电磁辐射法预测煤与瓦斯突出原理

研究了瓦斯对电磁辐射（ＥＭＥ）的影响规律及影响机制,对电磁辐射法预测煤与瓦斯突出原理进行了探讨,研究结果表明：煤体变形破裂时,电磁辐射与煤岩体的载荷及变形破裂过程密切相关,煤体中的瓦斯能使电磁辐射增强,瓦斯在煤体中的流动及冲击能产生电磁辐射;电磁辐射强度和脉冲数两项指标综合反映了工作面丧方煤体的突出危险程度,用电磁辐射法预测预报煤与瓦斯突出是可行的,煤岩电磁辐射技术在预测煤与瓦斯突出和冲击地压等方     

煤岩力电耦合模型及其参数计算

电磁辐射技术已经在矿山煤岩动力灾害预报中得到了应用，根据煤岩强度的统计理论和损伤力学理论，建立了受载煤岩的力电耦合模型，推导得到了该模型中参数的确定方法，并结合实验结果对其中的参数进行了计算．结果表明：煤岩材料的破坏是内部代表性体元微损伤累积的结果，电磁辐射可以反映煤岩体的损伤程度，力电耦合模型能够较好地描述煤岩变形破裂过程的电磁辐射规律，参数的拟合相关系数较大说明该方法合理可行．     

煤体剪切破坏过程电磁辐射与声发射研究

用剪切实验台和电磁辐射、声发射接收系统对煤体剪切破坏的电磁辐射、声发射特征进行了研究 .结果表明 ,煤体剪切破坏过程中电磁辐射和声发射有两种类型 :一种是在加载初期出现较高的强度 ,加载中间阶段有较为平静的区域 ,主破坏发生前又逐渐增强 ,破坏时出现较高的强度 ,破坏后逐渐减弱 ;另一种是随应力增大电磁辐射和声发射持续增强直至破坏 ,破坏后减小 .试验结果与预测冲击矿压、煤与瓦斯突出等动力灾害的现场测试结果吻合 .     

Space–time evolution rules of acoustic emission location of unloaded coal sample at different loading rates

By using MTS815 rock mechanics test system, a series of acoustic emission (AE) location experiments were performed under unloading confining pressure, increasing the axial stress. The AE space–time evolution regularities and energy releasing characteristics during deformation and failure process of coal of different loading rates are compared, the influence mechanism of loading rates on the microscopic crack evolution were studied, combining the AE characteristics and the macroscopic failure modes of the specimens, and the precursory characteristics of coal failure were also analyzed quantitatively. The results indicate that as the loading rate is higher, the AE activity and the main fracture will begin earlier. The destruction of coal body is mainly the function of shear strain at lower loading rate and tension strain at higher rate, and will transform from brittleness to ductility at critical velocities. When the deformation of the coal is mainly plasticity, the amplitude of the AE ringing counting rate increases largely and the AE energy curves appear an obvious “step”, which can be defined as the first failure precursor point. Statics of AE information shows that the strongest AE activity begins when the axial stress level was 92–98%, which can be defined as the other failure precursor point. As the loading rate is smaller, the coal more easily reaches the latter precursor point after the first one, so attention should be aroused to prevent dynamic disaster in coal mining when the AE activity reaches the first precursor point.     

受载煤体电磁辐射的频谱特征

对受载煤体变形破裂时电磁辐射(EME)的频谱特征进行了研究分析．研究结果表明，在受载煤体变形破裂过程中电磁辐射的频带很宽，其主频段随载荷的变化而发生变化，在受裁初期，电磁辐射的主频带较低，电磁辐射主频带有时呈现先增高而后降低的趋势；在受栽后期，电磁辐射的主频带较高，基本上表现为载荷越大，电磁辐射的主频段越高．     

Prevention and forecasting of rock burst hazards in coal mines

Rock bursts signify extreme behavior in coal mine strata and severely threaten the safety of the lives of miners, as well as the effectiveness and productivity of miners. In our study, an elastic-plastic-brittle model for the deformation and failure of coal/rock was established through theoretical analyses, laboratory experiments and field testing, simulation and other means, which perfectly predict sudden and delayed rock bursts. Based on electromagnetic emission (EME), acoustic emission (AE) and microseism (MS) effects in the process from deformation until impact rupture of coal-rock combination samples, a multi-parameter identification of premonitory technology was formed, largely depending on these three forms of emission. Thus a system of classification for forecasting rock bursts in space and time was established. We have presented the intensity weakening theory for rock bursts and a strong-soft-strong (3S) structural model for controlling the impact on rock surrounding roadways, with the objective of laying a theoretical foundation and establishing references for parameters for the weakening control of rock bursts. For the purpose of prevention, key technical parameters of directional hydraulic fracturing are revealed. Based on these results, as well as those from deep-hole controlled blasting in coal seams and rock, integrated control techniques were established and anti-impact hydraulic props, suitable for roadways subject to hazards from rockbursts have also been developed. These technologies have been widely used in most coal mines in China, subject to these hazards and have achieved remarkable economic and social benefits.     

Fractal analysis on the spatial distribution of acoustic emission in the failure process of rock specimens

The spatial distribution of acoustic emission (AE) events in the failure process of several rock specimens was acquired us-ing an advanced AE acquiring and analyzing system.The box counting method (BCM) was employed to calculate the fractal dimen-sion (FD) of AE spatial distribution.There is a similar correlation between the fractal dimension and the load strength for different rock specimens.The fractal dimension presents a decreasing trend with the increase of load strength.For the same kind of specimens,their FD values will decrease to the level below a relatively same value when they reach failure.This value can be regarded as the critical value,which implies that the specimen will reach failure soon.The results reflect that it is possible to correlate the damage of rock with a macroscopic parameter,the FD value of AE signals.Furthermore,the FD value can be also used to forecast the final fail-ure of rock.This conclusion allows identifying or predicting the damage in rock with a great advantage over the classic theory and is very crucial for forecasting rockburst or other dynamic disasters in mines.     

煤岩冲击破坏模型及声电前兆判据研究

根据煤岩体变形破坏特征及其破坏过程中的声电效应规律分析，提出了煤岩冲击破坏的弹塑脆性模型，描述了煤岩材料受载变形的稳定破坏和冲击破坏、冲击矿压发生的突发性和延时性、变形破坏过程中的声发射和电磁辐射现象以及Kaiser效应，给出了冲击矿压危险前兆预测的声电判据．结果表明，采用声电前兆判据，可对冲击矿压危险性进行判别和预测。     

单轴压缩条件下花岗岩声发射事件空间分布的分维特征研究

基于声发射事件空间分布的柱覆盖分形模型,利用MTS815 Flex Test GT岩石力学试验系统和PCI-2声发射（AE）三维定位实时监测系统,对瀑布沟水电站地下厂房花岗岩单轴压缩损伤破坏过程中声发射事件空间分布的分形特征进行了研究。结果表明,声发射事件随应力增加逐渐活跃,加载初期声发射数量较少,应力接近峰值强度时,声发射事件累计数曲线呈指数上升。声发射事件的空间分布随应力增加是一个降维过程,其空间分维D在3~2内变化,峰值强度时,其值最小。弹性阶段后期,岩石内部微破裂开始向破坏面集聚,声发射空间分维D下降幅度明显增大。声发射空间分维恰当地表征了声发射事件空间分布的复杂程度。研究结论揭示了岩石声发射事件空间分布的分形特征,室内试验结果与文献对岩爆研究结果相吻合,可为现场监测应用提供理论指导。     

Characteristics of acoustic emission signals in damp cracking coal rocks

A uniaxial load experiment on coal rocks at different stress rates was carried out, based on the characteristics of acoustic emission (AE) signals in cracking coal rocks, decomposition, de-noising and reconstruction for the AE signals through wavelet packet transform for solving the current problems created by the presence of noise in AE signals and the existing problems in AE signal processing. The results show that the various characteristics of AE signals in coal rocks cracking under different situations can be clearly reflected, after the AE signals are de-noised by the wavelet packet. Compared to dry coal rocks, the number of AE occurrences in damp coal rocks was significantly reduced, as well as the average amplitude. The number of AE occurrences in damp and dry coal rocks clearly increased with increases in the loading rate, but the largest amplitude of the AE signals in damp coal rocks has been reduced. There is no clear evidence of change in dry coal rocks.     

掘进工作面前方电磁辐射分布规律研究

为了研究煤矿掘进工作面前方煤体内不同深度的煤岩电磁辐射分布规律，利用KBD5电磁辐射监测仪对工作面前方煤体电磁辐射进行了现场测试，基于煤岩电磁辐射力电耦合规律，对煤岩变形破裂过程与电磁辐射强度的相关性进行了理论分析．结果表明：电磁辐射变化与煤体应力状态有较好的对应关系，工作面煤体内部具有多种应力状态和变形破裂状态．文中给出了比较典型的4种电磁辐射分布类型：煤体长期暴露的电磁辐射分布、防突措施后电磁辐射分布、新揭露煤体电磁辐射分布、有构造煤层的电磁辐射分布．     

Simulation experiment of AE-based localization damage and deformation characteristic on covering rock in mined-out area

The localization damage and deformation characteristics of multiple rock in mined-out area under thick soil layer were investigated by acoustic emission (AE)-based physical similar simulation experiment and damage test combined with the AE theory on rock damage. During different mining courses, the degree of wall rock suffered from mining disturbed process in mined-out area was different, so did the AE density of initial damage and fracture. Some characteristic parameters, including large events, total events, and energy rate, presented fluctuations with temporal and spatial change and take on a certain extent statistic relation. Subse-quently, the percent of damage degree was defined and divided into 4 stages, and the localization damage and deformation character-istics of surrounding rock in mined-out area and coal pillars were analyzed quantitatively.     

Acoustic Emission and Damage Characteristics of Alumina

Advanced multi-channels acoustic emission(AE)system is used to study the fracture process of alumina material subjected by three-point-bending loading.Using AE counts and AE hits,the location of damage and damage characteristics are discussed.AE energy,AE counts,AE amplitude changing with loading time are analyzed for the notched alumina specimen.It is indicated that AE characteristic parameters reflect the damage process and fracture of material.     

Investigating fatigue behavior of gear components with the acoustic emission technique

A novel method is presented to evaluate the complicated fatigue behavior of gears made of 20Cr2Ni4A. Fatigue tests are conducted in a high-frequency push-pull fatigue tester, and acoustic emission (AE) technique is used to acquire metal fatigue signals. After analyzing large number of AE frequency spectrum, we find that: the crack extension can be expressed as the energy of specific frequency band, which is abbreviated as F-energy. To further validate the fatigue behavior, some correlation analysis is applied between F-energy and some AE parameters. Experimental results show that there is significant correlation among the F-energy, root mean square (RMS), relative energy, and hits. The findings can be used to validate the effectiveness of the F-energy in predicting fatigue crack propagation and remaining life for parts in-service. F-energy, as a new AE parameter, is first put forward in the area of fatigue crack growth.     

Spatiotemporal evolution rule of rocks fracture surrounding gob-side roadway with model experiments

A series of plane-strain physical model experiments are carried out to study the spatiotemporal evolution rule of rocks fracture surrounding gob-side roadway, which is subjected to the pressure induced by the mining process. The digital photogrammetry technology and large deformation analysis method are applied to measure the deformation and fracture of surrounding rocks. The experimental results indicate that the deformation and fracture of coal pillars are the cause to the instability and failure of the surrounding rocks. The spatiotemporal evolution rule of the rock deformation and fracture surrounding gob-side roadway is obtained. The coal pillar and the roof near coal pillar should be strengthened in support design. The engineering application results also can provide a useful guide that the combined support with wire meshes, beam, anchor bolt and cable is an effective method.     

Acoustic emission from gas-filled coal under triaxial compression

Acoustic emission (AE) experiments have been performed on gas-saturated coal specimens under conventional triaxial compression. The AE characteristics were investigated for a methane gas flow through the coal specimen. One AE parameter, AE count, when normalized by the total count number was used to represent the damage evolution in the gassy coal. It is shown that this AE parameter is a reasonable indicator for damage occurring within the coal specimen since its envelope has almost the same shape as the complete stress–strain curve, except for a short time delay. In addition, the change in AE count is highly consistent with the change in coal permeability. Test results also show that methane containing coal emits a small number of AE events before entering the yield stage. AE activity gradually increases during the yield process up to the peak stress. The lowest permeability corresponds to the highest AE activity, implying failure will soon occur. An AE based constitutive model was constructed and the theoretical results agree well with those of experiments.     

基于声发射技术的高韧性水泥基复合材料开裂损伤特性

研究了同等抗压强度等级的普通混凝土和高韧性水泥基复合材料的抗弯拉力学性能,采用声发射(AE)技术对比检测和分析了二者在三分点弯曲荷载作用下的开裂损伤规律。力学测试结果表明,高韧性水泥基复合材料具有较高的抗弯拉强度和应变硬化能力。AE检测结果表明,随着普通混凝土强度的增大,AE信号幅度增大,但其AE事件总数增长规律和幅值分布规律与强度无明显关系;高韧性水泥基复合材料AE信号的幅值和分布密度均比同等抗压强度等级的普通混凝土小;普通混凝土试件的断裂过程区主要集中在断裂面附近,而高韧性水泥基复合材料基本已覆盖了整个纯弯段,在细密裂缝的扩展过程中高强纤维对裂尖能量进行了有效的吸收和传递。     

单轴压缩下含层理加锚岩石声发射特征研究

为了研究不同层理倾角加锚岩石变形破坏过程中的声发射特征,加工制备了0°和90°两种层理的加锚试样,利用RMT-150C岩石力学试验机和AEwin-USB型声发射信号采集系统,进行了含层理加锚岩石声发射特征试验。研究表明:单轴压缩条件下,90°层理试样声发射累积振铃计数大于0°层理试样,具有明显的层理效应;加锚试样相比无锚试样,在压密阶段就有较强声发射信号产生,而且随着载荷的增加声发射信号越来越强,加锚试样的累计振铃计数大于无锚试样;声发射信号特征可以反映岩石内部裂隙扩展变化,对于揭示层理加锚围岩破坏失稳机制具有一定的参考价值。     

逐级加卸载扰动下脆性岩石加卸载响应比试验研究

以某金属矿山隔离矿柱回采为工程背景,取该矿典型矿岩进行单轴和三轴逐级加卸载扰动试验,研究逐级加卸载扰动模式下,利用加卸载响应比预测岩石变形破坏方法。研制了可实现声发射便捷定位的加载转换装置,解决了三轴腔表面定位存在的干扰和信号削弱等问题。试验结果表明:以轴向应变、声发射能量作为响应参数,可反映岩石变形破坏过程;单次效应和扰动平均效应2种计算方法下加卸载响应比(LURR)均存在随荷载增加而增大的趋势,但后者不如前者明显。     

Dynamic destabilization analysis based on AE experiment of deep-seated, steep-inclined and extra-thick coal seam

No. 5 coal seam in Huating Coal Mine is a deep-seated, steep-inclined extra-thick coal seam where excavation disturbance is quite frequent. The maximum and minimum principal stresses differ widely. During mining, dynamical destabilization happens frequently and induce tragedies. Based on the comparison between the acoustic emission （AE） experiment on dynamical destabilization of coal rock and the related in situ testing results, this article provides comprehensive analysis on the regular quantificational AE patterns （energy rate, total events） of coal rock destabilization in complex-variable environment. The comparison parameters include dynamic tension energy rate, deformation resistance to compression, and shear stress.