无定型水合氧化锰的界面性质及混凝性能

以无定型水合氧化锰对实验室配水进行了混凝试验研究,探讨了其对于不同浊度原水的混凝效能;通过多种测试技术从粒子的比表面积、界面官能团特征、粒子的物相等方面对该水合氧化锰粒子进行了表征和分析,探讨了水合氧化锰的混凝机理。研究表明:该水合氧化锰粒子具有丰富的羟基化表面,比表面积为154.7 m2/g,是一种无定型水合物,表现出优良的吸附污染物的特性;投量为1～2 mg/L的该水合氧化锰对于实验室配水具有优异的混凝性能并表现了优异的降低滤后水浊度的效能;该水合氧化锰是通过吸附架桥和沉淀网捕的机理进行混凝除浊的。     

水合MnO2对低温低浊水处理效能及残余铝的影响

通过烧杯混凝试验分别考察了低温低浊水中聚合氯化铝(PAC)与水合MnO2的除浊去污效果,研究了PAC与水合MnO2联用的混凝效果以及对水中残余铝的影响,结果表明低温低浊水中PAC虽对溶解性有机物(DOM)有一定的去除效果,但最大浊度去除率仅为30.63％,并伴有水中残余铝大幅上升趋势.单独使用水合MnO2将会导致水中浊度升高,但对溶解性有机碳(DOC)与UV254去除率可达17.78％和6.9％.PAC与水合MnO2联用能够有效降低沉后水浊度(最大去除率为61.9％),并降低水中DOC,其最大去除率达23.05％,且使水中胶体铝与溶解性铝的浓度得到降低.     

新生MnO2对茜素红吸附脱色的研究

以新生MnO2为吸附剂,对水中茜素红染料进行了脱色研究,探讨了影响吸附的因素。结果表明,降低pH值、增加吸附剂投加量,有利于新生水合二氧化锰对茜素红染料的脱色。当新生态水合MnO2浓度为300 mg/L,茜素红浓度为400 mg/L,pH=2,反应时间为60 min时,茜素红脱色率达90%以上。实验还发现对茜素红染料吸附较好符合Freundich吸附等温式,吸附速率较快。     

微污染水源水中重金属镉的去除

针对我国水源水中微量重金属污染特点,在不改变常规给水处理工艺前提下,提出了用水合二氧化锰去除饮用水中的微量重金属镉污染物的强化混凝工艺。采用硫代硫酸盐与高锰酸盐经氧化还原反应生成的水合二氧化锰处理含镉水源水,系统讨论了pH、浊度、腐殖酸等水质参数对水合氧化锰混凝除镉效能的影响;采用XRD、XPS技术并结合投射电镜技术对水合二氧化锰粒子的物相晶型、表面组成及水中形态进行了表征;采用透光脉动检测技术对水合二氧化锰絮凝的全过程进行了研究,把微观的絮体结构与形态观测同宏观的混凝现象结合起来进行综合分析,试图探讨水合二氧化锰混凝去除水中重金属镉的可能机理和特点。结果表明：水合二氧化锰为表面积大、吸附力强的非晶形胶体,对溶解态隔和吸附态镉均表现了优异去除能力,其去除金属镉的机理可能是依靠专属吸附、静电吸附以及网捕卷扫综合作用的结果。水合二氧化锰能够很有效去除水源水中的微量镉,并能使出水满足饮用水水质标准。     

微污染水源水中重金属镉的去除

针对我国水源水中微量重金属污染特点,在不改变常规给水处理工艺前提下,提出了用水合二氧化锰去除饮用水中的微量重金属镉污染物的强化混凝工艺。采用硫代硫酸盐与高锰酸盐经氧化还原反应生成的水合二氧化锰处理含镉水源水,系统讨论了pH、浊度、腐殖酸等水质参数对水合氧化锰混凝除镉效能的影响;采用XRD、XPS技术并结合投射电镜技术对水合二氧化锰粒子的物相晶型、表面组成及水中形态进行了表征;采用透光脉动检测技术对水合二氧化锰絮凝的全过程进行了研究,把微观的絮体结构与形态观测同宏观的混凝现象结合起来进行综合分析,试图探讨水合二氧化锰混凝去除水中重金属镉的可能机理和特点。结果表明:水合二氧化锰为表面积大、吸附力强的非晶形胶体,对溶解态隔和吸附态镉均表现了优异去除能力,其去除金属镉的机理可能是依靠专属吸附、静电吸附以及网捕卷扫综合作用的结果。水合二氧化锰能够很有效去除水源水中的微量镉,并能使出水满足饮用水水质标准。     

水合二氧化锰去除水源水中有机污染物的初步实验研究

为了探讨水合二氧化锰对于实际水源水中有机污染物的去除效果,通过实验室烧杯混凝试验,以松花江水源水为研究对象,以高锰酸盐指数（CODMn）、DOC、UV254为指标,研究了高锰酸钾还原法制备的水合二氧化锰对实际水源水中有机污染物的去除效果,并对水合二氧化锰去除有机物的机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明：当水合二氧化锰投加量很低时（1～3mg／L）,其对松花江水源水中有机污染物的去除已很显著,并且CODMn、DOC、UV254三种指标具有良好的相关性。由此得出结论：与传统混凝剂相比,该种水合二氧化锰表现了良好的去除实际水源水中有机污染物的效能。实验结论对于水处理工程实际具有重要意义。     

混凝/超滤处理微污染原水的试验研究

采用混凝／超滤组合工艺对微污染原水进行试验。结果表明：混凝作为预处理可以有效地改善膜的过滤性能和提高去除有机物的效果。存在最佳混凝剂投加量,它可使膜过滤通量最大。     

受微污染湘江原水强化水处理工艺研究

采用强化混凝工艺、强化混凝与活性炭联用工艺对湘江微污染原水及低温低浊原水进行中试研究。结果表明,对于处理受微污染湘江原水,聚合氯化铝混凝效果最佳;处理湘江低温低浊原水时,聚合硫酸铁效果最佳：高产酸钾与粉末活性炭联用助凝,能有效地去除有机物;强化混凝与活性炭联用处理工艺能有效地去除湘江原水;有机物以及消毒副产物前体,还能增加活性炭吸附能力。     

腐植酸在水合二氧化锰表面的吸附行为

研究了腐植酸在水合MnO2（S）（δMnO2）表面的吸附行为，考察了不同分子量分布范围的腐植酸的吸附性能，探讨了阳离子对吸附行为的影响及其可能作用机理，并利用FTIR光谱对吸附行为进行了光谱学研究。结果发现，具有较高分子量的腐植酸HAa的吸附去除率比具有较低分子量的腐植酸HAb高30％．     

含镉原水的超滤组合处理工艺

采用实验室配制的含镉微污染原水,考察了直接超滤、混凝沉淀-超滤、粉末活性炭-混凝沉淀-超滤三种工艺对含镉原水的处理效果,结果表明三种工艺对含镉原水的处理效果受原水中镉的浓度影响较大.其中粉末活性炭-混凝沉淀-超滤组合工艺对含镉原水的处理效果较好,对浊度、氨氮、UV254去除率分别稳定在96％、90％、40％以上;当原水中镉浓度为0.02 mg/L左右时,对镉的去除率可达70％以上,出水镉含量达到饮用水标准.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.