辣味食品辣度量化分级技术研究

本文针对贵阳地区消费人群对辣味食品辣度的感官评价进行了调查,定量分析了不同辣度辣味食品中辣椒碱的含量,依据感官辣度和辣味食品中辣椒碱的含量,对辣味食品的辣度进行了量化,并分为4级:1级(微辣;辣椒碱含量<0.30%)、2级(中辣;辣椒碱含量0.30%～0.50%)、3级(辣;辣椒碱含量0.50%～0.70%)、4级(很辣;辣椒碱含量>0.80%)。在考虑辣椒原料综合利用的基础上,设计了定量添加辣椒精以生产不同辣度辣味食品的工艺路线。     

韩国开发食品麻辣程度分析技术

<正>9月8日,韩国食品研究院发表消息称,开发了同时检测食品中辣椒和胡椒的辣味程度分析技术,该技术通过了食品分析有效性验证。以往的食品中辣味程度的检测,仅限于检测辣椒中的辣椒素和二氢辣椒素。本次开发的分析方法是利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法,同时检测食品中辣椒的辣椒素、二氢辣椒素和胡椒的     

辣椒香味物质的提取分离及其应用

辣椒是一种草本茄科植物,它是一种在复合调味过程中经常应用到的的重要香料,市场上以辣椒为原料生产的具有辣味的食品随处可见。辣椒资源丰富,贵州、四川、云南、湖南等全国各地均有种植。高品质辣椒香味物质的提取分离是当前一个产品畅销于市场,风味被消费者认可年销售产值3 5个亿的奇迹体现。本文主要阐述:辣椒香味物质的提取方法、辣椒香味物质的测定、辣椒香味物质的作用和应用、展望四方面,首次披露辣椒香味物质以最新市场发展趋势相结合,能够紧密联系辣味食品的消费趋势,为将来辣味食品发展奠定基础。辣椒香味物质含有醛类、吡嗪、酮类、烯类、醇类等,辣味食品的需求量不断增大,新辣椒香味物质的提取扩大新辣味食品的开发和利用。     

从辣椒中提取辣椒精

老熟后的红火辣椒干,是目前销量最最大的辣调味品,进而加工成辣椒粉、辣椒油、辣椒酱。这些传统的加工方法有两个缺点,一是辣椒干或辣椒粉易霉变,保存困难,霉变后辣椒色香味均大为失色。二是辣椒中辣味的利用率很低,大量辣味仍残留在辣椒渣中。为了适应辣味食品发展,提高辣味利用率...     

辣椒香味物质的提取分离及其应用

辣椒是一种草本茄科植物,它是一种在复合调味过程中经常应用到的的重要香料,市场上以辣椒为原料生产的具有辣味的食品随处可见。辣椒资源丰富,贵州、四川、云南、湖南等全国各地均有种植。高品质辣椒香味物质的提取分离是当前一个产品畅销于市场,风味被消费者认可年销售产值3～5个亿的奇迹体现。文章主要阐述:辣椒香味物质的提取方法、辣椒香味物质的测定、辣椒香味物质的的作用和应用、展望4个方面,首次披露辣椒香味物质以最新市场发展趋势相结合,能够紧密联系辣味食品的消费趋势,为将来辣味食品发展奠定基础。辣椒香味物质含有醛类、吡嗪、酮类、烯类、醇类等,辣味食品的需求量不断增大,新辣椒香味物质的提取扩大新辣味食品的开发和利用。     

海外食品趋向

<正> 豆腐食品多样化。在豆腐食品中加入人们喜欢的奶油、大蒜汁、咖啡和各种果味料;用鲜花调成黄色,用芥末或菠菜调成绿色,叠成三色豆腐,令人观食生津。 辣味食品受欢迎。辣味能刺激人们的食欲,并具有溶解脂肪的作用,对健康有益。 添铁质求营养。由于人们片面追求精美食品,而不注意含铁量,因此在食品中加入适量的铁质子以补充。     

辣椒素类物质辣味的研究进展

辣椒素类物质是一类带有香草基团和中长链脂肪酰胺结构的生物碱,其中辣椒素和二氢辣椒素辣度最高。部分辣椒素类物质可激活相关受体,引起痛觉与热觉神经信号的传导,使人感到辣味。斯科维尔指数法是评价辣度最常见的方法,但评价结果仅与辣味物质的含量有关,无法真正反映样品的辣度,而时间-强度法可获得多个与辣度相关的定量指标,具有更高的参考价值。除增加辣椒素类物质的含量外,使用水基分散系、提高体系温度、增感作用的产生甚至其他感觉刺激均可显著提升辣椒素类物质辣味感知强度,在感官评价中应当特别注意。综上,本文总结辣椒素类物质的结构、分布,辣味呈现机制、评价方法以及影响辣味感知的因素等方面,以期为食品辣味强度预测和辣味食品的开发提供参考。     

常吃辣味食品有助于防癌

英国科学家近日发现,经常吃富含辣椒素的辣味食品可预防或控制癌症。诺丁汉大学蒂莫西·贝茨等研究人员在《生物化学与生物物理学研究通讯》上发表报告说,他们在实验中发现,让食品产生辣味的辣椒素能够通过攻击线粒体切断癌细胞的营养来源。他们通过用辣椒素对抗肺癌细胞和胰腺癌细胞,取得了很好的效果。     

湖南名菜辣味特征及相关味型分析

以《中国名菜谱·湖南风味》为统计参考,量化分析湖南名菜的辣味特征。同时,基于对湖南省代表性食谱中含辣食品的构成以及湖南省辣味食品人均消费情况的参考分析,综合归纳出湖南名菜辣味的整体特征。采用高效液相色谱法分析测定各调味料中辣椒素、二氢辣椒素的含量,并结合辣度计算和菜谱计重原则,统计出湖南各类名菜的辣度特征。研究表明:辣椒素类物质在所有添加含辣椒素类物质的菜肴中的平均辣度为1.474°,辣椒素类物质在所有菜肴中的平均辣度为0.264°。在湖南辣味菜肴中,"酸辣"味型所占比例最大。     

食品香味与酶

前言食品的美好滋味,是味、香、色、齿以及其他食感所组成的总和效果,其独特的香、味与食品有直接关系,因之而出现风味这样的词汇。在宿店里,听着海潮声吃山葵草辣味生鱼(山葵草用清酒糟渍产生辣味作成拌生鱼,是日本民族食品一译者注),自然另有一番风趣。山葵草在一种能分解及生成辣味的酶的作用下,使其别具风味。因此,说明在食品中,风味的多种多样是与酶的作用分不开的。我们的食品几乎完全是动物或植物组织,或将其分离精制以至加工调制,而生鲜食品本身就是动植物组织,它们必须依靠酶的催化作用来进行化学变化。酶具有选择性,     

Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5

Objectives

To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.

Design

Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.

Main outcome measure

Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.

Results

The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.

Conclusions

In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.⁶ Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.⁷ In Ukraine, two studies^3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.     

2010年河南省部分食品中重金属污染状况分析

了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。     

Content of selenium in fishes,caught in lakes in Buriatia

Study of selenium accumulation by fish of Buryatia shows relatively high accumulation level for the Baikal lake (213-513 mcg/kg) contrary to the lakes of Baunt and Selenginsk regions of the republic (84-227 mcg/kg). Selenium deficiency in Baunt region is also confirmed by low selenium levels in meat of native origin (39-95 mcg/kg). Among different tissues and organs the lowest selenium levels are typical for muscles, the value increasing in the row: muscle < skin < air bladder < scales < fin < liver < roe.     

Moulds and mycotoxins in sorghum stored in traditional containers in India

Various traditional containers have been used in India for storage of sorghum grains. Sorghum is susceptible to fungal infestation and toxin elaboration. The present study relates to the mould and mycotoxin contamination (aflatoxin B₁ and T-2 toxin) in stored sorghum in different storage containers viz. “Kotlu” (Storage rooms), earthenware pots, gunny bags and reed baskets. Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. were the prominent genera and the “Kotlu” form of storage was most susceptible to fungal attack. Storage treatment had little effect on fungal contamination, but despite the fungal infestation, the mycotoxin contamination was found to be very low.     

中国固态发酵白酒中功能细菌研究进展

细菌是白酒酿造3大类微生物之一,其在白酒生产中有着重要的作用,如:芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、放线菌和梭菌等,它们能产生酯类、有机酸、吡嗪、萜烯等微量成分,从而影响白酒的风味与品质。基于细菌在白酒中的重要功能以及微生物分离培养技术和分析检测技术的进步,近年来相关研究越来越深入。该文综述了近年来白酒功能细菌的研究进展,介绍了酿酒各个环节中主要功能细菌及其在白酒中的作用,旨在为白酒功能细菌的研究提供参考。