Sc_2O_3-Sm_2O_3共掺杂CeO_2基电解质的电导率和还原稳定性

以Ce(NO3)3·6H2O、Sm2O3和Sc2O3等为原料,采用凝胶浇注法制备出了不同组成的Ce0.8Sm0.2–xScxO2–δ(CSSO)粉体,并压制、烧结制得CSSO烧结体试样。对所制备CSSO粉体的相结构及烧结体的致密度、电导率等进行了测试,考察了Sm2O3和Sc2O3共掺杂对Ce元素价态稳定性的影响。结果表明:凝胶浇注干凝胶在800℃煅烧3 h可获得具有单一萤石结构的CSSO粉体,其成形压坯经1 500℃烧结后相对密度可达97.13%;CSSO烧结体的电导呈P型导体特征,组成为Ce0.8Sm0.15Sc0.05O2–δ的烧结体试样的电导率最高,在600℃时可达1.92×10–2 S/cm。适量掺杂Sc可提高CSSO电解质在还原气氛中的稳定性。     

轧膜成型法制备燃料电池NiO/YSZ多孔阳极材料的研究

以水基轧膜工艺制备出了不同粘结剂含量的NiO/氧化钇稳定氧化锆(YSZ)固体氧化物燃料电池多孔阳极材料。研究了粘结剂含量和制备工艺条件等对多孔阳极微结构和性能的影响。实验结果表明:轧膜坯体的烧结温度对NiO/YSZ阳极烧结体的孔隙率有着决定的影响;为获得较高孔隙率和一定孔径分布的阳极烧结体,轧膜生坯的烧结温度应不超过1450℃。此外,粘结剂含量对轧膜生坯的烧结行为及烧结体的性能也有明显的影响,在相同的烧结温度下,高粘结剂含量阳极烧结体的孔隙率和孔径范围明显高于低粘结剂含量的烧结体,其中,粘接剂含量5%的生坯烧结后得到的NiO/YSZ阳极材料具有较好的综合性能;此外,NiO/YSZ材料还原后所得Ni/YSZ金属陶瓷多孔阳极的电导率随试样烧结温度的升高而升高,随测试温度升高而降低,800℃下的其电导率可达150S/cm。     

铜粉烧结毛细结构之研究

本研究针对球型、不规则及树枝状3种不同型态的纯铜粉进行不同温度之烧结,并分析烧结体之收缩率、孔隙率及渗透率特性.实验结果说明,各种铜粉比表面积以树枝状最大,不规则状次之,球型粉体最低.但随烧结温度的上升,3种不同铜粉之烧结体,皆会有体积收缩率上升、孔隙率下降及渗透率下降等现象.其中以表面积最大的3～5 μm树枝状粉体对温度的敏感性高,使孔隙率随温度变化最明显,其中并700℃烧结的毛细结构具有最高的孔隙率.铜粉的本质起始特性所造成的烧结体结构差异,对于渗透率有着关键的影响,树枝状铜粉烧结体孔隙率变化大,但其渗透率的值在10-12m2左右,明显低于35～115 μm球状铜粉在700℃烧结之毛细结构.     

Sm2O3掺杂对纳米莫来石前驱粉体微观结构和烧结性能的影响

为了改善纳米莫来石粉体烧结性能,以硫酸铝和硅酸钠为主要合成原料,添加不同含量Sm2O3,采用共沉淀工艺制备莫来石前驱粉体,经过煅烧得到莫来石纳米粉体,研究了Sm2O3掺杂量对莫来石粉体微观结构和烧结性能的影响.研究表明:当Sm2O3的加入量为4wt%时,合成温度可由传统的1300 ℃左右降低至1000 ℃,晶粒尺寸约为39 nm,比表面积达到95.265 m2/g.说明适当掺杂Sm3+对于合成纳米莫来石具有改善微观结构,促进烧结,促进莫来石晶相形成的作用.     

反向滴定共沉淀法合成新型中温固体氧化物燃料电池阴极材料La0.7Sr0.3-xCaxCo1-yFeyO3-δ

以氢氧化钠和碳酸钠混合碱为沉淀剂,金属硝酸盐为原料,共沉淀法合成了中温固体氧化物燃料电池阴极材料La0.7Sr0.3-xCaxCo1-yFeyO3-δ(简称:LSCCF,x=0.05、0.10、0.15、0.20;y=0.10、0.20、0.40)的前躯体.讨论了共沉淀的最佳pH值范围以及加料顺序,TG-DSC研究了LSCCF粉料的形成过程,XRD和SEM对其前驱体在600℃,800℃,1000℃煅烧4h后的晶体结构和粒度形貌进行了研究和表征;并通过与固相合成LSCCF的条件比较可知:pH值在9.1～9.5范围内,反向滴定共沉淀法得到的前驱体在800℃煅烧4h可以合成出纯度高、组份均匀的单一钙钛矿相的LSCCF粉料.使用直流四极探针法在空气气氛下研究不同烧结温度下LSCCF样品从100℃到800℃时的电导率发现:电导率随着烧结温度的升高在增大;随着x从0.05到0.20以及y从0.10到0.40,1200℃烧结3h后样品的电导率却在减少;当x=0.10或0.15时,Ca2+和Sr2+掺杂对电导率产生"混合"效应,致使其值基本相等.且在500～800℃范围所有样品的电导率都超过了100S/cm.合成的阴极材料LSCCF与电解质Ce0.8Sm0.2O2两者间有良好的相容性.     

阴极材料用Pr0.6-xNdxCa0.4FeO3-δ陶瓷的特性

以Pechini法合成了ABO3型钙钛矿结构的Pr0.6-xNdxCa0.4FeO3-δ(x=01,0.3,0.5)系列稀土复合氧化物粉体.用Fourier变换红外光谱和激光共焦Raman光谱对粉体烧结后样品的化学键及物相进行了表征.用热膨胀仪测定烧结样品的热膨胀系数.通过扫描电镜观察样品用作阴极材料时的微结构及阴极/电解质[钐掺杂氧化铈(samarium-doped ceria,SDC)]复合层的断口形貌.结果表明:1 200℃煅烧2h的样品的主晶相为正交钙钛矿,x=0.3的样品是正交与立方相的混合晶.在室温～1 000 ℃范围内,烧结样品的平均热膨胀系数为12.76x10-6/K,与SDC及La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.85Mg0.15O3-δ(LSGM)电解质的热膨胀系数一致.烧结样品内部孔隙分布均匀,孔隙率约35%,阴极/电解质复合层界面清晰.将复合氧化物粉体和SDC在1 200℃煅烧10h没有检测出第三相.     

Ce0.8Sm0.1Gd0.1O1.9电解质的制备及其性能

通过共沉淀法制备了Sm、Gd共同掺杂的CeO2的前驱体粉末,并将粉末经煅烧、压制、烧结制作成相应的电解质材料.对煅烧得到的电解质粉末及相应的电解质材料的性能进行了表征.实验结果表明:共沉淀法成功制备出了Sm、Gd共同掺杂的CeO2粉末.煅烧所得的电解质粉末具有良好的烧结活性,1400℃下烧结后相对密度达到93.4%.电导率的测试表明,电解质材料在中温范围有较高的电导率,800℃时,其电导率达到了0.076 S·cm-1,有望成为中温固体氧化物燃料电池的电解质材料.     

Ce0.8 Y0.1 Gd0.1 O1.9电解质的制备及其性能研究

通过溶胶凝胶法制备了Y、Gd共同掺杂的CeO2粉末(Ce0.8Y0.1 Gd0.1O1.9,CYG).并将制得的粉末经1400℃下高温烧结4h得到相应的CYG电解质烧结体.对CYG粉末及烧结体进行了相应的性能测试.实验结果表明:用溶胶凝胶法成功制备出了纳米CYG粉末,所得CYG粉末具有良好的烧结活性,1400℃下烧结所得电解质材料烧结体的相对密度达到95.8%.电导率的测试表明,CYG电解质烧结体在中温范围有较高的电导率,800℃时,其电导率达到了0.084S·cm-1.     

固体氧化物燃料电池Sr2MgMoO6-δ阳极材料制备及电导性能

通过溶胶-凝胶热分解法制备了Sr2MgMoO6-δ(SMMO)阳极粉体.对粉体的物相和微观组织进行分析, 研究了SMMO的烧结活性及烧结后在不同气氛中的电导率.结果表明:1 450℃烧结12h后,SMMO形成完整的双钙钛矿相;100MPa压力下的SMMO形成致密的陶瓷块体.能谱分析显示实验组分的摩尔比与理论值吻合.SMMO在空气气氛中的电导率较低,800℃的电导率为1.3×10-3 S/cm,导电活化能为136.4 kJ/mol;在H2气氛中的电导率大大增强,800℃的电导率为0.41 S/cm,导电活化能降低到12kJ/mol,表现出很好的导电性.     

EDTA-硝酸盐法制备La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.85Mg0.15O3-δ及其性能

用EDTA-硝酸盐法合成了中温固体氧化物燃料电池的电解质La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.85Mg0.15O3-δ(LSGM).BET法测定了前驱粉体的比表面积.XRD和DTA-TG曲线综合分析了合成过程中的化学反应.热膨胀仪和交流阻抗谱测定了其烧结性能和电化学性能.DTA-TG结果表明粉体在800℃左右开始形成钙钛矿结构,1200℃烧结就可以形成具有完整的钙钛矿结构LSGM样品;XRD表明用该方法合成的LSGM具有纯度高、杂相少等优点;烧结收缩率曲线显示烧结温度比固相法合成低了200℃左右;交流阻抗谱结果计算得到LSGM样品在800℃的电导率为7.5 S/m.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.