柠条塔煤矿自动成巷无煤柱开采新方法

为减少巷道掘进量,提高煤炭采出率,削弱因煤柱留设引起的围岩应力集中,提出了一种自动成巷无煤柱开采新方法,并系统总结了该方法的工艺流程和关键技术.在自动成巷无煤柱开采新方法中,巷道顶底板与实体煤侧巷帮由采煤机截割而成,采空区侧巷帮则由采空区垮落碎石堆叠而成,巷道顶板与碎石巷帮的控制是决定成巷效果的关键.基于岩体碎胀特性,提出采用顶板定向切缝技术,优化留巷应力环境,减少上位顶板回转下沉,针对巷道顶板提出以"恒阻大变形锚索+切顶护帮支架"为主的支护方式,针对碎石巷帮提出"侧向动静结合、纵向伸缩让压"的控制理念.最后以柠条塔煤矿S1201-Ⅱ工作面为工程背景进行了现场工业性试验,结果表明:采用自动成巷无煤柱开采新方法进行回采,当工作面推进约150m后留巷围岩开始稳定,最终下沉量基本稳定在70mm左右,满足下一工作面的使用要求.现场试验结果验证了自动成巷无煤柱开采新方法可以实现工作面回采无需提前掘进回采巷道、无需留设工作面护巷煤柱的目标,且成巷效果良好,经济效益显著.     

深部中厚煤层切顶留巷关键技术参数研究

为保证切顶卸压沿空留巷技术在深部中厚煤层的应用取得成功,结合理论分析、数值模拟及现场实测等方法对深部高应力复合破碎顶板切顶留巷关键参数展开研究.结果表明:当埋深超过第一临界深度后,巷道围岩将呈现出非线性大变形的力学现象,表现在巷道围岩变形量大且稳定时间长,冒落矸石呈现流变特征,同时,预裂爆破会对原有支护造成扰动破坏.在此基础上确定了切缝钻孔间距为600mm,深8m,角度为15°,切缝孔装药结构为4+3+2+0;恒阻锚索靠近切缝线分两列布置,长10m;超前支护距离40m,滞后临时支护距离240m.此外通过对原有挡矸结构进行优化,设计了一种新型可缩U型钢挡矸结构.最终研究成果在城郊煤矿21304工作面成功实施,围岩变形可控,成巷效果好.     

切顶卸压自动成巷覆岩变形机理及控制对策研究

切顶卸压自动成巷技术有增加煤炭采出率、减少巷道掘进量等优点,为促进该技术的推广、优化,针对切顶成巷覆岩变形机理及控制对策展开研究.对切顶成巷技术的工艺流程及工序时空关系进行总结,并按围岩结构将留巷顺槽分为煤体支撑区、动压承载区和成巷稳定区3区.针对不同分区分别建立对应的力学简化模型,对巷道顶板变形规律及巷内支护需求进行计算分析.以塔山煤矿8304工作面作为试验面进行切顶成巷试验,验证巷道支护设计效果.现场监测显示留巷于工作面架后230 m后进入成巷稳定区,留巷平均高度为2 796.6 mm,巷内支护有效,成巷效果良好.     

窄煤柱沿空掘巷巷道围岩变形影响因素及非对称支护技术研究

为确定窄煤柱沿空掘巷巷道围岩变形影响因素和围岩控制方案,以晋能控股集团煤业集团有限公司隆博煤业有限公司8507工作面回风巷为工程背景,基于正交试验和FLAC3D数值模拟试验对沿空掘巷巷道围岩变形影响因素、不同条件下巷道围岩变形特征、4～10 m不同宽度煤柱的塑形区破坏范围、巷道围岩应力分布和顶板位移特征进行研究.结果表明:在煤柱宽度、煤体内聚力、煤体内摩擦角、直接顶厚度和顶板强度5种影响因素中,煤柱宽度对巷道围岩变形影响最显著;随煤柱宽度增加,巷道围岩塑性区破坏和变形主要表现在窄煤柱帮、顶板、底板和实体煤侧等部位,塑性区范围变化较小;合理的煤柱留设宽度为8m;巷道围岩变形为非对称性变形,煤柱侧巷道顶板和帮部变形显著大于工作面开采侧的.根据窄煤柱沿空掘巷巷道围岩变形特征,提出"顶板和两帮锚网索+钢带、窄煤柱帮贴帮槽钢梁+注浆加固补强"的非对称支护方案.现场工业性试验结果表明,煤柱留设宽度和支护方案合理,巷道变形后能够满足工作面开采需要.研究结果可为类似地质条件下窄煤柱沿空掘巷巷道围岩控制提供参考依据.     

“三软”煤层综放开采避开动压沿空留巷方法及应用

为实施"三软"煤层综放面沿空留巷,掌握留巷围岩结构和矿压变化规律,以新登煤矿31061综放面为研究对象,研究采空区侧向覆岩结构和应力分布,综放面后方沿空留巷变形和顶板压力分阶段变化规律,提出了避开动压沿空留巷方法,并在现场进行了工业试验。研究表明:(1)31061采空区侧向煤壁变形量大,应力降低区范围大,应力集中影响范围达到煤体内部30 m。(2)留巷矿压显现分为3个阶段。工作面后方30~40 m为巷道加速变形阶段,从工作面后方5 m留巷变形速度持续增加,但顶板压力升高较慢;工作面后方40~70 m为变形持续阶段,此阶段巷道变形速度保持稳定,顶板压力快速升高,临时支架产生变形破坏;工作面后方70 m以后为变形稳定阶段,此阶段变形速度明显降低,顶板压力趋于稳定。(3)避开动压沿空留巷方法是利用临时支护使留巷度过动压影响阶段,允许巷道有较大变形量,在工作面后方一定距离处对留巷进行扩修和加固。实践表明,该方法具有成本低、工艺简单、留巷后期稳定性好、留巷施工与采面生产互不干扰等优点,在条件适合的矿区值得推广。     

高应力综放工作面切顶卸压沿空留巷开采技术研究

为了研究大埋深、高应力、坚硬顶板等特殊地质条件下的综放工作面切顶卸压沿空留巷开采技术,以河南焦煤能源有限公司古汉山矿1604综放工作面为工程地质背景,采用理论分析和数值模拟相结合的方法,对巷道顶板运动规律进行研究,确定沿空留巷关键参数,并在现场进行工程试验.结果表明:采用定向预裂爆破技术能够阻断巷道上方与采空区上方基本岩层中的应力传递,达到卸压和预裂目的;切顶高度为12.3 m时,可切断下位关键岩层;沿空留巷巷道顶板平均下沉256 mm,采空区帮平均移近214 mm,留巷滞后工作面110 m后围岩开始趋于稳定,能够满足安全生产要求.研究结果可为类似地质条件下的沿空留巷开采提供参考.     

无煤柱自成巷“短臂梁”结构特征及变形计算分析

为了探索无煤柱自成巷开采条件下"短臂梁"顶板结构及变形特征,建立了顶板变形计算模型,运用能量理论与位移变分方法对顶板变形及其影响因素进行了分析.结果表明:留巷宽度、断裂岩块回转运动对顶板变形影响较为显著;而巷内锚索支护、临时支护对顶板变形控制作用有限.顶板变形的主要影响因素按其影响程度由大到小依次为:留巷宽度、岩体泊松比、断裂岩块回转角度、岩体弹性模量、临时支护强度、锚索支护强度.据此提出应严格控制留巷宽度,合理设计顶板切缝高度的围岩控制思路,可降低上覆岩层断裂岩块回转下沉空间,减小"短臂梁"顶板变形,有利于提高巷道稳定性.     

深埋薄基岩综放工作面切顶卸压沿空留巷围岩协同控制技术研究

为解决深埋薄基岩切顶卸压沿空留巷巷道受采动影响支护困难的问题,以焦作煤业集团赵固(新乡)能源有限责任公司赵固一矿18060综放工作面切顶卸压沿空留巷巷道为工程背景,基于留巷围岩结构运动和覆岩力学传递特征,提出深埋薄基岩切顶卸压沿空留巷巷道围岩协同控制技术。研究结果表明:采用定向预裂爆破技术能够切断留巷顶板下位关键岩层,并形成短壁梁结构;与未切顶相比,切顶后巷道侧向支承压力减小14.17 MPa(降低37.67%),顶板竖向应力峰值减小5.22 MPa(降低22.5%);切顶侧矿压较未切顶侧明显降低,切顶影响范围约30 m;留巷两帮收缩量最大为471 mm,顶底板移近量最大为717 mm,工作面后方约200 m开始稳定。提出的深埋薄基岩切顶卸压沿空留巷围岩协同控制技术现场应用效果较好,可为类似地质条件下的切顶卸压沿空留提供参考。     

切顶成巷碎石帮泥岩碎胀特性及侧压力分析

切顶卸压自成巷是一种新型的无煤柱开采方法,形成的工作面顺槽采空区侧为碎胀岩体堆积而成的碎石帮,碎石帮岩体碎胀特性及碎石挤压产生的侧压力大小直接影响巷道稳定.以哈拉沟煤矿切顶卸压自成巷垮落泥岩顶板碎石帮为研究对象,分析了自成巷碎石帮垮落、压实和稳定3阶段的工程特性.结合工程实际,确定了碎胀系数现场实测的方法,提出了瞬时碎胀系数和稳定碎胀系数的计算方法.根据切顶卸压自成巷围岩结构特征建立了碎石帮力学模型,确定了碎石帮侧向压力计算公式及碎胀系数、覆岩压力、采高与碎石帮侧向压力的关系.通过实测哈拉沟煤矿12201工作面切顶卸压自成巷顶板泥岩的碎胀系数和碎石帮侧向压力,验证了理论计算结果的可靠性.     

切顶卸压沿空留巷围岩结构控制及其工程应用

针对传统沿空留巷施工工艺繁琐、留巷成本高的问题,提出了切顶卸压沿空留巷新技术.在沿空留巷覆岩运动规律的基础上,研究了采空侧顶板预裂卸压机制,建立了不同顶板位态下"围岩结构-巷旁支护体"力学模型,分别推导得出了巷旁支护阻力的计算方法.结果表明:通过顶板预裂爆破,采空侧低位基本顶间接转化为直接顶冒落,切落后碎胀的矸石对上位岩层起到了较好的支撑作用,限制了其旋转变形,并降低了顶板断裂冲击载荷;将顶板断裂线转移至采空区侧,顶板在侧向形成了切顶短臂梁结构,减小了侧向悬臂长度,降低了巷旁支护体承受的附加载荷.在此基础上,提出了聚能预裂爆破、恒阻大变形锚索及巷旁密集单体支柱等围岩控制技术,并在哈拉沟煤矿12201工作面得到了成功应用.     

Comparative study of model tests on automatically formed roadway and gob-side entry driving in deep coal mines

Automatically formed roadway(AFR) by roof cutting with bolt grouting(RCBG) is a new deep coal mining technology. By using this technology, the broken roadway roof is strengthened, and roof cutting is applied to cut off stress transfer between the roadway and gob to ensure the collapse of the overlying strata. The roadway is automatically formed owing to the broken expansion characteristics of the collapsed strata and mining pressure. Taking the Suncun Coal Mine as the engineering background, the control effect of this new technology on roadways was studied. To compare the law of stress evolution and the surrounding rock control mechanisms between AFR and traditional gob-side entry driving, a comparative study of geomechanical model tests on the above methods was carried out. The results showed that the new technology of AFR by RCBG effectively reduced the stress concentration of the roadway compared with gob-side entry driving. The side abutment pressure peak of the solid coal side was reduced by 24.3%, which showed an obvious pressure-releasing effect. Moreover, the position of the side abutment pressure peak was far from the solid coal side, making it more beneficial for roadway stability. The deformation of AFR surrounding rock was also smaller than the deformation of the gob-side entry driving by the overload test. The former was more beneficial for roadway stability than the latter under higher stress conditions. Field application tests showed that the new technology can effectively control roadway deformation. Moreover, the technology reduced roadway excavation and avoided resource waste caused by reserved coal pillars.     

无煤柱分阶段沿空留巷煤与瓦斯共采方法与应用

针对深井高瓦斯低透气性煤层群的典型赋存特征,结合淮南矿区千米深井无煤柱煤与瓦斯工程实践,提出了改进Y型通风模式,即分阶段沿空留巷方法,完善了对共采工程的维控预应力锚固技术.工程实践表明:预应力锚固技术可以实现深井强动压开采过程中对沿空留巷和回风巷道围岩稳定的有效维控,至第1阶段结束,留巷顶板下沉量为144mm,两帮移近量为351mm,分阶段沿空留巷对共采巷道的维护时间缩短了4/5.减少了留巷变形速度稳定后累计变形的不利影响.超前工作面布置的瓦斯抽采工程中,单孔抽采瓦斯浓度(体积分数)达到40%,实现了煤与瓦斯共采.     

Cable-truss supporting system for gob-side entry driving in deep mine and its application

In order to solve the large deformation controlling problem for surrounding rock of gob-side entry driving under common cable anchor support in deep mine, site survey, physical modeling experiment, numerical simulation and field measurement were synthetically used to analyze the deformation and failure characteristics of surrounding rock. Besides, applicability analysis, prestress field distribution characteristics of surrounding rock and the control effect on large deformation of surrounding rock were also further studied for the gob-side entry driving in deep mine using the cable-truss supporting system. The results show that, first, compared with no support and traditional bolt anchor support, roof cable-truss system can effectively restrain the initiation and propagation of tensile cracks in the roof surrounding rock and arc shear cracks in the two sides, moreover, the broken development of surrounding rock, roof separation and extrusion deformation between the two sides of the roadway are all controlled; second, a prestressed belt of trapezoidal shape is generated in the surrounding rock by the cable-truss supporting system, and the prestress field range is wide. Especially, the prestress concentration belt in the shallow surrounding rock can greatly improve the anchoring strength and deformation resisting capability of the rock stratum;third, an optimized support system of ‘‘roof and side anchor net beam, roof cable-truss supporting system and anchor cable of the narrow coal pillar" was put forward, and the support optimization design and field industrial test were conducted for the gob-side entry driving of the working face 5302 in Tangkou Mine, from which a good supporting effect was obtained.     

Soft–strong supporting mechanism of gob-side entry retaining in deep coal seams threatened by rockburst

When gob-side entry retaining is implemented in deep coal seams threatened by rockburst, the cement-based supporting body beside roadway will bear greater roof pressure and strong impact load. Then the supporting body may easily deform and fail because of its low strength in the early stage. This paper established the roadside support mechanical model of gob-side entry retaining. Based on this model, we proposed and used the soft–strong supporting body as roadside support in the gob-side entry retaining. In the early stage of roof movement, the soft–strong supporting body has a better compressibility, which can not only relieve roof pressure and strong impact load, but also reduce the supporting resistance and prevent the supporting body from being crushed. In the later stage, with the increase of the strength of the supporting body, it can better support the overlying roof. The numerical simulation results and industrial test show that the soft–strong supporting body as roadside support can be better applied into the gob-side entry retaining in deep coal seams threatened by rockburst.     

Feasibility analysis of gob-side entry retaining on a working face in a steep coal seam

Based on the decline in exploitation of coal resources, steep coal seam mining and mining face tensions continue to explore the feasibility analysis of steeply inclined faces in the gob. One of the key factors in utilizing the technology of gob-side entry retaining in steep coal seams is to safely and effectively prevent caving rock blocks from rushing into the gob-side entry by sliding downwards along levels. Using theoretical analysis and field methods, we numerically simulated the mining process on a fully-mechanized face in a steep coal seam. The stress and deformation process of roof strata has been analyzed, and the difficulty of utilizing the technology is considered and combined with practice in a steep working face in Lvshuidong mine. The feasibility of utilizing the technology of gob-side entry retaining in a steep coal seam has been recognised. We propose that roadways along the left lane offshoot body use a specially-made reinforced steel dense net to build a dense rock face at the lower head. The results show that the lane offshoot branch creates effective roof control, safe conditions for roadway construction workers, and practical application of steeply inclined gob.     

Spatiotemporal evolution rule of rocks fracture surrounding gob-side roadway with model experiments

A series of plane-strain physical model experiments are carried out to study the spatiotemporal evolution rule of rocks fracture surrounding gob-side roadway, which is subjected to the pressure induced by the mining process. The digital photogrammetry technology and large deformation analysis method are applied to measure the deformation and fracture of surrounding rocks. The experimental results indicate that the deformation and fracture of coal pillars are the cause to the instability and failure of the surrounding rocks. The spatiotemporal evolution rule of the rock deformation and fracture surrounding gob-side roadway is obtained. The coal pillar and the roof near coal pillar should be strengthened in support design. The engineering application results also can provide a useful guide that the combined support with wire meshes, beam, anchor bolt and cable is an effective method.     

Layout and support technology of entry for pillar face

In order to improve the recovery rate of coal, some mines have begun to recover the residual protective pillars in the form of short wall faces. However, it is difficult to control stability of the haulage entry and the ventilating entry under the mining influences of the pillar face and the two side faces. Thus the 4311 face, which was designed to recover the 57 m wide residual protective pillar in Guojiashan Coal Mine,was taken as engineering background. Distribution law of stress and plastic zone in the residual protective pillar was analyzed using the numerical simulation. Then the gob-side entry driving technology was proposed to layout the entries for the pillar face. Based on the analysis of stress distribution and deformation characteristics of surrounding rocks in gob-side entry driving with different width of narrow pillars, the width of the narrow pillar of the entries in the 4311 face was decided to be 4 m. In order to control stability of the gob-side entry driving, the mechanical model of the main roof was established and deformation characteristic of surrounding rock was analyzed. Then the bolt support technology with high strength and high pre-tightening force was proposed for entry support. Especially, the hydraulic expansion bolts were used to support the narrow pillar rib. The engineering results show that the width of the narrow pillar is reasonable and the entry support technology is effective. The research achievement can provide some references to pillar recovery for other coal mines.     

Analysis and application in controlling surrounding rock of support reinforced roadway in gob-side entry with fully mechanized mining

In order to optimize gob-side entry in fully-mechanized working face in moderate-thick-coal seams,we adopt a new attempt to pack roadside by pumping ordinary concrete,which is very important for the development of gob-side entry technology.The concrete has a long initial setting time and a low initial strength.So it is difficult to control the surrounding rock.In this paper,we analyze the effect of using roadside cable to reinforce supporting in gob-side entry surrounding rock controlling based on elastic-plastic and material mechanics knowledge.And then we propose a scheme that cable is used to reinforce roadside supporting and a single hydraulic prop is used as the temporary supporting in gob side.Using the numerical simulation software FLAC2D,we numerically simulated supporting scheme.Results of both the 2D modeling and the industrial test on No.3117 face in Jingang Mine prove that the scheme is feasible.The results show that the technology of protecting the roadway in gob-entry retained efficiently make up the deficiency of roadside packing with ordinary concrete,effectively control the roof strata and acquire a good result of retaining roadway.     

Surrounding rock control of gob-side entry driving with narrow coal pillar and roadway side sealing technology in Yangliu Coal Mine

Gob-side entry driving can increase coal recovery ratio, and it is implied in many coal mines. Based on geological condition of 10416 working face tailentry in Yangliu Coal Mine, the surrounding rock deformation characteristics of gob-side entry driving with narrow coal pillar is analysed, reasonable size of coal pillar and reasonable roadway excavation time after mining are achieved. Surrounding rock control technology and effective roadway side sealing technology are proposed and are taken into field practice. The results showed that a safer and more efficient mining of working face can be achieved. In addition, results of this paper also have important theoretical significance and valuable reference for surrounding rock control technology of gob-side entry driving with narrow coal pillar under special geological condition.     

Failure laws of narrow pillar and asymmetric control technique of gob-side entry driving in island coal face

In allusion to the problems of complex stress distribution in the surrounding rock and deformation failure laws, as well as the difficulty in roadway supporting of the gob-side entry driving in the island coal face, 2107 face in Chengjiao Colliery is researched as an engineering case. Through physical mechanical test of rock, theoretical and numerical simulation analyses of rock, the analysis model of the roadway overlying strata structure was established, and its parameters quantified. To reveal the deformation law of the surrounding rock, the stability of the overlying strata structure was studied before, during and after the roadway driving. According to the field conditions, the stress distribution in coal pillar was quantified, and the surrounding rock deformation feature studied with different widths of the pillars in gob-side entry driving. Finally, the pillar width of 4 m was considered as the most reasonable. The research results show that there is great difference in support conditions among roadway roof, entity coal side and narrow pillar side. Besides, the asymmetric control technique for support of the surrounding rock was proposed. The asymmetric control technique was proved to be reasonable by field monitoring, support by bolt-net, steel ladder and steel wire truss used in narrow pillar side.