properties and a top-down strategy. The complexity of the algorithm is O(logn) times. Using some approximations on the component contours, this complexity is reduced to O(logm) times where m is the number of the vertices of the convex hull of the biggest component of the image.This complexity is reached thanks to the polymorphic properties of the mesh where all the components are simultaneously and separately processed.     

求平面多边形集凸壳的方法

提出一种计算平面多边形集凸壳的快速算法。将多边形集的凸壳根据极值点划分为右上、左上、左下、右下四段,同时对集合中多边形利用其极值点提取右上、左上、左下、右下四个点列段,凸壳的每一段仅受多边形同一类点列段的影响。根据多边形集合的极值点确定四个矩形区域对四类点列段进行筛选,再按给定规则在矩形区域中进行初始找点,可求出四段凸壳初始点列,它们按顺序可确定一平面多边形,求出到此多边形的凸壳即为所求多边形集的凸壳。算法通过分段、分类、筛选等措施提高了计算效率,并且易于实现,其时间复杂度为O（N）。     

任意多边形顶点凸、凹性判别的简捷算法

给出了一种确定任意多边形顶点凸、凹性的简捷算法.该算法只需要2n+4次乘法,5n+10次加、减法及2n+3次比较即可完成(n是多边形顶点的个数).同时,给出了任意简单多边形走向的充要条件.     

Numerical stability of a convex hull algorithm for simple polygons

A numerically stable and optimalO(n)-time implementation of an algorithm for finding the convex hull of a simple polygon is presented. Stability is understood in the sense of a backward error analysis. A concept of the condition number of simple polygons and its impact on the performance of the algorithm is discussed. It is shown that if the condition number does not exceed (1+O())/(3), then, in floating-point arithmetic with the unit roundoff, the algorithm produces the vertices of a convex hull for slightly perturbed input points. The relative perturbation does not exceed 3(1+O()).J. W. Jaromczyk was partially supported by a grant from the Center for Robotics and Manufacturing Systems at the University of Kentucky and G. W. Wasilkowski was partially supported by the National Science Foundation under Grants CCR-89-05371 and CCR-91-14042.     

Computing euclidean maximum spanning trees

An algorithm is presented for finding a maximum-weight spanning tree of a set ofn points in the Euclidean plane, where the weight of an edge (p _i ,p _j ) equals the Euclidean distance between the pointsp _i andp _j . The algorithm runs inO(n logh) time and requiresO(n) space;h denotes the number of points on the convex hull of the given set. If the points are vertices of a convex polygon (given in order along the boundary), then our algorithm requires only a linear amount of time and space. These bounds are the best possible in the algebraic computation-tree model. We also establish various properties of maximum spanning trees that can be exploited to solve other geometric problems.     

A simple linear algorithm for intersecting convex polygons

LetP andQ be two convex polygons withm andn vertices, respectively, which are specified by their cartesian coordinates in order. A simpleO(m+n) algorithm is presented for computing the intersection ofP andQ. Unlike previous algorithms, the new algorithm consists of a two-step combination of two simple algorithms for finding convex hulls and triangulations of polygons.     

Optimal Polygonal Representation of Planar Graphs

In this paper, we consider the problem of representing planar graphs by polygons whose sides touch. We show that at least six sides per polygon are necessary by constructing a class of planar graphs that cannot be represented by pentagons. We also show that the lower bound of six sides is matched by an upper bound of six sides with a linear-time algorithm for representing any planar graph by touching hexagons. Moreover, our algorithm produces convex polygons with edges having at most three slopes and with all vertices lying on an O(n)×O(n) grid.     

Constructing strongly convex hulls using exact or rounded arithmetic

One useful generalization of the convex hull of a setS ofn points is the ?-strongly convex δ-hull. It is defined to be a convex polygon with vertices taken fromS such that no point inS lies farther than δ outside and such that even if the vertices of are perturbed by as much as ?, remains convex. It was an open question as to whether an ?-strongly convexO(?)-hull existed for all positive ?. We give here anO(n logn) algorithm for constructing it (which thus proves its existence). This algorithm uses exact rational arithmetic. We also show how to construct an ?-strongly convexO(? + μ)-hull inO(n logn) time using rounded arithmetic with rounding unit μ. This is the first rounded-arithmetic convex-hull algorithm which guarantees a convex output and which has error independent ofn.     

多连通多边形的内部Voronoi图的顶点和边数的上界

多边形的Voronoi图在路径规划、碰撞检测等方面有着广泛的应用,其顶点和边数在这些应用算法的复杂度分析方面起着重要作用.Held证明了一个简单多边形的内部Voronoi图最多有n+k-2个顶点和2(n+k)-3条边,其中n和k分别是多边形的顶点和内尖点数.但其结论不能适用于多连通多边形.对多连通多边形进行研究,通过将其Voronoi图转化为有根树,并利用有根树的性质,给出了其内部Voronoi图的顶点和边数上界的估计,并对Voronoi区域的边界所包含顶点和边数的平均值进行了讨论."SDU数字博物馆"系统所采用的基于Voronoi图的可见性算法的复杂度分析,就利用了所得出的结论.