二氧化氯用于油田注水系统杀菌的试验

在大庆油田采油厂废水处理回注站进行了二氧化氯杀菌试验,针对硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)、铁细菌(IB)、腐生菌(TGB)以及注水系统中的细菌,研究适宜的二氧化氯投加浓度。结果表明,二氧化氯对各种菌的杀灭效果差异显著,硫酸盐还原菌的杀灭效果最好,其次是腐生菌,铁细菌效果较差,适宜的投加浓度分别为30mg/L、40mg/L、50mg/L。腐蚀率随着二氧化氯投加浓度增加而增强,故确定注水系统中二氧化氯最佳投加浓度为40mg/L,二氧化氯杀菌总成本为0·35元/m3。腐蚀率低于企业标准,细菌与硫化物指标达到油田注水标准。     

油田采出水中硫酸盐还原菌的臭氧杀灭动力学及试验研究

油田采出水中的硫酸盐还原菌 (SRB)可造成油田注水系统注水管材、设备的腐蚀、结垢乃至油层的堵塞等严重危害。通过臭氧对SRB的灭菌试验 ,确定适宜的控制条件为 :臭氧投量C =0 4～ 0 6mg/L ,接触反应时间t >2 5min ,Ct>2 0mg·min/L ;对杀菌机理进行了探讨 ,建立了动力学模型 ,验证结果表明该模型可较好地描述臭氧杀灭SRB的动力学过程 ;研究成果可为今后油田采出水回注处理提供技术参考和理论依据。     

油田采出水中硫酸盐还原菌的臭氧杀灭动力学及试验研究

油田采出水中的硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)可造成油田注水系统注水管材、设备的腐蚀、结垢乃至油层的堵塞等严重危害。通过臭氧对SRB的灭菌试验，确定适宜的控制条件为臭氧投量C＝0.4～0.6mg/L，接触反应时间t＞2.5min，Ct＞2.0mg     

紫外线杀菌技术处理大庆油田注水的试验研究

应用紫外线杀菌技术对大庆油田废水深度处理站废水进行了现场杀菌试验,水量为300 m3/h,杀菌装置安装在废水处理站出水管道上。试验结果表明,紫外线杀菌后,水中硫酸盐还原菌、腐生菌和铁细菌的杀灭率均在99%以上,对硫酸盐还原菌的杀灭效果好于对腐生菌及铁细菌的杀灭效果,细菌指标达到了油田回注水标准,处理成本仅为0.024元/m3。     

污水中含硫化合物对AB工艺的影响及对策

淄博市污水处理公司AB工艺的进水是包含大量高浓度有机废水的城市污水,硫酸盐和硫化物浓度较高。通过控制A段的运行参数,减少硫酸盐在A段的厌氧转化及将大部分硫化物去除,可以消除对B段的影响,保证AB工艺的正常运行。     

硫酸盐还原菌处理废水的研究进展与展望

硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)是一类形态、营养多样化的,利用硫酸盐或者其他氧化态硫化物作为电子受体来异化有机物质的厌氧菌.本文在阐明SRB处理废水中污染物机理的基础上,充分探讨了SRB在处理酸性矿山废水、重金属离子废水和有机废水的国内外研究现状及进展,最后对其在污废水治理方面进行了展望,SRB处理废水作为一项新的实用技术极具潜力.     

悬浮污泥净化技术在油田回注水处理中的应用

悬浮污泥净化技术集混凝沉降和精细过滤于一体。通过对悬浮污泥净化技术的油田回注水处理现场应用效果进行研究,分析了悬浮污泥法(SSF)的技术特点,研究了排泥时间及除油剂的添加对SSF废水净化效果的影响,并提出了改进措施。结果表明:SSF技术对于回注水的处理效果显著,同时具有工艺简单、成本低的特点。     

生活污水为碳源处理硫酸盐矿山废水可行性试验

为提高微生物法处理硫酸盐矿山废水的效果以及降低处理成本,采用生活污水做为硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)的有机碳源,重点考察生活污水作为碳源的可行性,通过不同的[COD]/[SO42-]配比找到最佳配比值,以及硫酸盐的还原率、重金属的去除率和有机物的去除情况.结果表明,生活污水作为SRB的有机物碳源是可行的,当[COD]/[SO42-]为2.5时,硫酸根的去除率最高为83.2 %,而较低的C/S会影响反应的效果,COD去除率最高为85.2 %.而Fe2+不同配比下都达到了96 %的去除,Mn2+则是较低C/S下达到87 %的去除效果.     

基于不同碳源的硫酸盐还原菌处理硫酸盐酸性废水试验

为探究硫酸盐还原菌(sulfate reducing bacteria,SRB)在不同碳源条件下还原硫酸盐的最佳pH值条件及其还原动力学过程,分别以甘蔗渣和乳酸钠为碳源,负载SRB处理含硫酸盐酸性废水。结果表明:以甘蔗渣、乳酸钠为碳源,SRB均在pH为6时对硫酸盐的去除效果最佳,最大去除率分别为71. 82%、85. 31%,体系氧化还原电位分别为-242、-164 m V;而在pH为4条件下,SRB对硫酸盐的去除效果甘蔗渣优于以乳酸钠为碳源的体系,对硫酸盐最大去除率分别为49. 04%、36. 24%,体系氧化还原电位分别为-229、-57 mV;两种碳源条件下,SRB还原SO_4~(2-)的过程都符合一级动力学模型,在以甘蔗渣为碳源、pH为6的体系中,其最大还原速率分别为0. 20007/d、0. 12688/d。     

厌氧反应除硫酸盐的新工艺

对目前消除硫酸盐对厌氧反应影响的几种方法进行了归纳评价 ,并提出了硫酸盐还原 微电解除硫化物 厌氧反应的新思路 ,从理论上分析了这种新工艺的特点 ,同时提出了存在的问题及对策。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。