注射用葛根素致过敏反应2例

目的探讨注射用葛根素的过敏现象。方法分析我院注射葛根素后的两例病人过敏反应的临床资料。结果两位患者用此药时未用其他药物,因此出现的过敏反应为葛根素所致。结论临床医生在使用葛根素时对易发生过敏反应的病人要慎用。     

葛根素药理学活性及分离纯化的研究进展

葛根素是豆科植物野葛的主要有效成分,是评价葛根的主要质量评价指标。文章主要论述了葛根素的主要理化性质及其药理学活性,同时系统对近年来葛根素提取、分离纯化、等方面的研究进展进行综述,以期为更好地开发利用葛根资源提供参考。     

葛根素的药理作用解析及临床用途

葛根素是一种传统的中药,具有解表退热、透疹、生津、生阳止泻等功能,其主要成分葛根黄酮能增加冠状动脉血流量、降低血管阻力、收缩平滑肌、降低血糖及解热等多种作用。本文将对葛根素的药理作用进行详细的解析,并对其临床用途做一论述。     

葛根素注射剂溶血不良反应综述

葛根素是我国的一味传统中药,葛根素注射剂广泛用于临床心血管疾病的治疗,但是应用过程中出现了急性血管内溶血这一严重不良反应。本文对葛根素注射剂致溶血的临床表现、原因和机制等进行了概述。     

葛根素提取及纯化工艺研究现状

葛根素是葛根的主要活性成分。本文综述了近年来国内提取纯化葛根素的工艺方法。     

蒜氨酸市场前景广阔

蒜氨酸项目的主要目标市场是医药原料、食品添加剂以及化妆品市场等．据权威部门统计，心脑血管疾病已成为全世界非正常死亡第一杀手，我国现有1．2亿人口患有心脑血管疾病。更令人担忧的是，心脑血管疾病患者已越来越明显地呈现出年轻化，因此迫切需要预防和治疗心脑血管疾病的产品。目前，心脑血管类药物的销售额在药物销售总额的占比已经由上世纪80年代的15％上升到20％左右。     

中国市场急需开发和引进技术的精细化工产品

对甲氧基苯乙酮主要用于香精香料、医药中间体(可以生产对甲氧基苯乙酸，用作葛根素的中间体，国内尚无合成葛根素)和液晶单体(在高档的炔类液晶合成中，有一种工艺用到对甲氧基苯乙酮作为初始的合成原料，目前国内尚处于研究开发阶段)的生产，是比较有市场前景的精细化工产品，尤其是     

葛根素联合腹蛇抗栓酶治疗冠心病心绞痛23例

目的总结葛根素注射液加腹蛇抗栓酶注射液联合治疗冠心病心绞痛的效果。方法对23例冠心病心绞痛的患者采用葛根素注射液联合腹蛇抗栓酶注射液治疗,并与常规治疗的23例冠心病心绞痛患者做对照,治疗前后观察临床疗效、心肌供血改善和血液流变学指标的改变。结果治疗组患者的临床疗效,心电图改善及血液黏滞度降低的总有效率明显高于对照组,有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论葛根素注射液联合腹蛇抗栓酶注射液治疗冠心病心绞痛,具有疗效肯定,不良反应少,值得推广使用。     

简析葛根素注射液致药物性皮炎6例

目前,随着葛根素注射液在临床的广泛使用,其不良反应也日益受到医务工作者的重视。     

葛根素联合参麦注射液辅助治疗小儿病毒性心肌炎的疗效观察

目的 评价葛根素联合参麦注射液辅助治疗小儿病毒性心肌炎的临床疗效。方法 将100例病毒性心肌炎患儿,随机分为对照组和观察组各50例。对照组采用常规治疗,观察组在此基础上加用葛根素联合参麦注射液,观察2组的疗效。结果 观察组总有效率为90%;对照组总有效率为70%;观察组有效率高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 葛根素联合参麦注射液辅助治疗小儿病毒性心肌炎较常规治疗疗效好。     

Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Implications of Growth Restriction: Mechanisms and Potential Treatments

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a common complication of pregnancy, resulting in a fetus that fails to reach its genetically determined growth potential. Whilst the fetal cardiovascular response to acute hypoxia is well established, the fetal defence to chronic hypoxia is not well understood due to experiment constraints. Growth restriction results primarily from reduced oxygen and nutrient supply to the developing fetus, resulting in chronic hypoxia. The fetus adapts to chronic hypoxia by redistributing cardiac output via brain sparing in an attempt to preserve function in the developing brain. This review highlights the impact of brain sparing on the developing fetal cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems, as well as emerging long-term effects in offspring that were growth restricted at birth. Here, we explore the pathogenesis associated with brain sparing within the cerebrovascular system. An increased understanding of the mechanistic pathways will be critical to preventing neuropathological outcomes, including motor dysfunction such as cerebral palsy, or behaviour dysfunctions including autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).     

Maternal Undernutrition Modulates Neonatal Rat Cerebrovascular Structure,Function, and Vulnerability to Mild Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury via Corticosteroid-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms

The present study explored the hypothesis that an adverse intrauterine environment caused by maternal undernutrition (MUN) acted through corticosteroid-dependent and -independent mechanisms to program lasting functional changes in the neonatal cerebrovasculature and vulnerability to mild hypoxic-ischemic (HI) injury. From day 10 of gestation until term, MUN and MUN-metyrapone (MUN-MET) group rats consumed a diet restricted to 50% of calories consumed by a pair-fed control; and on gestational day 11 through term, MUN-MET groups received drinking water containing MET (0.5 mg/mL), a corticosteroid synthesis inhibitor. P9/P10 pups underwent unilateral carotid ligation followed 24 h later by 1.5 h exposure to 8% oxygen (HI treatment). An ELISA quantified MUN-, MET-, and HI-induced changes in circulating levels of corticosterone. In P11/P12 pups, MUN programming promoted contractile differentiation in cerebrovascular smooth muscle as determined by confocal microscopy, modulated calcium-dependent contractility as revealed by cerebral artery myography, enhanced vasogenic edema formation as indicated by T2 MRI, and worsened neurobehavior MUN unmasked HI-induced improvements in open-field locomotion and in edema resolution, alterations in calcium-dependent contractility and promotion of contractile differentiation. Overall, MUN imposed multiple interdependent effects on cerebrovascular smooth muscle differentiation, contractility, edema formation, flow-metabolism coupling and neurobehavior through pathways that both required, and were independent of, gestational corticosteroids. In light of growing global patterns of food insecurity, the present study emphasizes that infants born from undernourished mothers may experience greater risk for developing neonatal cerebral edema and sensorimotor impairments possibly through programmed changes in neonatal cerebrovascular function.     

Aquaporin-4 and Cerebrovascular Diseases

Cerebrovascular diseases are conditions caused by problems with brain vasculature, which have a high morbidity and mortality. Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is the most abundant water channel in the brain and crucial for the formation and resolution of brain edema. Considering brain edema is an important pathophysiological change after stoke, AQP4 is destined to have close relation with cerebrovascular diseases. However, this relation is not limited to brain edema due to other biological effects elicited by AQP4. Till now, multiple studies have investigated roles of AQP4 in cerebrovascular diseases. This review focuses on expression of AQP4 and the effects of AQP4 on brain edema and neural cells injuries in cerebrovascular diseases including cerebral ischemia, intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage. In the current review, we pay more attention to the studies of recent years directly from cerebrovascular diseases animal models or patients, especially those using AQP4 gene knockout mice. This review also elucidates the potential of AQP4as an excellent therapeutic target.     

Role of Anesthetics and Their Adjuvants in Neurovascular Protection in Secondary Brain Injury after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Aneurysmal rupture accounts for the majority of subarachnoid hemorrhage and is responsible for most cerebrovascular deaths with high mortality and morbidity. Initial hemorrhage severity and secondary brain injury due to early brain injury and delayed cerebral ischemia are the major determinants of outcomes after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Several therapies have been explored to prevent these secondary brain injury processes after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage with limited clinical success. Experimental and clinical studies have shown a neuroprotective role of certain anesthetics in cerebrovascular disorders including aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. The vast majority of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients require general anesthesia for surgical or endovascular repair of their aneurysm. Given the potential impact certain anesthetics have on secondary brain injury after SAH, appropriate selection of anesthetics may prove impactful on overall outcome of these patients. This narrative review focuses on the available evidence of anesthetics and their adjuvants in neurovascular protection in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and discusses current impact on clinical care and future investigative directions.     

Current Management and Therapeutic Strategies for Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is characterized by accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) in walls of leptomeningeal vessels and cortical capillaries in the brain. The loss of integrity of these vessels caused by cerebrovascular Aβ deposits results in fragile vessels and lobar intracerebral hemorrhages. CAA also manifests with progressive cognitive impairment or transient focal neurological symptoms. Although development of therapeutics for CAA is urgently needed, the pathogenesis of CAA remains to be fully elucidated. In this review, we summarize the epidemiology, pathology, clinical and radiological features, and perspectives for future research directions in CAA therapeutics. Recent advances in mass spectrometric methodology combined with vascular isolation techniques have aided understanding of the cerebrovascular proteome. In this paper, we describe several potential key CAA-associated molecules that have been identified by proteomic analyses (apolipoprotein E, clusterin, SRPX1 (sushi repeat-containing protein X-linked 1), TIMP3 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3), and HTRA1 (HtrA serine peptidase 1)), and their pivotal roles in Aβ cytotoxicity, Aβ fibril formation, and vessel wall remodeling. Understanding the interactions between cerebrovascular Aβ deposits and molecules that accumulate with Aβ may lead to discovery of effective CAA therapeutics and to the identification of biomarkers for early diagnosis.     

两类聚酯吸氧材料的制备及性能

制备了1,4-丁烯二醇/顺丁烯二酸酐和端羟基聚丁二烯（HTPB）/顺丁烯二酸酐酯化物吸氧剂,讨论了反应时间及醇酐比对吸氧剂酯化率的影响,并且将1,4-丁烯二醇/顺酐、HTPB/顺酐吸氧剂接枝共聚到PET中得到改性吸氧材料。考察了两种吸氧材料的物理性能和吸氧性能,以及影响吸氧性能的双键保留率,催化剂用量、醇酐比。实验表明,顺酐与1,4-丁烯二醇、HTPB反应的最佳酯化时间分别为2 h和3 h,含1,4-丁烯二醇/顺酐和HTPB/顺酐的吸氧材料最大数均分子量分别为3.66万和4.97万,最大双键保留率分别为77.4%和76.3%,最大催化剂用量为1.0 g/kg,含1,4-丁烯二醇/顺酐和HTPB/顺酐的吸氧材料24 h最大吸氧量为3.17 mL/g和10.04mL/g。     

Multiple Hits,Including Oxidative Stress,as Pathogenesis and Treatment Target in Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)

Multiple parallel hits, including genetic differences, insulin resistance and intestinal microbiota, account for the progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Multiple hits induce adipokine secretion, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and oxidative stress at the cellular level that subsequently induce hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis, among which oxidative stress is considered a key contributor to progression from simple fatty liver to NASH. Although several clinical trials have shown that anti-oxidative therapy can effectively control hepatitis activities in the short term, the long-term effect remains obscure. Several trials of long-term anti-oxidant protocols aimed at treating cerebrovascular diseases or cancer development have failed to produce a benefit. This might be explained by the non-selective anti-oxidative properties of these drugs. Molecular hydrogen is an effective antioxidant that reduces only cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) and several diseases associated with oxidative stress are sensitive to hydrogen. The progress of NASH to hepatocellular carcinoma can be controlled using hydrogen-rich water. Thus, targeting mitochondrial oxidative stress might be a good candidate for NASH treatment. Long term clinical intervention is needed to control this complex lifestyle-related disease.     

The oxygen evolution kinetics in sealed rechargeable NiMH batteries

The kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (oer) has been investigated in commercial NiMH batteries. The partial oxygen evolution currents have been determined during partial charging by measuring the charge distribution between the main electrochemical charge transfer reaction at the Ni-electrode and the parasitic oxygen evolution reaction. This enabled us to accurately determine the battery State-of-Charge during the entire charging process and to deduce information about the oxygen evolution reaction kinetics as a function of temperature. In addition, the oer kinetics has also been studied under continuous overcharging conditions. Substantial kinetic differences were observed. This has been attributed to the phase modification of nickel-oxyhydroxide induced by prolonged overcharging. The kinetic parameters of the oxygen evolution reaction have been determined, the mechanisms are discussed in detail and the relevant rate equations are derived to enable NiMH battery modelling.     

The parameters of equilibrium between oxygen solid solutions in cubic and graphite-like hexagonal boron nitrides

A decrease in the onset temperature of the cBN-to-hBN solid-phase transformation with increase in the oxygen content of cBN samples has been found experimentally. This dependence might be attributable to the existence of oxygen solid solutions in cBN and hBN. From the experimental data and taking into account the kinetics of solid-phase transformations, the equilibrium onset temperature of the cBN-to-hBN transition has been derived for samples with different oxygen contents. In the framework of phenomenological thermodynamics, the model parameters have been determined and the lines of equilibrium between oxygen solid solutions in cubic and graphite-like hexagonal boron nitride have been calculated. It has been shown that a decrease in the oxygen content of the boron nitride–solvent system usually used for cBN synthesis should induce an increase in the thermodynamic stimulus to the hBN-to-cBN transformation at high pressures.     

Oxygen chemisorption at Cu(110) at 120 K: dimers, clusters and mono-atomic oxygen states

Three distinct states of oxygen have been observed at a Cu(110) surface at 120 K by scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM): isolated oxygen adatoms; pairs or dimers, separated by about 6 Å and clusters of five or six atoms arranged anisotropically. There is also evidence for oxygen atoms undergoing ballistic motion as might be expected from “hot” oxygen atoms. Such states of oxygen have been central to the mechanistic models proposed earlier, and based on surface spectroscopic studies, for the oxidation of ammonia at copper surfaces under ammonia-rich conditions.