清代拱券券形的基本形式

拱券在门洞、无梁殿、桥涵、地宫等建筑及构筑物中,应用十分普遍。一般筒拱,按照一定的券形曲线支搭券胎,以楔形券砖或券石砌成。近年发现清代北方官式建筑拱券的券形曲线存在着一个普遍规律,即:拱券矢高(F)     

拱券

一种建筑结构。简称拱,或券,又称券洞、法圈、法券。它除了竖向荷重时具有良好的承重特性外,还起着装饰美化的作用。其外形为圆弧状,由于各种建筑类型的不同,拱券的形式略有变化。半圆形的拱券为古罗马建筑的重要特征，尖形拱券则为哥特式建筑的明显樗，而伊斯兰建筑的拱券则有尖形、马蹄形、弓形、三叶形、复叶形和钟乳形等多种。     

建筑小知识

拱券——一种建筑结构。简称拱,或券,又称券洞、法圈、法券。它除了竖向荷重时具有良好的承重特性外,还起着装饰美化的作用。其外形为圆弧状,由于各种建筑类型的不同,拱券的形式略有变化。半圆形的拱券为古罗马建筑的重要特征,尖形拱券则为哥特式建筑的明显标志,而伊斯兰建筑的拱券则有尖形、马蹄形、弓形、三叶形、复叶形和钟乳形等多种。     

杨玉柱同志关于张家骧同志复信的意见

张家骧同志的复信列举了“莲瓣式券洞”的实际案例,对尖开拱券的缝隙进行分析,同时提出了进一步调查、研究的建议。     

拱券升拱的传统定制与做法规则口诀

拱券是古建砖石砌筑工程的一项结构处理方法。拱券的形式多种多样的，在古建筑上应用最为广泛的是半圆券。拱券的砌筑工艺是比较复杂的。前辈匠师在弹放实样方面总结出八句口诀，概括了三种基本形式拱券的定制与做法规则，虽然含蓄、难解，但对实际操作具有指导意义。     

双心圆：清代拱券券形的基本形式

一 明清以降，砖石结构在中国有了长足的发展。其中，砖石拱券在各类拱门、无梁殿或窑洞、桥涵、陵墓地宫等建筑物中应用十分广泛，尤其以筒拱最为普遍，即在两道平行的承重墙即所谓“平水墙”上，按照一定的券形曲线，支搭券胎，以楔形的券砖或券石砌成。     

拱形结构在黄土高原民居中的应用现状

拱券结构在西方建筑史中占据重要位置，半圆形的拱券为古罗马建筑的特征，尖形拱券为哥特式建筑的特点，伊斯兰建筑的拱券则有尖形、马蹄形等多种。拱券结构在中国形成于西汉前期。曾用于修建墓室，佛塔，拱桥，城门洞，明初出现“无粱殿”。拱券结构的民居主要为北方窑洞，按其结构形式，分为筒拱，丁字拱，十字拱，扶壁拱。本文主要介绍了这四种结构在黄土高原地区民居中的应用情况。     

清代中期官式苏画

清代中叶的官式苏画，既不是原封不动地苏州式样的彩画，也不是现在常见的京式苏画，而是一种具有鲜明时代特征的彩画，在纹饰、色彩、工艺等方面都有其独特的风格。结合北京大观园工程的设计从纹饰、色彩、工艺三方面进行分析，从中探索清代中叶官式苏画与苏州彩画的渊源，及对后期京式苏画的流传关系。     

大靖财神阁大木营造特征研究#

河西走廊地区现存大量明清至民国时期的传统建筑,本文选取其中建筑技术及艺术成就较高的大靖财神阁为研究对象,运用类比分析的方法,探讨该区域传统建筑营造特征,探究其源流。研究发现,财神阁梁架结构接近清代北方官式做法,而檐下处理采用花板代栱的河西地方做法,结角做法又与河湟地区工艺相类,体现出河西走廊传统建筑与北方官式建筑、河湟建筑的关联。并进一步指出,这种现象的出现与明清时期移民屯垦和贸易往来造成的人口流动有关。     

清代样券坑方法的研究及收获

对于皇家陵寝工程而言,地下建筑的营建无疑是重中之重。以已经发掘且最具代表性的裕陵地宫为例,通过细致勘察各券顶“龙门券”的弹墨痕迹以及券石错位安装情况,结合《销算黄册》等宫廷档案,推算作图,得出地宫券石采用样券坑预制的重要结论,不仅在陵寝建筑研究中取得突破,也填补了清代官式石作研究的一大空白。本文不局限于学术成果的推进,还在于对与之相关的研究方法的揭示,即借助工程籍本中对营建工程设计、施工、工料核算等方面的全方位记录,经过数据推演,发现各结构做法之间的逻辑关系,以推算作图的方式解读建筑形制、结构构造以及特有名词,实现“以算求样”的方法创新。     

中国绿道规划建设实践——从提级统筹到制度并轨

绿道在中国经过多年实践发展,在理论内涵、规划选线、综合效益等各方面都已有许多成果支撑.基于可公开获取的一系列文献资料,立足于绿道在中国各省市近20年的具体实践过程,梳理绿道在规划体系中的角色转变、在指标设置中的逐步细化和在管控上的落实方式,总结绿道实践在中国从提级统筹、常态认同到制度并轨3个阶段的发展变化,在展望绿道后...     

Trace metal behaviour in estuarine and riverine floodplain soils and sediments: a review

This paper reviews the factors affecting trace metal behaviour in estuarine and riverine floodplain soils and sediments. Spatial occurrence of processes affecting metal mobility and availability in floodplains are largely determined by the topography. At the oxic-anoxic interface and in the anoxic layers of floodplain soils, especially redox-sensitive processes occur, which mainly result in the inclusion of metals in precipitates or the dissolution of metal-containing precipitates. Kinetics of these processes are of great importance for these soils as the location of the oxic-anoxic interface is subject to change due to fluctuating water table levels. Other important processes and factors affecting metal mobility in floodplain soils are adsorption/desorption processes, salinity, the presence of organic matter, sulphur and carbonates, pH and plant growth. Many authors report highly significant correlations between cation exchange capacity, clay or organic matter contents and metal contents in floodplain soils. Iron and manganese (hydr)oxides were found to be the main carriers for Cd, Zn and Ni under oxic conditions, whereas the organic fraction was most important for Cu. The mobility and availability of metals in a floodplain soil can be significantly reduced by the formation of metal sulphide precipitates under anoxic conditions. Ascending salinity in the flood water promotes metal desorption from the floodplain soil in the absence of sulphides, hence increases total metal concentrations in the water column. The net effect of the presence of organic matter can either be a decrease or an increase in metal mobility, whereas the presence of carbonates in calcareous floodplain soils or sediments constitutes an effective buffer against a pH decrease. Moreover, carbonates may also directly precipitate metals. Plants can affect the metal mobility in floodplain soils by oxidising their rhizosphere, taking up metals, excreting exudates and stimulating the activity of microbial symbionts in the rhizosphere.     

杭州亚运村综合管廊兼顾人防设计方法研究

在我国当前大规模城市基础设施建设进程中,为提高城市生命线工程的防护性能,降低战时破坏带来的不利影响,对于综合管廊兼顾人防设计的需求逐渐提上议事日程。本文首先系统回顾了我国在该领域内的理论研究历程及工程实践现状,对综合管廊工程兼顾人防设计的理论要点做了全面分析总结,归纳了全套设计方法;其次以杭州亚运村片区综合管廊防护设计为例,侧重于片区管廊防护单元的总体布局特点,介绍了按浙江省人防标准进行防护设计的方法和思路,详细分析各专业防护设计方法及技术措施;最后基于前述内容,提炼了该领域内关键技术问题,并对技术标准及相关技术措施提出了建议。本文提出的设计思路方法以及工程实例,可供目前国内类似工程规划设计借鉴参考。     

Cell phones for the spirits: ancestor worship and ritual economies in vietnam and its diasporas

Religion has been thriving in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam since ??i m?i, the onset of market reforms in the late 1980s. Votive paper offerings, part of spiritual and economic well-being, play a crucial role in performing religious practices in the socialist country as well as among diasporic Vietnamese. In urban Hanoi, material objects made from paper are traded in marketplaces and later burned in the streets, in temples and pagodas, in private yards and other places on special occasions in order to be transmitted to the ancestors. In the past few years, the range of votive paper offerings produced, traded, and sent to the deceased has expanded to include new forms and references to new media. Drawing on recent debates in the role of media in religion and in particular on technologies of mediation, I focus on the use of votive paper offerings in the sociocultural context of the Vietnamese spirit world. I explore how new media and media technologies are embedded in multilayered processes of mediation in Vietnam and its diasporas. Taking religious practices of burning votive paper offerings as an ethnographic example, this essay aims to contribute to ongoing debates on popular religion and the sacred life of material goods in late socialist Vietnam, on its transnational ties, and on the entanglements between religion, media and materiality.     

生态还是自然主义: 关于当代种植设计的简要回顾和一些思考

Nature is a cultural construct, and a symbolic form to our cultural landscape. It plays a critical role in the profession of Landscape Architecture, shaping both the practice in the constructed environment as well as the conception of landscape in Pedagogy. This article evaluates contemporary landscape architecture practice in the U.S. through the lens of planting design and ecological design approaches. This retrospect situates selected individuals and their practices in the field of landscape architecture in the past two decades, in parallel with the evolving ecological understanding. These individuals and their works demonstrate the changes in planting design and ecological thinking in the professional practice, and most importantly how these changes contribute to current ecological design methodologies, landscape aesthetics, and public perception of landscape. In addition, the article aims to illustrate a shifting conception of Nature over time and in different cultural context, in which different conceptions of Nature facilitate various approaches to addressing environmental issues. By situating in such context, the article hopes to provide a critical view of contemporary American landscape architecture practice and the current ecological agenda, in order to enable discussions regarding the professional practice in the future.     

Health assessment of artisanal gold miners in Indonesia

Small scale miners use mercury to extract gold from ore in many countries. An environmental and health assessment was performed in Indonesia in two regions, Galangan in Central Kalimantan and Talawaan in Northern Sulawesi. The environmental assessment showed severe mercury contamination of the sediments, and increased mercury levels in local fish. For the health investigation 281 volunteers were recruited and examined by a standardized questionnaire, a neurological examination and neuro-psychological tests. A medical score was used consisting of significant factors of mercury intoxication. Mercury exposed workers showed typical symptoms of mercury intoxication, such as movement disorders (ataxia, tremor, dysdiadochokinesia, etc.). Blood, urine and hair samples were taken from any participant and analyzed for mercury. The mercury concentration in the biomonitors was high, partly extreme high in the working population, increased in the population living in the same habitat and low in the control group. By a standard protocol which includes a combination of threshold values of mercury in the biomonitors and a medical sum score the diagnosis of chronic mercury intoxication was made for highly burdened workers (amalgam smelters) in 55% in Sulawesi and in 62% in Kalimantan. Less exposed mineral processors and the general population in the mining areas were also intoxicated to a high percentage.     

A study of the cycling of manganese and other elements in a seasonally anoxic lake, Rostherne Mere, U.K.

The vertical distribution of sulphate, dissolved sulphide, alkalinity, pH, total iron and manganese, Fe(II) and Mn(II) and humic substances was monitored for a year in a seasonally anoxic lake, Rostherne Mere, U.K. During summer stratification Mn(II), probably of sediment origin, accumulated in the hypolimnetic bottom waters to a concentration of 50μm. Release occurred in two stages and appeared to be related to the supply of organic material to the sediment. No ferrous iron or dissolved sulphide were detected in the water column, although they were measured in the interstitial waters of the sediment. Ferrous sulphide formation in the sediment controls the iron(II) and dissolved sulphide concentrations and so minimises the concentration gradients at the sediment-water interface. Electron acceptors other than oxygen are capable of oxidising ferrous and sulphide ions in the water column. pH and alkalinity were the only other chemical components to show appreciable variation with depth, reflecting the biological processes of photosynthesis, respiration and decomposition. Iron and humic substances simultaneously increased in the surface waters after a major flood indicating that they are both present in the solution in contact with the soils of the catchment.     

城外造景：清末广州景园营造与岭南 园林的近代转型

清末广州中西交汇,景园营造新旧共存互动,推 动岭南园林的近代转型。其中,在繁荣的中西贸易和文化交 流,以及书院文化、士绅文化等的影响下,清末岭南形成了 以广州为中心、十三行行商为代表、官商士绅竞相造园的特 殊历史时期,其造园数量、规模、意匠等均在该时期达到岭 南古典园林发展的巅峰。这一时期也是岭南园林近代转型的 关键时期。在西方文化和清末洋务运动思想的影响下,广州 开始出现洋务花园、公园、市政绿化,以及校园绿地等新型 园林形式。这些具有公共性质的城市景致与新建私园一道广 泛分布在城墙以外,成为清末广州城市空间拓展与风景体系 形成的重要参与者。由于清末广州城外造景的繁荣,从时间 上开启了岭南园林的近代转型,在空间上使岭南园林的地域 性特征得以形成和辨识,其空间性与时间性界定了清末岭南 园林近代转型的物质及文化维度。梳理了清末广州具有代表 性的景园营造活动,在分析其动力机制的同时,探讨城外造 景之于岭南园林近代转型的意义。     

Towards an ‘Integration Model’ of Planning Education Programmes in a European and International Context: The Contribution of Recent Greek Experience

The article investigates planning education programmes and attempts to re-orient them in the context of both an international ‘problematique’ in reforming planning education, and European Union directives about the creation of a common European space in higher education. First, the article reviews the international trends in changes and challenges in planning and planning education in the 21st century and proposes an ‘integration model’ of planning education programmes in a European and international context. Second, the article focuses on the development of planning studies in Greece. It presents their history and development as well as the institutional framework in which planning and planning education operate. It then analyses the Greek educational curricula in two ways: (1) a quantitative analysis classifying courses into different thematic areas and thereby, revealing the basic structure of the curricula; and (2) a qualitative analysis based on interviews with academic staff in charge of educational curricula and examining the content of courses, the adopted pedagogies and possible restrictions (e.g. human capital, institutional framework, etc.) in introducing effective planning curricula. Finally, the article proposes guidelines for re-orienting educational curricula in Greek schools of planning and draws out wider implications for planning studies in the wider European and international context.