设计在企业品牌化发展中的角色探讨——以消费者市场下电商为例

在消费者市场下，越来越多的企业开始在品牌化发展的过程中应用设计作为其战略资产。设计造就强势品牌，井为之带来各种挑战与机遇。文章试图把设计所扮演的角色置于更加广泛和重要的互联网电子商务的复杂环境中，通过分析消赞者市场下设计与品牌之间的关系，针对现阶段所面临的挑战．总结出设计在企业品牌化发展中的应该扮演的角色。     

Enterprisewide Information Management: State-of-the-Art Strategic Planning

MIS plans compete with many other potential business investments and business problems for the attention of senior management. Consequently, a strategic planning methodology should not only produce a plan linked to business planning but also should create a persuasive case for its support. This article examines the state of the art in strategic planning in terms of enterprisewide information management (EwIM), which is a set of concepts and tools that enable MIS managers to plan, organize, implement, and control information resources to meet current and future strategic goals.     

Mediated and Moderated Effects of Business and Project Planning on Innovation Projects in Hospitals

Based on multi‐respondent data of 130 innovation projects in hospitals, our study analyses the role of planning intensity for project success. Besides showing that also in complex service systems innovation projects are supported through planning, we contribute to innovation management research, first, by clearly differentiating between the effects of business and project planning; second, by integrating intra‐team co‐ordination as a possible mediator of the planning success relationship; and, third, by taking into account the degree of innovativeness as a relevant contingency. We apply a multi‐level regression analysis, include several control variables, and limit common source biases by a multi‐respondent empirical design. The results demonstrate that both planning types show complementary effects. Project planning increases intra‐team co‐ordination, which mediates the planning effect on project success. Business planning has a direct effect on project success. However, the moderating effects of project innovativeness are oppositional. While business planning becomes more important for higher degrees of innovativeness, the efficacy of project planning is limited to incremental innovations. We conclude with a discussion of implications for hospital and innovation management as well as future research.     

Interdisciplinary Heterogeneity as a Catalyst for Product Innovativeness of Entrepreneurial Teams

Although more and more ventures are successfully founded by entrepreneurial teams, the specific benefits of the team‐based founding approach have received little attention in extant empirical studies. This study explores the relationship between the level of interdisciplinary heterogeneity in entrepreneurial teams and the level of product innovativeness in high‐tech ventures. It is proposed that an interdisciplinary new venture team composition impacts the quality of the strategic planning process (scanning activities, planning openness) and thereby indirectly shapes product innovativeness. The hypotheses are investigated using data from a sample of Canadian high‐tech ventures. The findings provide support for the proposed relationship between team heterogeneity, strategic planning and product innovativeness. Venture capitalists, university faculty and incubator institutions are therefore well advised to direct their attention towards fostering a heterogeneous composition of founding teams.     

Innovation through Strategic Community Management: The Case of NTT DoCoMo and the Mobile Internet Revolution

This paper describes strategic community management that can be implemented by large established companies through the creation of a variety of strategic business communities. The paper focuses in particular on the case of NTT DoCoMo, Inc., Japan’s largest mobile telecommunications carrier, which has utilized strategic community management principles in their efforts to cultivate and expand the mobile Internet market in Japan over roughly the past two years. This paper also deals with the development of an emerging mobile Internet market spawned by the creation of strategic communities supported by strategic communities which consist of informal in‐house organizations and diverse strategic heterogeneous alliances with outside firms including customers, and elucidates strategic community management as an effective methodology aimed at strategic innovation conducted by major enterprises.     

Individual profiles and team classes of the climate for creativity: A multilevel latent profile analysis

Understanding the team climate to enhance creativity is important in academia and industry given the need for organizations to respond to the changing environment. Research on team creativity is a relatively recent trend, but most studies have been conducted from a variable‐centered perspective. Despite the contributions of this type of research, there are limitations in understanding subgroups based on individuals' perceptions. To address the limitations, the purposes of this person‐centered study are firstly to identify individual‐level latent profiles and team‐level latent classes based on the climate for creativity, and secondly to examine the differences in individual‐ and team‐level outcomes between the identified profiles and classes. This study used multilevel latent profile analysis (MLPA) with 238 individuals in 26 project teams. We identified two individual profiles, high impediments and high stimulants, and two team classes, low impediments teams and mixed impediments teams. Low impediments teams included mostly high stimulants, and mixed impediments teams included half high stimulants and half low impediments. We further determined that high stimulants and low impediments teams showed higher individual‐ and team‐level outcomes than the other profile and class. This study theoretically and practically contributes to team creativity management from a person‐centered perspective.     

Values and Complexities in Assessing Strategic‐Level Emergency Management Effectiveness

Emergency managers working at a strategic level play a pivotal role in managing operational needs as well the needs of political elites engaged in crisis management and meaning‐making. Evaluating emergency performance has been widely regarded as problematic, in part because of various stakeholder interests and because it is so subjective. This paper explores the values of personnel working in emergency management at a strategic level as well as the conditions that limit their effectiveness as they attempt to align the needs of different stakeholders. The surveys and interviews conducted suggest that what constitutes success is both subjective and contested by different stakeholders. There is a need to establish a broader perspective on what constitutes success when evaluating emergency response.     

Incident Command Skills in the Management of an Oil Industry Drilling Incident: a Case Study

The successful management of a complex, hazardous event in many domains demands a high level of incident command skills. In the oil and gas exploration and production industry, these skills were required by members of an Incident Management Team (IMT) established to respond the failure of a drilling riser in the Gulf of Mexico. When an incident occurs, members of an industrial IMT form an interdisciplinary, interdependent, but ad‐hoc team. As actual experience of dealing with major incidents of this nature is relatively rare, IMT members have to rely on emergency exercises in training, along with existing domain‐specific knowledge. Following a serious incident on an offshore drilling rig, semi‐structured interviews with the on‐shore strategic and tactical level IMT members (n=7) were conducted. These interviews have resulted in the identification and definition of incident command skills for members of an industrial IMT, namely decision making, situation awareness, communication, leadership, and teamwork, all of which can be affected by stress, as well as organisational factors that influenced the outcome of the incident. Limitations in current incident management training were identified, namely the need for specific incident command skills training. A framework is suggested around which specific incident command skills training can be structured. Key learnings from this case study are also presented which can provide guidance for the training and preparation of industrial incident management teams.     

Communitition: The Tension between Competition and Collaboration in Community‐Based Design Contests

Following the concepts of crowdsourcing, co‐creation or open innovation, companies are increasingly using contests to foster the generation of creative solutions. Currently, online idea and design contests are enjoying a resurgence through the usage of new information and communication technologies. These virtual platforms allow users both to competitively disclose their creative ideas to corporations and also to interact and collaborate with like‐minded peers, communicating, discussing and sharing their insights and experiences, building social networks and establishing a sense of community. Little research has considered that contest communities both promote and benefit from simultaneous co‐operation and competition and that both types of relationships need to be emphasized at the same time. In this article, it is argued that the firm‐level concept of co‐opetition might also be relevant for an innovation's success on the individual level within contest communities. Our concept of ‘communitition’ should include the elements of competitive participation without disabling the climate for co‐operation, as numerous user discussions and comments improve the quality of submitted ideas and allow the future potential of an idea to shine through the so‐called ‘wisdom of the crowd’.     

Functional Diversity,Absorptive Capability and Product Success: The Moderating Role of Project Complexity in New Product Development Teams

Absorptive capability appears to be an appealing concept in the technology and innovation management literature. Though absorptive capability attracts researchers from a variety of disciplines, team‐level empirical research on it is scant. In this study, we operationalized team absorptive capability as a multidimensional construct involving knowledge acquisition, assimilation and exploitation. This study also explores the moderating effect of project complexity between team absorptive capability and new product success. In studying the data from 239 new product development projects using partial least squares structural equation modelling, we found that team functional diversity is a significant determinant of team absorptive capability. Moreover, regarding the relationships between team absorptive capability and new product success, we uncovered that (i) new product success is dependent on the ability to understand the acquired knowledge, and (ii) the teams appear to be more cautious in putting the assimilated knowledge into practice to the extent that project complexity increases.     

Experience with fault injection experiments for FMEA

Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is a widely used system and software safety analysis technique that systematically identifies failure modes of system components and explores whether these failure modes might lead to potential hazards. In practice, FMEA is typically a labor‐intensive team‐based exercise, with little tool support. This article presents our experience with automating parts of the FMEA process, using a model checker to automate the search for system‐level consequences of component failures. The idea is to inject runtime faults into a model based on the system specification and check if the resulting model violates safety requirements, specified as temporal logical formulas. This enables the safety engineer to identify if a component failure, or combination of multiple failures, can lead to a specified hazard condition. If so, the model checker produces an example of the events leading up to the hazard occurrence which the analyst can use to identify the relevant failure propagation pathways and co‐effectors. The process is applied on three medium‐sized case studies modeled with Behavior Trees. Performance metrics for SAL model checking are presented. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Factors Associated with Creative Strategic Decisions

The study and practice of business strategy is fundamentally based on employing creative solutions to differentiate a firm from its competitors. Theories used to describe the causes and consequences of strategic differentiation tend to focus on organization‐level characteristics such as resources, capabilities and structures. However, less is known about day‐to‐day processes and practices whereby strategic managers develop create solutions necessary to establish strategic differentiation. This paper presents a preliminary field study of factors suggested by previous strategy process and micro‐strategy research that may lead to, and result from, creative strategic decisions. Findings produced by a longitudinal field study of 52 strategic decisions reveal that creative strategic choices arise in response to managers' perceptions of uncertainty and competition. The findings also suggest that creativity may improve the ultimate effectiveness of strategic choices by 5–10 per cent.     

The CMUnited-98 champion small-robot team

Robotic soccer presents a large spectrum of challenging research opportunities. In this article, we present the main research and technical contributions of our champion CMUnited-98 small-robot team. The team is a multiagent robotic system with global perception, and distributed cognition and action. We introduce our new robot motion algorithm that reactively generates motion control to account for the target point, the desired robot orientation and obstacle avoidance. Our robots exhibit successful collision-free motion in the highly dynamic robotic soccer environment. At the strategic and decision-making level, we present the role-based behaviors of the CMUnited-98 robotic agents. Team collaboration is remarkably achieved through a new algorithm that allows for team agents to anticipate possible collaboration opportunities. Robots position themselves strategically in open positions that increase passing opportunities. The article terminates with a summary of the results of the RoboCup-98 games in which the CMUnited-98 small-robot team scored a total of 25 goals and suffered 6 goals in the five games that it played.     

数字品牌建设

随着数字技术的高速发展和广泛应用,人类已经进入数字信息时代。全球市场也随之掀起数字化浪潮,通过策略性的品牌沟通,设计的形式和内容以及媒体渠道来建设数字品牌已经成为各企业公司抢占先机,立于不败之地的品牌经营策略。     

Bordering on Reality: Findings on the Bonfire Crisis Management Simulation

On 6 April 2005 a national crisis management simulation, code named Bonfire, was held at various locations in the Netherlands. The Bonfire scenario was built around a terrorist threat followed by an actual attack in the Amsterdam ArenA and a hostage‐taking. Bonfire's scale and realism made it unique for the Netherlands. Its complexity led to unplanned incidents that actually made it even more realistic, because this is something that occurs in every crisis situation. This evaluation shows that the co‐ordination, internal provision of information and crisis communication – the three core elements of crisis management discussed in this report –were mainly in the hands of the decision‐makers themselves. This put so much pressure on them that they were rarely able to make strategic decisions for the medium or long term. Support staff had been expected to ease pressure on the leadership by preparing their meetings and working out the results. This did not go as planned, however. Since they did not always have access to the latest information, they could not provide optimum support. As a result, they were by‐passed, so that they had even less access to information. The vicious circle was thus complete. It was observed that new counter‐terrorism structures installed in the Netherlands after ‘9–11’ functioned as foreseen, but that decision‐making required the input of far more parties than had been envisaged. In the course of the operations, therefore, the various levels established a more or less spontaneous link with the standard crisis management structures.     

Perspectives on Penetration Testing

This article discusses some obvious findings revealed by penetration testing. I run the security testing services team for a risk management and security consultancy and I have been involved with ‘pure’ penetration testing for four years now; prior to that I worked on ITSEC evaluations (which also contained an element of penetration testing). Well, someone has too! Actually, what the ITSEC scheme gave me is a good understanding of software vulnerabilities — why they occur, how they can be found, how they can be patched, etc. This has proved very useful on penetration testing engagements as it has given me an understanding of why software is insecure. At a code level, software can be vulnerable for many reasons, i.e. the ubiquitous buffer overrun, executing as root, not handling error conditions, etc. However, at a system level the reasons are much simpler. This is what I will be discussing in this article.     

The effects of knowledge management systems on emergent teams: towards a research model

This article describes how knowledge management systems can enhance the effectiveness of teams that analyze complex, non-recurring problems by improving the way that team composition evolves. Knowledge management systems reduce the costs of searching for specialized knowledge resources, making it more likely that teams will incorporate a diversity of knowledge. Drawing on the concept of requisite variety, this article argues that increases in team knowledge variety lead to improvements in the effectiveness of the solutions generated by a team, which in turn enhance their organization's adaptive ability. This process also reinforces the existing distribution of knowledge within the organization, increasing employee specialization. The author develops a series of propositions and combines them into a research model from which he draws implications for researchers and managers.     

Emergency Management and Land Use Planning in Industrial Hazardous Areas: Learning from an Italian Experience

This paper discusses some methodological and organizational issues characterizing local policies for industrial risk prevention in Italy. These include both emergency preparedness and land use control as strategic activities aimed at risk reduction in areas where Seveso facilities are located. The article discusses an Italian case study in the Lombardia region. It covers the development of a so‐called Local Operating Manual for external industrial emergency management as well as a so‐called Technical Study for land use control around hazardous plants. After these documents were revised, a real accident occurred, showing the limitations of planning. The lessons learnt from this experience suggested some multi‐organizational directions and methodological procedures for further research on risk management and communication.     

Profiling Technological Competencies of Companies: A Case Study Based on the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving

The Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (Russian acronym: TRIZ) provides several new ways for finding creative problem solutions. In addition to TRIZ as it is used for generating inventions, some of its instruments can be applied for strategic management support. In combination with patent databases, TRIZ can be used for profiling technological competencies of inventors and companies to support strategic decisions. This article demonstrates profiling of technological competencies, using a complex case study of a leading German company. In this case study a five‐step process, developed by the main author, has been applied. After having analysed patents and patent applications of three major companies in the field of floor‐cleaning aids, three characteristic profiles have been identified. This led to important activities in the area of R&D of the company doing the analysis, as well as to decisions of strategic relevance.     

Concurrent Individual And Social Learning In Robot Teams

This article discusses effective mechanisms that enable a group of robots to autonomously generate, adapt, and enhance team behaviors while improving their individual performance simultaneously. Two promising team learning concepts, namely, cooperative learning and advice‐sharing, are integrated to provide a platform that encompasses a comprehensive approach to team‐performance enhancement. These methods were examined in relation to the performance characteristics of standard single‐robot Q‐learning to ascertain whether they retain viable learning characteristics despite the integration of individual learning into team behaviors.