The effect of Al content on the galvanic corrosion behaviour of coupled Ni/graphite and Ni–Al coatings

In this study, the corrosion behaviour of 75Ni/25graphite abradable coating and Ni–Al bonding coatings with different Al content were investigated with open circuit potential and polarization tests. The galvanic corrosion of the coupled Ni/graphite and Ni–Al coatings was studied by using a zero-resistance ammeter in 5 wt% NaCl solution. The experimental results showed that the corrosion resistance of the Ni–Al coatings decreased with increasing Al contents. In the galvanic corrosion test, the Ni–Al coatings with high Al contents (80Ni–20Al, 85Ni–15Al, and 90Ni–10Al) were the anodic element of the couples, while, the 95Ni–5Al acted as the cathode element in the couple.     

模拟宫腔液中铜与不锈钢的电偶腐蚀

ＶＣｕ宫内节育器中，纯铜丝与不锈钢中心丝相互偶合。为了了解这种条件下发生的电偶腐蚀，在模拟宫腔液中进行了实验研究。这时铜是阳极，不锈钢是阴极，电偶过程受阴极过程控制。铜与不锈钢偶合反的腐蚀增量随介质ｐＨ的降低而变大。如果不锈钢表面预先活化，与铜偶合时的极性相反，铜成为阴极得到保护，而不锈钢作为阳极加速了腐蚀。随着不锈钢表面的钝化、电位朝正方向移动，然后回复到通常的电偶腐蚀行为。     

氧乙炔火焰喷焊镍基复合涂层的显微组织和腐蚀性能研究

目的 研究Ni60和Ni60WC喷焊涂层的显微组织、防腐和耐磨性能及其腐蚀机理,为恶劣工况下服役的零件选择合适的喷焊涂层提供参考.方法 采用氧乙炔火焰喷焊工艺在16Mn钢基体上制备Ni60和Ni60WC涂层,用X射线衍射仪、金相显微镜和扫描电子显微镜分析了喷焊涂层的相结构和显微组织,并采用电化学工作站、盐雾腐蚀试验机、磨粒磨损试验机测试了两种喷焊涂层的防腐和耐磨性能.结果 喷焊层与基体间都存在冶金结合层和热影响区,Ni60涂层的显微组织为NiCr固溶体基体上弥散分布着大量细小粒状和杆状碳化物和硼化物.Ni60WC喷焊涂层组织中,除了具有与Ni60涂层类似的基体相和细颗粒硬质相外,还较均匀地分布着不同尺寸的WC颗粒.Ni60和Ni60WC涂层的磨损率分别为16Mn钢的8.3％和2.3％,自腐蚀电流密度分别为16Mn钢的1.0％和7.6％.另外,基体相和硬质相之间的电偶腐蚀是两种镍基喷焊涂层的主要腐蚀机理.结论 这两种镍基喷焊涂层均能显著提高16Mn钢的抗磨和防腐性能,其中,Ni60喷焊涂层耐腐蚀性更好,Ni60WC喷焊涂层耐磨损性能更好.     

AZ91D 镁合金表面 Ni-P / Ni-Sn-P 双镀层的制备与性能研究

目的提高AZ91D镁合金的耐腐蚀性能,扩大其应用范围。方法先在AZ91D镁合金表面化学镀Ni-P镀层,再化学镀Ni-Sn-P镀层,形成Ni-P/Ni-Sn-P双镀层。研究Ni-P/Ni-Sn-P双镀层的表面形貌和耐腐蚀性能,并与Ni-P单镀层进行对比。结果 Ni-P/Ni-Sn-P双镀层表面分布更均匀平整,缺陷较少,孔隙率较低,具有无定形结构。二次Ni-Sn-P镀层的腐蚀电位约为-0.77 V,略低于一次化学镀Ni-P层(约-0.68 V),两镀层间的电位差使得其构成了微腐蚀电偶,Ni-P层作为阴极,Ni-Sn-P层作为阳极,阳极优先被腐蚀。结论 Ni-P/Ni-Sn-P双镀层的Ni-Sn-P外层能为Ni-P内层提供阴极保护,较好地横向分散腐蚀电流,从而增强AZ91D镁合金基底的耐腐蚀性能。     

Zn含量对冷镀锌涂料的腐蚀保护机制的影响

制备了不同Zn粉含量的冷镀锌涂层,对不同涂层进行力学性能测试,利用盐雾实验和电化学阻抗谱对涂层的性能进行了表征。结果表明,Zn含量为95.2% (质量分数) 时的涂层耐盐雾性能最佳。涂层的腐蚀产物主要为ZnO和Zn(OH)₂。当锌粉含量小于75%时,涂层阻抗值随着时间的延长而减小,涂层的保护作用不足;当锌粉含量大于75%时,涂层阻抗值先减小后增大,Zn作为阳极优先腐蚀,起到牺牲阳极保护阴极的作用。     

Mechanism of the corrosion exfoliation of a polymer coating from a carbon steel

A mechanism of the atmospheric corrosion of a carbon steel under polymer (paint and varnish) coatings is studied. The potential distribution around an artificial coating defect was measured in situ with a scanning Kelvin probe (SKP). The potential gradient between the steel surface at the defect and under the coating determines the mechanism of the subfilm corrosion. Measuring the galvanic currents in a steel under coating-steel at defect model system revealed the spatial separation of partial electrochemical reactions. The separation was additionally confirmed by the elemental analysis of the metal surface upon removing the coating. The mechanism of corrosion exfoliation is shown to differ depending on the kind of rate, which determines the electrochemical reaction at the coating defect. In the presence of aqueous NaCl electrolyte, the defect acts as an anode, which results in the cathodic exfoliation of the coating. In the case of drier corrosion in an atmosphere at a humidity of 95%, the steel at a defect acts as a cathode with respect to the surrounding interface, which leads to the development of anodic zones around the defect.     

热腐蚀和盐雾腐蚀影响氮化物涂层冲蚀行为的机制

金属氮化物涂层是目前重点关注的航空发动机压气机抗冲蚀涂层体系。为了兼顾热物理化学环境和应力环境的影响,进行涂层的腐蚀-冲蚀耦合行为研究十分重要。本研究对比了TiN/Ti涂层与TiN/ZrN涂层的原始状态、热腐蚀后和盐雾腐蚀后的冲蚀行为。结果表明,对于TiN/Ti涂层,在涂层的缺陷处盐雾腐蚀时形成点蚀坑,这是发生冲蚀的薄弱环节,盐雾腐蚀后TiN/Ti涂层的抗冲蚀能力及结合力低于原始涂层和热腐蚀后的涂层。对于TiN/ZrN涂层,热腐蚀过程中液滴表面形成疏松的腐蚀产物和氧化物,使其在冲蚀时更容易脱落,热腐蚀过程中产生的层间热应力削弱了涂层的结合力。热腐蚀涂层冲蚀后呈现严重的螺旋状剥落,热腐蚀后TiN/ZrN涂层的抗冲蚀能力及结合力低于原始涂层和盐雾腐蚀后涂层。     

A Comparative Study on Ni-Based Coatings Prepared by HVAF,HVOF, and APS Methods for Corrosion Protection Applications

Selection of the thermal spray process is the most important step toward a proper coating solution for a given application as important coating characteristics such as adhesion and microstructure are highly dependent on it. In the present work, a process-microstructure-properties-performance correlation study was performed in order to figure out the main characteristics and corrosion performance of the coatings produced by different thermal spray techniques such as high-velocity air fuel (HVAF), high-velocity oxy fuel (HVOF), and atmospheric plasma spraying (APS). Previously optimized HVOF and APS process parameters were used to deposit Ni, NiCr, and NiAl coatings and compare with HVAF-sprayed coatings with randomly selected process parameters. As the HVAF process presented the best coating characteristics and corrosion behavior, few process parameters such as feed rate and standoff distance (SoD) were investigated to systematically optimize the HVAF coatings in terms of low porosity and high corrosion resistance. The Ni and NiAl coatings with lower porosity and better corrosion behavior were obtained at an average SoD of 300 mm and feed rate of 150 g/min. The NiCr coating sprayed at a SoD of 250 mm and feed rate of 75 g/min showed the highest corrosion resistance among all investigated samples.     

Comparative study on corrosion protection properties of electroless Ni‐P‐ZrO2 and Ni‐P coatings on AZ91D magnesium alloy

Electroless Ni‐P‐ZrO₂ and Ni‐P coatings on AZ91D magnesium alloy were prepared, and their corrosion protection properties were compared in this paper. The potentiodynamic curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of the coated magnesium alloy in 3.5% NaCl solution showed that the corrosion performance of Ni‐P‐ZrO₂ composite coating was superior to that of Ni‐P coating. The same conclusion was obtained with salt spray and immersion tests. The corrosion morphologies of two kinds of coatings with various immersion time intervals in 3.5% NaCl solution indicated that most corrosion products concentrated on the nodules boundaries of Ni‐P coating and blocked corrosion pit was the main corrosion form. For the Ni‐P‐ZrO₂ coating, tortuous nodules boundaries were not the weak sites of the coating and corrosion initiated from the nickel phosphor alloy around the nanometer powders. Open corrosion pits occurred on the composite coating surface, and the coating was corroded gradually. Thus, the Ni‐P‐ZrO₂ coating exhibited better corrosion protection property to magnesium alloy substrate than Ni‐P coating.     

Galvanic Corrosion of a Carbon Steel-Stainless Steel Couple in Sulfide Solutions

The galvanic corrosion behavior of carbon steel-stainless steel couples with various cathode/anode area ratios was investigated in S ²⁻-containing solutions, which were in equilibrium with air, by electrochemical measurements, immersion test, and surface characterization. It is found that the galvanic corrosion effect on carbon steel anode increases with the cathode/anode area ratios, and decreases with the increasing concentration of S²⁻ in the solution. A layer of sulfide film is formed on carbon steel surface, which protects it from corrosion. When the cathode/anode area ratio is 1:1, the potentiodynamic polarization curve measurement and the weight-loss determination give the identical measurement of the galvanic corrosion effect. With the increase of the cathode/anode area ratio, the electrochemical method may not be accurate to determine the galvanic effect. The anodic dissolution current density of carbon steel cannot be approximated simply with the galvanic current density.     

Corrosion of alloys and their diffusion aluminide coatings by KCl:K2SO4 deposits at 650 °C in air

P91 ferritic‐martensitic steel, 17Cr–13Ni and alloy 800 austenitic stainless steels and Inconel 617 alloy have been aluminised to form Fe₂Al₅, (Fe,Ni)Al and Ni₂Al₃ aluminide coatings. These alloys and their corresponding coatings were subjected to corrosion in air by 50:50 mol/mol K₂SO₄/KCl deposits at 650 °C for 300 h. With the exception of the Inconel 617 alloy, significant metal losses (>180 µm) were recorded. These losses were planar for P91 alloy but involved internal corrosion for the two austenitic steels. The (Fe,Ni)Al and NiAl coatings on the austenitic steels and the Inconel 617 alloy were significantly corroded via intergranular and internal chloridation–sulphidation–oxidation. In contrast, the Fe₂Al₅ coating on the P91 alloy coating was virtually unattacked. For the alloys, the relative extents of corrosion damage can be explained in terms of the stability and volatility of metal chlorides formed. For the coatings, STEM/EDS analyses enable clear linkages to be made between the presence and number of Cr‐rich particles on coating grain boundaries and the corrosion damage observed for the coatings.     

CORROSION PROTECTION OF Al CATHODES IN ZINC ELECTROLYSIS

1.IntroductionAlthoughthecomputerizedpredictionofalloyphasediagramsbythermodynamicmethodhasmadegreatachievements,thelackofthermodynamicdataisoneoftheobstaclesforthecomputationofalloyphasediagrams.Manymethodsforcomputerizedalloyphasediagramshavebeenproposedinordertoovercometheobstacle.Forexample,thereareHume--Rotherytheory[']forsolidsolutiollofbinaryalloysystemandMiedema'stwoparameters.oded2](Ark*,A.;/sa)forthethermodynamicpropertyestimationofalloysystems.Che.[3--5]hajsappliedatomicparameter-…     

ZL115铸铝合金和C41500海军黄铜电偶腐蚀的边界元仿真研究

通过电化学实验测得ZL115铸铝合金和C41500海军黄铜的极化曲线。基于边界元法,以极化数据作为边界条件,建立了铝合金表面涂层损伤后与黄铜接触时的电偶腐蚀模型并进行仿真。结果表明:铸铝合金活性随电解液浓度的升高而增加,耐蚀性降低;相同条件下,黄铜变化微弱。电解液浓度和液膜厚度的增加均会加剧电偶腐蚀,相较而言,液膜厚度的影响更为强烈;阴阳极面积比的增加会明显增大电偶腐蚀中阳极处的局部腐蚀电流,即加剧阳极损耗;阴阳极间距的增加会在一定程度上削弱电偶腐蚀,但这种削弱效果十分有限。     

模拟大气环境中加速镁合金电偶腐蚀的研究

研究了压铸镁合金AZ91D分别与黄铜、铝合金、316L不锈钢和A3钢组成的电偶在模拟的大气环境即盐雾和湿热的加速腐蚀试验中的电偶腐蚀行为及规律.结果表明:在此气相环境中，镁合金腐蚀倾向显著;多种因素可以加速镁合金的电偶腐蚀；盐雾实验中，盐的浓度、大阴极小阳极的面积比以及阴极材料相对于镁阳极的尺寸是加速镁合金电偶腐蚀的重要因素.      

低共熔溶剂中电化学剥离制备GO及脉冲电沉积Ni-GO复合镀层性能研究

目的在低共熔溶剂中实现电化学剥离制备氧化石墨烯(GO)及电沉积制备Ni-GO复合镀层,提高Ni镀层的耐腐蚀和摩擦磨损性能。方法以石墨棒为阴极,铂片为阳极,低共熔溶剂为电解液,采用直流电源电化学剥离石墨制备氧化石墨烯纳米片(GO),然后在此电解液中,采用脉冲电沉积的方式制备Ni-GO复合镀层。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子电镜(TEM)、紫外分光光度计(UV)、红外光谱仪(IR)、拉曼光谱仪(Raman)、X射线衍射仪(XRD),表征GO的结构和组成。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察镀层的表面形貌,采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)分析镀层的结构特征。采用电化学工作站、纳米压痕仪和摩擦磨损实验机分析镀层的耐腐蚀性能、机械性能和摩擦磨损性能。结果采用电化学剥离法在低共熔溶剂中成功制备了GO,GO呈现大的片层状结构,表面存在褶皱,边缘弯曲,上下表面层含有大量羟基和环氧基。性能检测表明,Ni-GO复合镀层的腐蚀电流密度由纯Ni镀层的6.10×10^-5 A/cm^2降低为5.78×10^-7 A/cm^2,硬度由纯Ni镀层的(8.95±0.43)GPa提高到(13.75±0.75)GPa,弹性模量由纯Ni镀层的(184.55±8.12)GPa提高到(201.38±11.20)GPa,摩擦系数由纯Ni镀层的0.72降低为0.56,磨损率比纯Ni镀层降低了35.16%。结论在低共熔溶剂中实现了电化学剥离石墨制备GO,并用于Ni-GO金属基复合镀层一步制备的电化学途径,为均匀分散的氧化石墨烯的制备和金属基复合镀层的制备提供了新的方法。以此为电解液制备的Ni-GO复合镀层相比于纯Ni镀层,其晶粒细化,耐腐蚀性能增强,机械性能提高,摩擦系数减小,耐磨性能增强。     

GALVANIC CORROSION AND PROTECTION OF GECM／LY12CZ COUPLES UNDER DIFFERENT ATMOSPHERIC EXPOSURE CONDITIONS

Galvanic, compatibility between graphite epoxy composite materials (GECM) and LY12CZ aluminum alloy was evaluated in different atmospheric corrosion environments and by laboratory electrochemical measurements. Open circuit potential electrochemical measurements showed a relatively large potential difference about 1 volt between the GECM and LY12CZ aluminum alloy, and this difference provided the driving force for galvanic corrosion of the LY12CZ aluminum alloy as an anode. Having been exposed for 1, 3 or 5 years in Beijing, Tuandao and Wanning station, GECM/LY12CZ couples showed significant losses of strength and elongation. Protective coatings and non-conductive barriers breaking the galvanic corrosion circuit were evaluated under the same atmospheric corrosive conditions. Epoxy primer paint, glass cloth barriers and LY12CZ anodizing were effective in galvanic corrosion control for GECM/LY12CZ couples.     

面积比对Al 6061-SS 304电偶腐蚀行为的影响

对30%硝酸环境中的SS 304-Al 6061电偶对开展浸泡实验和电化学实验,研究了Al 6061材料在30%硝酸环境中的电偶腐蚀现象和不同阴阳面积比对腐蚀行为的影响,借助SEM、EDS、电化学测量等方法对腐蚀前后Al 6061的表面形貌、腐蚀坑数量、电化学参数进行了测量与分析。结果表明：Al 6061耦合SS 304后,两者间的腐蚀驱动电位差达到583 mVSCE,Al 6061作为反应阳极发生溶解腐蚀;在SEM图像中可以明显看出耦合后出现了三类电偶腐蚀现象,其中第二相粒子与铝基体耦合引起的微电偶腐蚀是腐蚀坑的主要类型。同时,阴阳面积比增加导致电偶电位减小和腐蚀电流增大,电偶电流与阴阳面积比满足定量关系式,且经K-S检验理论与实际吻合度高。     

Kontaktkorrosion bei ein- und mehrschichtigen Metallüberzügen

Contact corrosion with one-layer and multilayer metal coatings Contact corrosion on metallic coatings depends on a number of factors which contribute to the difficulty encountered in predicting the progress of corrosion. With metallic coatings the free surface of the base material is normally small by comparison to that of the coating, so that contact corrosion — appearing as locally increased attack, possibly induced by protective measures — comes to bear on the base material only. Excluding some few exceptions the contact corrosion is controlled by the oxygen content of the attacking electrolyte, which — in addition to the type of electrolyte and the metal combination involved — determines the progress of contact corrosion. On the example of sulphur containing and sulphur-free nickel and of electrolytically deposited metals with heavily disturbed lattice it is shown, that the establishment of the contact corrosion potential is controlled by the composition and the condition of the metals involved. With galvanic Ni+Cr coatings the direction of the current in the galvanic element controlling contact corrosion may change with the composition of the attacking electrolyte, even during atmospheric corrosion, so that Cr may either be the anode being dissolved, or the cathode. It may happen that this combination does not yield any element at all, affecting the corrosion process. Model experiments serve to demonstrate the influence of the electrolyte composition and the composition of the metals in contact with each other.     

镁合金在大气环境中电偶腐蚀行为及规律的研究

在北京大气环境下，研究AM60镁合金和不同金属材料（碳钢、不锈钢、黄铜和铝合金）偶接的电偶腐蚀行为规律。研究表明，镁合金作为阳极发生不同程度的电偶腐蚀，通过1a的北京大气环境下的暴露试验后，AM60镁合金的电偶腐蚀效应由强到弱的顺序为：碳钢、黄铜、不锈钢和铝合金，其中镁合金与LY12铝合金偶接的电偶腐蚀效应最小。通过与其它地区室外暴晒的镁合金电偶腐蚀效应的对比，表明环境因素影响着镁合金的电偶腐蚀效应。同时阴极材料、试验时间、试样尺寸（偶接面积）和试验环境都会对镁合金电偶腐蚀效应产生影响。经1a曝晒的AM60镁合金形成了具有保护性的腐蚀产物层阻碍了腐蚀发展。北京地区高自然降尘量导致金属表面湿润时间加大，从而加速了AM60镁合金的电偶腐蚀。采用XRD方法分析表面的腐蚀产物，用金相显微镜和扫描电镜（SEM）观察试样腐蚀后的表面形貌特征和腐蚀产物的结构，并用与之相连的能谱仪分析腐蚀产物中的元素组成。     

NiAl/NiCoCrAlY/8YSZ复合喷涂层的微观结构与性能研究

目的提高金属/陶瓷隔热涂层体系在海洋环境下的耐腐蚀性能。方法利用冷喷涂方法制备NiAl复合打底层和Ni CoCrAlY粘结层,与等离子喷涂制备的8YSZ陶瓷层构成适用于海洋环境的多层结构耐蚀隔热涂层体系。利用FE-SEM分别观察喷涂态粘结层和陶瓷层的表面、横截面形貌,通过EDS分析涂层元素分布;利用XRD分析表征涂层的物相组成;借助万能材料试验机,采用拉伸法测试涂层结合强度;利用热循环试验和焰流冲刷试验测试涂层的耐高温性能。结果微观分析表明,冷喷涂制备的NiAl复合打底层和Ni CoCrAlY粘结层形貌致密,涂层材料未发生明显氧化,颗粒变形程度不一,粘结层与基体间的结合强度约为18.4 MPa,粘结层与8YSZ陶瓷层界面结合紧密。陶瓷层物相结构和成分稳定,涂层经12次热震循环和1000个周期的高温焰流冲击后,表面未出现开裂、起皮和脱落。结论采用冷喷涂法和等离子喷涂法联合制备的耐蚀隔热复合涂层体系具备良好的耐热性和耐腐蚀性。冷喷涂制备的金属涂层结构致密,孔隙率低,与陶瓷层结合良好,能够有效提高涂层体系在腐蚀性环境中的耐蚀性能。NiAl复合涂层可以缓解Ni CoCrAlY粘结层和铝合金基材间的热匹配问题,增强涂层的结合性能。