沟槽型织构摩擦学性能模拟及试验研究

为揭示沟槽型织构的摩擦学特性,以沟槽型表面织构化的止推圈式摩擦副为研究对象,基于雷诺方程和微凸体接触方程建立微沟槽织构混合润滑理论计算模型,模拟摩擦因数随沟槽面积占有率、角度和深宽比的变化规律,并由摩擦性能试验验证其准确性。在假设面积占有率和角度两个参数互不干涉的前提下,模拟两者共同作用下摩擦因数的变化情况。结果表明,经过表面沟槽织构后,摩擦副的摩擦学性能得到了明显改善;摩擦因数随沟槽面积占有率和深宽比的增加呈现先减小后增大,随角度的增加呈现先减小后增大再减小的趋势;当沟槽与运动方向夹角为65°～70°,宽度为30μm,深宽比为4/15,面积占有率接近8%时,摩擦副具有最佳摩擦性能,相对于未织构情况,摩擦因数可降低约55%。     

表面形貌对活塞环密封及摩擦性能的影响

综合考虑活塞环表面形貌、弹性变形、运动面型线影响,建立柴油机活塞环-缸套摩擦副的弹性流体动压润滑计算模型,分析活塞环表面纹理方向及粗糙度大小对活塞环窜气及摩擦功耗的影响。研究发现,随着转速的提升,活塞的窜气量及摩擦功耗会加剧,导致发动机效率降低;活塞环-缸套摩擦副的表面纹理方向影响窜气量和摩擦功耗,采用活塞环横向纹理和缸套纵向纹理配合时,对活塞环窜气量及摩擦功耗的改善效果较好;活塞环和缸套的表面粗糙度对密封和润滑特性有较大影响,当缸套表面粗糙度增大时,窜气量先减小后增大,摩擦功耗先增大后减小,而在一定范围内,当活塞环表面粗糙度增大时,窜气量和摩擦功耗都减小。     

线接触摩擦副织构化表面动压润滑性能

为研究线接触摩擦副织构化表面动压润滑性能,建立其理论模型,并运用多重网格法进行数值分析,探讨工况参数(载荷、转速)和微织构参数(面积占有率、深径比)对表面油膜压力的影响;在MMW-1A摩擦磨损试验机上研究微织构面积占有率与摩擦因数的关系。结果表明,线接触条件下微织构化表面的油膜平均压力随着载荷和转速的增大而增大,随着微织构面积占有率的增大而先增大后减小,随着深径比的增大而减小;而摩擦因数随着微织构面积占有率的增大而先减小后增大再减小;存在最优的微织构面积占有率,使得油膜平均压力最大和摩擦因数最小。试验结果较好地验证了数值模拟结果,表明线接触摩擦副织构化表面具有较好的减摩特性。     

考虑结构动态变形的缸套-活塞环润滑建模分析

缸套在燃烧冲击和活塞敲击激励下会产生接近表面粗糙度的动态变形,极有可能影响缸套-活塞环组件间的摩擦润滑过程。为了研究缸套动态变形潜在的影响,将动力学仿真获取的缸套内表面的动态变形经过处理后导入到润滑模型中,同时采用数值积分计算的方式对油液压力应力因子和剪切应力因子进行实时计算求解,使仿真计算更加符合实际情况。通过搭建同时考虑缸套变形与油液剪切特性影响的改进润滑模型,计算得到整个工作循环内活塞环上的最小油膜厚度和摩擦力曲线。结果表明:考虑缸套动态变形后的最小油膜厚度和摩擦力曲线出现了明显的波动,而且考虑缸套动态变形后的摩擦力比未考虑之前出现了明显下降。     

采用二维润滑模型的缸套-活塞环润滑分析

以发动机缸套-活塞环摩擦副为研究对象,基于二维瞬态平均Reynolds方程与微凸体接触模型,建立缸套-活塞环二维瞬态流体动压润滑模型.考虑缸套-活塞表面粗糙度、润滑油的变黏度效应以及汽缸套圆周方向形变等的影响,计算得到二维流体动压润滑下的最小油膜厚度、摩擦力等,并与采用一维模型计算得到的结果进行比较.结果表明,2种模型的最小油膜厚度、摩擦力的计算结果几乎是相等的,但采用二维润滑模型能够有效地对活塞环表面压力分布情况进行分析,并得到采用一维模型无法求解的环面压力分布特征.     

基于MATLAB的微坑缸套润滑模型分析及参数计算

用超声波加工缸套内表面微坑，提出相应的微坑缸套-活塞环摩擦副润滑理论模型，运用流体润滑理论微坑单元进行分析，并运用MATLAB求解了该数学模型，得出了单个微坑内外的油膜压力、微坑承载力和摩擦力等相关参数。     

考虑时变效应的织构缸套润滑性能分析及试验研究

内燃机缸孔内的时变效应和气压变化对活塞环受力影响不可忽略,而织构形貌参数对发动机油耗性能的影响也有待深入研究。为此,构建考虑时变效应和缸内气体压力变化的织构化缸套-活塞环摩擦副的流体动压润滑模型,采用多重网格法求解模型获得润滑油膜压力分布规律,进而获得缸套-活塞环间的最小油膜厚度和摩擦力,并针对装配织构缸套的发动机开展台架试验。计算结果表明：缸内气体压力变化影响活塞环径向受力,时变效应使缸套-活塞环受挤压效应的影响;织构化缸套能够增加润滑油膜厚度、减少摩擦力,当微凹坑深度为4~7 μm,织构面积密度较小如为5%、10%时,能够获得较佳的最小油膜厚度与摩擦力值。台架试验表明,与原发动机相比,装配织构缸套的发动机油耗性能明显改善,在中高转速下燃油耗降幅较为显著,油耗最大下降14.5%,而24 h机油耗减少26.48%。     

微凹坑分布密度对缸套摩擦润滑性能影响规律

为了探究微凹坑关键几何参数分布密度(面积占有率)对织构化缸套摩擦润滑性能的影响,采用激光冲蚀和自行设计的机械加工两种方法加工微凹坑形貌,对比分析了两种加工方式加工的微凹坑表面质量,采用加工质量较好的机械加工在缸套表面加工出面积占有率分别为5%、12%、20%、35%、50%等5种织构化缸套,对其进行台架实验和摩擦磨损性能试验,研究结果表明,缸套表面的微凹坑有一定的减摩润滑效果,且当面积占有率为12%时,缸套的综合性能最好。     

缸套表面环槽织构润滑性能数值分析

为了改善缸套-活塞环摩擦副润滑性能,在缸套表面采取了环槽织构措施,通过数值计算的方法,研究了环槽形新型织构的润滑摩擦机理,并对比分析了环槽与圆形凹腔织构润滑性能的差异。结果表明:当活塞环经过环槽织构时,在运动方向上,环槽中心圆柱前槽与后槽分别产生油膜压力较小与较大的动压润滑效应,即环槽能产生二次动压效应;与相同外径的圆形凹腔织构相比,存在一个最佳槽宽能有效改善润滑摩擦性能,在此数值以外,合适的槽宽能使环槽润滑性能较好,相比于圆形凹腔织构,润滑油膜压力分布更为均匀,最小膜厚比增加,摩擦力和摩擦平均有效压力均呈下降趋势,其原因是二次动压效应与面积占有率对环槽影响的叠加中,前者占据了主导地位;过小的槽宽会使得环槽织构润滑效果恶化。     

缸套-活塞环磨损失效分析及其表面织构强化研究

缸套-活塞环摩擦副表面磨损失效占到内燃机故障成因的三成以上。高温高压的极端条件下，缸套-活塞环之间的润滑油膜形成困难，因而易用形成表面磨损。该文结合实际工况下的缸套表面磨损形貌，分析了磨损的形式及其机理，阐述了表面织构改性技术对降低缸套内表面磨损的作用，并研究了织构形貌、分布、尺寸、面积占有率等影响因素对磨损性能的影响。研究发现：分区设计多种图案织构、选用合适的深径比和面积占有率是提升耐磨性、降低制造和维护成本的有效方式。以上研究对高性能内燃机缸套-活塞环的设计制造提供参考。     

Effect of Bio-Lubricant and Biodiesel-Contaminated Lubricant on Tribological Behavior of Cylinder Liner–Piston Ring Combination

This article addresses the issue of friction and wear characteristics of diesel engine cylinder liner–piston ring combinations under different lubricating conditions using a pin-on-disc wear tribometer. The discs were made out of actual engine cylinder liner material using a casting process. Pins were made out of top compression ring material. The tests were conducted on a pin-on-disc tribometer for wear and friction characteristics of the cylinder liner and piston ring combination with diesel-contaminated rapeseed oil–based bio-lubricant, diesel-contaminated commercial synthetic lubrication oil (SAE 20W40), biodiesel-contaminated commercial synthetic lubrication oil (SAE 20W40), and used (150 h) commercial synthetic lubrication oil (SAE 20W40). Experimental results demonstrated that the rapeseed oil–based bio-lubricant and biodiesel-contaminated synthetic lubricant exhibited better performance in terms of wear, friction, and frictional force under similar operating conditions. Thus, usage of newly formulated bio-lubricant and biodiesel in the long run may have a positive impact on engine life.     

缸套表面织构润滑性能理论及试验研究

通过将激光表面织构技术应用于发动机缸套表面,建立缸套-活塞环摩擦副混合润滑理论模型,并以桶面环为例,计算缸套表面织构对摩擦副润滑摩擦性能的影响规律。计算结果表明：缸套通过激光表面织构后,其润滑摩擦性能得到改善,凹腔织构效果要优于沟槽织构效果,在各行程中部油膜厚度最大增加了29%左右,而摩擦力峰值下降30%左右。通过发动机对比台架试验发现：相对于原机,配套表面织构缸套后发动机燃油消耗率呈现出下降趋势,在低转速下改善效果最为显著,燃油消耗率最大降低了9.8 g/(kW•h),降幅为4.62%,证实了表面织构技术对于降低发动机摩擦损失是有效的;同时发动机的其他性能指标也有不同程度改善,漏气量、烟度、全损耗系统用油消耗率等参数都有所下降,烟度下降明显,漏气量最大降幅为34.6%,全损耗系统用油消耗率降低了33.8%。     

Friction characteristics of piston rings in a reciprocating engine

The performance of a reciprocating engine can be improved by reducing the friction between piston rings and cylinder liner, which significantly contributes to the mechanical friction losses of an engine. The friction force of a piston ring pack is calculated, based on hydrodynamic lubrication theory, for the piston rings. Calculations were carried out for three sets of conditions. Oil starvation is taken into consideration in the calculation of oil-film behaviour for a ring pack. The friction characteristics of piston rings are evaluated using the frictional mean effective pressure. The friction force of a piston assembly is measured experimentally by an improved floating liner method. The effects of lubricant viscosity and engine speed on friction characteristics are investigated by both calculation and experiment.     

润滑油粘度对缸套/活塞环摩擦学性能的影响

在内燃机实际运行中,润滑油的粘度直接影响到润滑油膜的状态,因而活塞环在缸套中不同位置时的摩擦、润滑状态各不相同。文中以缸套活塞环为研究对象,建立了润滑计算模型,并运用该模型对缸内压力、温度、油膜厚度和摩擦系数进行了分析。结果表明,润滑油膜厚度和摩擦系数随转速改变而发生变化,而剪切稀化导致润滑油粘度减小是引起该变化的主要原因。最后,通过对计算结果的分析,提出了适用于缸套活塞环的润滑油粘度指标。     

Frictional modes of barrel shaped piston rings under flooded lubrication

A friction force measurement system using the floating liner method was developed to study the frictional behavior of piston rings. The measurement system was designed to control the effect of the secondary piston motion and to control temperatures of the cylinder wall and oil. The friction force between the barrel shaped piston ring and the cylinder liner was measured under flooded oil supply conditions. The measured friction forces were classified into five frictional modes with regard to the combination of predominant lubrication regimes (boundary, mixed and hydrodynamic lubrication) and stroke regions (mid-stroke and dead centers). The modes were identified on a Stribeck diagram, where the friction coefficients were evaluated both at mid-stroke and at the dead centers.     

考虑贫油和高边界压力的发动机顶环-缸套润滑与承载性能分析

为降低发动机润滑油消耗以及由此带来的排放,活塞环缸套系统一般处于贫油润滑状态,特别是顶环与缸套间的贫油状况更严重。贫油状态下,活塞环-缸套间润滑油膜在出口区破裂后很难再形成,同时在燃烧上止点附近的高边界压力下气体承载也难以忽略。因此,以某柴油机顶环-缸套系统为分析对象,基于平均雷诺方程和无再形成边界条件,分析贫油和高边界压力下顶环-缸套界面间的润滑、接触和气体承载问题。研究结果表明,贫油工况下,由于油膜破裂后没有再形成,高边界压力的影响显著,对高爆压强化机型来说顶环-缸套间的气体承载力甚至会大于油膜承载力和接触承载力。     

Effect of laser textured dimples on the lubrication performance of cylinder liner in diesel engine

Laser surface texturing (LST) technique was utilised on a cylinder liner in a diesel engine. In order to analyse the effect of LST micro‐dimples on the lubrication and friction properties of cylinder liner–piston ring (CL–PR), we developed a new mixed lubrication model on the basis of the average Reynolds equation and asperity contacts equation. The model can consider the coupling effects between the surface roughness of non‐texturing regions and micro‐dimples and the synergistic effects of multi‐micro‐dimples. The results show that cylinder liner surface by LST can form effective hydrodynamic lubrication effect in most regions of the strokes, only near the dead points, the friction pair is in mixed lubrication state, asperity contact plays a major role in balancing the external load and the asperity friction force is obvious. The micro‐dimple parameters were optimised to obtain a better lubrication effect with the following optimised results: r_p = 30–60 µm, S_p = 0.2–0.4 and e = 0.03–0.1. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Model for Wear and Friction in Cylinder Liners and Piston Rings

Abstract

A one-dimensional elstohydrodynamic mixed lubrication wear and friction model is developed. The model can predict the effects of surface roughness, asperity contact, temperature-pressure-viscosity on wear, lubrication, and friction of the piston rings and cylinder liner. Wear is predicted based on the surface asperity contact pressure. The cylinder bore wear and the ring pack friction during an engine break-in are simulated and compared with the experimental results. The influence of cylinder wall temperature and surface roughness on friction and wear is investigated. The ring pack friction due to oil viscous shearing and asperity contact is found to reach its minimum at a certain oil temperature.     

表面粗糙度和润滑油黏度对活塞裙-缸套摩擦副润滑性能的影响

以一多缸内燃机为对象,研究表面粗糙度和润滑油黏度对活塞裙-缸套摩擦副润滑性能的影响。建立活塞二阶运动方程与平均Reynolds方程相结合的活塞裙-缸套摩擦副润滑分析模型。活塞二阶运动方程采用Broyden方法求解,应用有限差分法进行活塞裙-缸套摩擦副的润滑分析。结果表明,表面粗糙度对活塞裙-缸套摩擦副润滑性能影响不明显,而随润滑油黏度增加,活塞裙-缸套摩擦副的最小油膜厚度、摩擦力和摩擦功率增加,最大油膜压力在进气和排气行程随润滑油黏度变化比较明显,在其他行程变化较小。