压气机进口喷水湿压缩技术应用的限制因素

压气机进口喷水湿压缩技术近年来不但在电站燃气轮机上得到了广泛的应用,而且也开始应用在机械驱动燃气轮机上,同时在工业压气机上也开始了应用。湿压缩技术可以节省压缩耗功,是在炎热气候条件下恢复燃气轮机功率的有效措施。根据国内外分析和应用的经验,本文提出了在应用这项技术时应该注意的几个问题。首先是喷水颗粒尺寸的分布;其次应该注意喷水加湿的装置和过程不要引起压气机效率的降低以及其它值得注意的问题。     

Thermal performance analysis of gas turbine engines based on different compressor configurations

In this study, the performance of several gas turbine engines has been investigated using computational modelling based on the actual manufacturer's data. Further, the study focuses on evaluating the impact of varying the configuration of the compressor on overall engine performance based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The results confirm that the main source of irreversibilities occurs in the combustion chamber in all cases. The exergetic efficiency of the gas turbine engine significantly varies with compressor configurations, type of compressors, load variation, climatic condition, and isentropic efficiency. The engine capacity and high‐pressure turbine inlet temperature govern the gas turbine performance, and higher values are more favourable. The gas turbine exergetic efficiency drops off when the power setting adjusted at part‐load and at high ambient temperature. The most optimal gas turbine performance is located at the single axial compressor case, followed by the axial‐centrifugal compressor and then the centrifugal–centrifugal compressor.     

Feasibility of pulse combustion in micro gas turbines

In gas turbines, a fast decrease of efficiency appears when the output decreases; the efficiency of a large gas turbine (20…30 MW) is in the order of 40 %, the efficiency of a 30 kW gas turbine with a recuperator is in the order of 25 %, but the efficiency of a very small gas turbine (2…6 kW) in the order of 4…6 % (or 8…12 % with an optimal recuperator). This is mainly a result of the efficiency decrease in kinetic compressors, due to the Reynolds number effect. Losses in decelerating flow in a flow passage are sensitive to the Reynolds number effects. In contrary to the compression, the efficiency of expansion in turbines is not so sensitive to the Reynolds number; very small turbines are made with rather good efficiency because the flow acceleration stabilizes the boundary layer. This study presents a system where the kinetic compressor of a gas turbine is replaced with a pulse combustor. The combustor is filled with a combustible gas mixture, ignited, and the generated high pressure gas is expanded in the turbine. The process is repeated frequently, thus producing a pulsating flow to the turbine; or almost a uniform flow, if several parallel combustors are used and triggered alternately in a proper way. Almost all the compression work is made by the temperature increase from the combustion. This gas turbine type is investigated theoretically and its combustor also experimentally with the conclusion that in a 2 kW power size, the pulse flow gas turbine is not as attractive as expected due to the big size and weight of parallel combustors and due to the efficiency being in the order of 8 % to 10 %. However, in special applications having a very low power demand, below 1000 W, this solution has better properties when compared to the conventional gas turbine and it could be worth of a more detailed investigation.     

燃气轮机中冷循环功率和功率密度优化比较

计入高低温侧换热器和中冷器的热阻损失、压气机和涡轮机中的不可逆压缩和膨胀损失及管路中压力损失,用有限时间热力学方法导出了变温热源条件下不可逆闭式燃气轮机中冷循环功率和功率密度（功率与循环中最大比容之比）的解析式;分别以功率和功率密度为目标,优化了中间压比、高低温侧换热器及中冷器热导率分配,并对结果进行了比较.     

The wet compression technology for gas turbine power plants: Thermodynamic model

This paper examines from a thermodynamic point of view the effects of wet compression on gas turbine power plants, particularly analysing the influence of ambient conditions on the plant performance.The results of the mathematical model, implemented in “Matlab” software, have been compared with the simulation results presented in literature and in particular the values of the “evaporative rate”, proposed in Araimo et al. [L. Araimo, A. Torelli, Thermodynamic analysis of the wet compression process in heavy duty gas turbine compressors, in: Proceedings of the 59th ATI Annual Congress, Genova, 2004, pp. 1249–1263; L. Araimo, A. Torelli, Wet compression technology applied to heavy duty gas turbines – GT power augmentation and efficiency upgrade, in: Proceedings of the 59th ATI Annual Congress, Genova, 2004, pp. 1265–1277] by “Gas Turbines Department” of Ansaldo Energia S.p.A., have been taken into account to validate the model.The simulator permits to investigate the effects of the fogging and wet compression techniques and estimate the power and efficiency gain of heavy duty gas turbines operating in hot and arid conditions.     

浅谈利用高炉煤气发电技术

经济的快速发展，电力供应的紧张以及炼钢、炼铁企业高炉煤气的排放与环境保护的矛盾，这一系列问题都亟待解决。利用高炉煤气发电，已经成为解决这些问题的较好途径之一。本文将蒸汽轮机机组、燃气轮机机组、燃气内燃机机组等三种发电形式的优缺点作了比较、分析，认为采用燃气内燃机机组发电是利用多余高炉煤气最经济、实用的途径。     

Issues for low-emission,fuel-flexible power systems

Modern power generation systems can produce clean, economical energy. Gas turbines, modern reciprocating engines and fuel cells may all play a role in new power production, both for electric power and mechanical drive applications. Compared to their counterparts of even a decade ago, new power systems have significantly reduced pollutant emissions. However, the careful balance between low emissions and operating performance often requires that system performance be optimized on a single fuel. Thus, for example, a gas turbine designed to produce low emissions on natural gas may not easily achieve the same emission goals on a different gaseous fuel. This paper reviews the various issues associated with changes in gaseous fuel composition for low-emission turbines, reciprocating engines and fuel cells.     

Numerical study on the interaction characterization of rotating detonation wave and turbine rotor blades

Rotating detonation as a kind of pressure gain combustion is expected to greatly improve efficiency when applied to gas turbine engines. In this paper, the operation of rotating detonation combustor and turbine rotor blade was studied. Firstly, the analysis of the interaction between detonation wave and turbine blade shows that the compression of gas by detonation wave and reflected wave will lead to a sharp increase in the temperature at the wall of blade. When the detonation wave propagates, the oscillation amplitudes of pressure and temperature at the turbine inlet are 70% and 75% respectively, and the detonation oblique shock will change the flow trajectory of the air flow, resulting in the flow direction deviating from the incident angle. Then the comparison between detonation and deflagration shows that the total pressure of detonation is higher and will have greater work potential. The torque generated by the blades under detonation has the characteristics of high-frequency oscillation, which may be detrimental to the operation of the engine.     

A review of free-piston engine history and applications

This document reviews the history of free-piston internal combustion engines, from the air compressors and gas generators used in the mid-20th century through to recent free-piston hydraulic engines and linear electric generators. Unique features of the free-piston engine are presented and their effects on engine operation are discussed, along with potential advantages and disadvantages compared to conventional engines. The paper focuses mainly on developed engines where operational data has been reported. Finally, the potential of the free-piston engine is evaluated and the most promising designs identified.     

Development of Compressor for Ultra Micro Gas Turbine

The major problems for the development of an ultra micro gas turbine system were discussed briefly from thestand point of the internal flow and the performance characteristics.Following to these,the development of ultramicro centrifugal compression systems for the ultra micro gas turbine is explained with the design and the manu-facturing processes.The measured results of ultra micro centrifugal compressors are shown.     

燃气轮机驱动压缩机组负荷控制参数波动问题研究

西气东输工程燃气轮机驱动压缩机组控制系统负荷控制功能不完善,造成机组在压力自动控制模式下,燃机、压缩机的转速和排气温度等重要参数在运行过程中极不稳定,并呈现周期性振动特性,对燃机重要部件造成严重的低周疲劳损伤。本文对机组的控制方式进行了研究,分析了机组功率、转速、排气温度波动的机理,通过合理调整控制器参数解决了机组关键参数波动的问题,显著改善了机组的运行稳定性和可靠性,对于提高机组的使用寿命、降低热部件的疲劳损耗具有主要作用。所做工作对机组控制系统的设计和调整具有参考价值。     

大功率天然气燃料发动机空燃比控制方法

以某大功率天然气发动机为研究对象,基于GT-Power仿真软件研究稳态状况下不同参数对气体发动机空燃比控制的影响。提出了采用空燃比裕度表征气体发动机空燃比控制可靠性的方法,并基于节气门和废气旁通阀实现空燃比分段控制。研究结果显示:减小涡轮喷嘴环面积或者采用MMPC、双脉冲管系可以提高该气体发动机的空燃比裕度。此外仿真计算还表明:随着环境进气温度与空冷后进气温度的升高,气体发动机空燃比裕度下降。因此,为了满足气体发动机的环境适应性,空燃比裕度必须足够大。     

Thermodynamic assessment of advanced SOFC-blade cooled gas turbine hybrid cycle

This paper focuses on novel integration of high temperature solid oxide fuel cell coupled with recuperative gas turbine (with air-film cooling of blades) based hybrid power plant (SOFC-blade cooled GT). For realistic analysis of gas turbine cycle air-film blade cooling technique has been adopted. First law thermodynamic analysis investigating the combine effect of film cooling of blades, SOFC, applied to a recuperated gas turbine cycle has been reported. Thermodynamic modeling for the proposed cycle has been presented. Results highlight the influence of film cooling of blades and operating parameters of SOFC on various performance of SOFC-blade cooled GT based hybrid power plant. Moreover, parametric investigation has also been done to examine the effect of compressor pressure ratio, turbine inlet temperature, on hybrid plant efficiency and plant specific work. It has been found that on increasing turbine inlet temperature (TIT) beyond a certain limit, the efficiency of gas turbine starts declining after reaching an optimum value which is compensated by continuous increase in SOFC efficiency with increase in operating temperature. The net result is higher performance of hybrid cycle with increase in maximum cycle temperature. Furthermore, it has been observed that at TIT 1600 K and compression ratio 20, maximum efficiency of 73.46% can been achieved.     

Numerical analysis of performance and emissions behavior of a bi-fuel engine with compressed natural gas enriched with hydrogen using variable compression ratio strategy

The increase in the compression ratio reduces the fuel consumption and improves the performance. These effects of compression ratio could be observed in all of the engines, such as compression or spark ignition engines. Moreover, due to the compression ratio constraint based on the knocking phenomenon in spark ignition engines, there will always be an optimal compression ratio, which is one of the most fundamental factors in engine design. The optimum compression ratio could be achieved depending on the type of fuel, but in the case of bi-fuel engines, since the nature of each fuel is different, the design must be relatively optimal for both fuels. In this work, by using the VCR (variable compression ratio) strategy, the bi-fuel EF7 engine performance, combustion, and emissions were investigated in different compression ratios when the engine uses gasoline or HCNG (hydrogen enriched compressed natural gas) as fuel. The results revealed that by changing the compression ratio from 11.05 (actual compression ratio of engine) to 11.80 in HCNG mode, an increase of 13% in power could be achieved. Also CO formation, at the compression ratio of 11.80, was slightly lower (7%) than the compression ratio of 11.05. In addition, by reducing the compression ratio from 11.05 to 10.50 in gasoline mode, there was a significant increase in emissions; that was 44% for the NO_x and 16% for the CO, which could be one of the limiting factors of the advance in spark timing. Moreover, due to the VCR strategy and the significant optimization of the compression ratio, the combinatory method of VCR – HCNG can be used as an effective method for the bi-fuel engines in order to improve the performance and reduce emissions.     

A new cascade-less engine operated from subsonic to hypersonic conditions: designed by computational fluid dynamics of compressible turbulence with chemical reactions

By using our computational fluid dynamic models, a new type of single engine capable of operating over a wide range of Mach numbers from subsonic to hypersonic regimes is proposed for airplanes, whereas traditional piston engines, turbojet engines, and scram engines work only under a narrower range of operating conditions. The new engine has no compressors or turbines such as those used in conventional turbojet engines. An important point is its system of super multijets that collide to compress gas for the transonic regime. Computational fluid dynamics is applied to clarify the potential of this engine. The peak pressure at the combustion center is over 2.5 MPa, while that just before ignition is over 1.0 MPa. The maximum power of this engine will be sufficient for actual use. Under the conditions of higher Mach numbers, the main intake passage located in front of the super multijet nozzles, takes in air more. That results in a ram or scramjet engine for supersonic and hypersonic conditions.     

Theoretical and experimental studies on oil injected twin-screw air compressor when compressing different light and heavy gases

Oil injected twin-screw compressors are widely used for medium pressure applications in many industries. Low cost air compressors can be adopted for compression of helium and other gases, leading to significant cost saving. The efficiency, delivery rate and the heat of compression of the compressors (medium and small size) has been analyzed and presented in the study. To generate machine independent experimental data, two similar compressors with different capacities have been setup to test the performance of air compressors when applied to compress nitrogen, argon and helium gases apart from air. Also this paper addresses the gas delivery rate and heat of compression (temperature) on volumetric and power efficiency.     

新颖的全尺寸压气机试验装置

文中叙述了一种将全尺寸压气机与燃烧室和透平组成单轴燃气轮机的压气机试验装置,它对外不输出功率,可方便地进行压气机性能试验。实践证明这种方法是成功的,对于大功率压气机来说是一种可行且安全而又经济的试验方法。     

Dynamic analysis of a grid-connected induction generator driven bya wave-energy turbine through hunting networks

The presence of forced oscillations occurring in a Wells turbine driven grid-connected induction generator enables one to seek a solution by considering the analogy between the dynamics of Wells turbine driven systems with those associated with diesel-engine driven generators or electric motors driving reciprocating compressors, where also such forced oscillations occur, although there they occur in synchronism with shaft-position or speed. This difference is taken into account and the hunting network theory, which has hitherto been applied to the dynamic analysis of motors driving reciprocating compressors, is here applied to analyse the dynamics of a Wells turbine driven grid-connected induction generator. The method enables the generator current, power and slip to be predicted from a knowledge of the shaft-torque harmonics. The result is compared with that obtained through d-q analysis     

雅克拉集气处理站稳定气压缩机空冷器变频改造

雅克拉集气处理站是中国石化雅克拉-大涝坝气田地面建设项目的重要组成部分,是集天然气处理、凝析油稳定和轻烃回收为一体的综合性凝析气处理站,于2005年11月建成投产,设计天然气处理量为260×104m3/d,凝析油处理量为17×104t/a。雅克拉集气处理站使用3台美国库伯公司生产的CFA34型稳定气压缩机组,设计机组额定一级排量490m3/h,二级排量750m3/h,三级排量2000m3/h;设计一级工作压力0.7MPa,二级工作压力2.3MPa,三级工作压力6.7MPa。压缩机采用三级压缩,冷却方式为空冷,各级压缩天然气共同进入空冷器进行冷却。针对稳定气压缩机空冷器电机调速恒定造成的不利影响,实施压缩机空冷器变频改造,有效解决了3台压缩机空冷器存在的安全隐患、电能浪费和产品收率下降等各类问题,实现了机组的平稳高效运行,提升了气体处理装置运行时效,节约了电能,降低了人员劳动强度。建议这一技术在同类油田企业推广应用。     

Power generation using fast pyrolysis liquids from biomass

Power production from biomass derived pyrolysis liquids has been under development for the past few years. If technically successful, it would make decentralized bio-energy production possible. Several technologies and system components have been developed by academia, R&D organizations, and industrial companies in many countries. Much experience has been gained and many useful results published. The present work aims at reviewing the most significant experience in power generation from biomass liquids produced by fast pyrolysis processes. Power plant technologies addressed are diesel engines, gas turbines, and natural gas/steam power plants. Main results are reviewed and R&D needs identified for each technology. The analysis shows that even for the most promising solutions long-term demonstration has not yet been achieved. Pyrolysis liquid use in gas turbine plants and in co-firing mode in large power stations are technically most advanced. Recent work with diesel engines also appears quite promising.