太湖湖流、波浪、沉积物的三维数值模拟

运用ECOMSED模拟风速为6.5 m/s定常东南风作用下太湖流场及波浪场,对模型的适用性及可靠性进行验证;在此基础上进行波流共同作用下沉积物再悬浮数值模拟,得出沉积物-水界面切应力及水体中悬浮物浓度分布。结果表明:太湖有效波高范围在9~29 cm之间,有效波高的空间分布与风速、风向和水深有很大的关系,同时波浪对切应力会产生很大影响,而切应力的分布决定了悬浮物浓度的分布,风浪及地形要素是导致太湖悬浮物浓度变化的重要因子。模拟结果与现有实验成果较吻合,说明运用该模型模拟太湖沉积物再悬浮的结果可靠。     

水动力作用下太湖底泥的再悬浮通量

对太湖梅梁湾水体开展了两次野外实验，利用沉积物捕获器收集沉积物，研究了太湖悬浮物的沉降特征，计算了悬浮物的沉降通量和再悬浮通量，并建立了其与风速的关系。结果表明：太湖无机颗粒沉降是悬浮物沉降的主要形式。太湖平均风速在8m/s以内时，总悬浮物、有机物颗粒和无机物颗粒的沉降通量和再悬浮通量均呈现随风速增大而增大的特性，风速大小直接影响悬浮物在垂向的分布及垂向的沉降通量分布，并且相关性较好。该结论说明Gansith公式法适合于计算太湖再悬浮通量。     

太湖湍流特征及其对表层沉积物起悬机制的影响

太湖是一个典型的浅水大湖泊且富营养化严重,动力扰动引起的水-土界面沉积物起悬与太湖蓝藻水华的暴发有密切联系。基于声学多普勒流速仪、OBS浊度仪、pH-ⅡHandheld手持式气象站等仪器监测得到的原位高频气象、水动力、水质同步数据,分析了湖泊水-土界面悬浮物浓度与风速、切应力及湍流特征的关系。研究结果表明:观测期间,湖心区底泥沉积物再悬浮过程中由波切应力起主导作用,观测的切应力临界值为0.08 N/m~2,临界风速为4 m/s。底泥再悬浮主要是由拟序结构中短时内间歇性猝发引起的,短时大振幅事件对底泥垂向扩散起关键作用。研究结果可为进一步研究与湍流密切相关的太湖内源释放发生机制提供参考。     

内外源共同作用对太湖营养盐贡献量研究

本文根据环太湖25条主要入湖河流的监测结果对入湖水量及污染物输入量进行分析,计算了不同季节外源对太湖营养物质的贡献量。分别于春、夏、秋、冬4个季节对太湖梅梁湾水体开展5次野外试验,利用沉积物捕获器收集沉积物,采用Gansith公式法计算沉积物的再悬浮通量,并建立其与风速的关系;对代表不同风浪作用下的太湖悬浮物进行7次静沉降试验,计算悬浮物的静沉降通量,并建立其与风速关系。以3.7m/s为界对底泥悬浮沉降过程进行分解和概化,并利用近10年的风速资料估算太湖年均内源释放量。计算结果表明,全年外源负荷和内源释放对太湖营养盐的贡献总量COD为24.23万t、总氮为3.80万t、总磷为2 045.20t,其中内源所占比例分别为20.47%,20.44%和13.47%外源、内源对太湖的贡献量在不同季节有较大差异,夏季贡献量最大,春季次之。风浪作用下的COD、TN释放量只相当于外源输入量的25.7%,而TP释放量仅相当于外源输入量的15.6%。外源输入量对营养盐的贡献占据相当高的比重,太湖河道入湖污染负荷的增加是太湖水质恶化的根本原因。     

风力影响下湖泊湍流特征及其对湖泊污染沉积物影响研究

湖泊水体内的悬浮物浓度是衡量水质的重要参数,悬浮物浓度则受到湖底沉积物的悬浮沉降过程影响。本次试验测量风速影响下淡水湖泊中的切应力以及湍流动能等参数的变化,并建立风速与悬浮物浓度、切应力、湍流动能的拟合曲线,计算得到底泥起悬时的临界风速值为4.5 m/s,影响沉积物悬浮的切应力主要为波切应力,湍流动能与切应力和悬浮物浓度均呈正相关关系。试验结果可为淡水湖泊水质治理提供参考。     

壳聚糖改性黏土作用下湖泛致黑悬浮物的沉降特性研究

为了探讨湖泛致黑物质在壳聚糖改性黏土作用下的絮凝沉降以及再悬浮的规律,利用柱状水槽再悬浮发生模拟装置,选取壳聚糖改性黏土(1 g/L硅藻土+0.2 g/L壳聚糖)作为絮凝剂,进行了风浪扰动作用下太湖湖泛的絮凝及再悬浮过程的室内模拟试验。结果表明:当模拟流速产生的切应力超过0.042 N/m~2时,低浊度组中的黏土絮体产生了明显的再悬浮现象;当流速产生的切应力超过0.109 N/m~2时,高浊度组发生再悬浮。对比太湖不同风速所产生的切应力,发现4 m/s以下的太湖风情产生的湖流切应力不会使黏土絮体发生再悬浮。研究旨在为太湖湖泛的应急处置提供参考。     

不同水动力扰动下沉水植物对沉积物重金属释放的影响

在风浪扰动条件下,沉积物再悬浮会造成重金属的二次释放。沉水植物可以有效地改变水流条件并抑制颗粒物再悬浮,从而一定程度地改善水体的生态环境。该文通过室内环形风动水槽模拟实验,利用ADV测流技术与悬浮颗粒物(SPM)浓度表征悬浮量的方法,分析不同水动力条件下沉水植物苦草对水流条件的影响及再悬浮过程8 h内SPM的浓度变化,并测定试验周期(35天)内重金属(Ni、Cd)于上覆水、间隙水及沉积物中的分布情况,研究不同水动力下水生植物对重金属再悬浮的影响规律。结果表明,在风速分别为3.21 m/s(小风)、5.95 m/s(中风)和8.78 m/s(大风)时3种风力的扰动作用下,植物有效高度内流速低且流速梯度小,而冠层至水面高度内流速梯度较大,水流结构以植物冠层为拐点,呈"S"形分布。上覆水SPM浓度与无植物时相比显著降低,沉积物再悬浮率下降量(W)与风速(v)呈对数关系(W=0.2194ln(v)-0.2445)。不同水动力条件下,重金属(Ni、Cd)在上覆水、间隙水及沉积物中分布情况及变化规律相似。试验期间间隙水与沉积物中重金属含量变化整体呈现下降趋势,上覆水重金属含量上升。间隙水重金属释放量与风速呈对数关系,Ni、Cd释放量分别为39.55 ng(小风)/77.91 ng(中风)/110.04 ng(大风),以及1.10 ng(小风)/1.81 ng(中风)/2.80 ng(大风)。     

南昌工程学院科研项目介绍

<正>国家自然科学基金地区科学基金项目湖泊垂直非均匀水体悬浮物对遥感反射率的影响机制——以鄱阳湖光学深水区为例(项目编号:41461080)内陆湖泊水色遥感是目前定量遥感领域的热点与难点,在传统的湖泊水色遥感理论研究与应用中水体常被认为垂直均匀的,但严格来讲,内陆湖泊水体复杂多变,垂直非均匀水体是一种普遍存在的现象,研究垂直非均匀水体悬浮物的光学传递问题与遥感精确度之间的关联迫在眉睫。悬浮物是湖泊水色要素中关键参数,探讨湖泊垂直非均匀水体     

武汉城市湖泊汞的迁移与富集

对武汉远郊、城乡结合部和市区3种环境中6个湖泊的水、界面水、沉积物和生物(鱼)进行调查采样,用离心机离心出沉积物中的孔隙水,用原子荧光光谱仪进行汞含量测定。以土壤—水—界面水—孔隙水—沉积物—生物为轴线,探讨了汞在研究区土壤—沉积物系统、湖水—沉积物系统和湖水—界面水—孔隙水系统中的分配以及湖泊鲢鱼肉中汞与沉积物和水中汞的关系。建立了武汉城市湖泊汞的迁移、富集理想模式:湖泊水汞经悬浮物吸附沉淀而富集于沉积物中,沉积物中汞经化学转化传输给孔隙水;存在于悬浮物中的界面水汞,经解吸附后向湖水扩散而产生二次污染。湖水汞被鱼吸收而产生生物富集。从而得出湖水—界面水—孔隙水—沉积物、湖水—鱼的两种富集机制。     

藻华聚积及污水入流对太湖上下层水体营养盐含量的影响

通过采集太湖水体鲜藻和入湖区混合常见污水,应用再悬浮发生装置,室内模拟有底泥参与的不同藻类聚积和不同CODCr含量污水进入条件下,太湖西北竺山湖区水质上下层水体中SS,NH3-N及PO43-质量浓度的变化过程。分析结果表明:在7 d的常见风浪模拟环境中,无论加入藻类还是加入污水,太湖上下层水体中SS质量浓度均呈下降趋势,表明颗粒物有向水底沉降的可能;水体中的NH3-N和PO43-质量浓度并未因藻量增加而上升,反映出鲜藻此时对水体中的N和P呈吸收作用;污水添加量的增大则使试验水柱中NH3-N和PO43-质量浓度上升,并大致随时间的增加呈逐步上升的趋势。     

Experiment study of the effects of hydrodynamic disturbance on the interaction between the cyanobacterial growth and the nutrients

The eutrophication of shallow lakes is sensitive to dynamic currents(i.e., disturbances) because of their shallow depths and high contents of nutrients in bed sediments. The relation between the sediment resuspension and the algae bloom is not well understood in the field scale because the interwoven influencing factors cannot be examined individually. By combining the laboratory experiment and the field observation, this paper proposes a sediment-water-algae concept to simulate the effects of hydrodynamic disturbances on the algae growth in the Taihu Lake located in east China. The sediments are sampled from the Taihu Lake while the Microcystis aeruginosa(M. aeruginosa) algae is cultured in the laboratory and then transplanted into the experiment cylinders. The temperature and the light intensity in the experiment are adjusted to be similar with the prevalent in situ conditions. The results indicate that the M. aeruginosa populations under the disturbance condition of the rotational speed ?300 rad/min in the experiment(corresponding to the bottom velocity flow ?0.059 m/s, the shear stress 2?0.069 N/m, or the wind speed ?4 m/s in the field) are higher than those under the disturbance condition of the rotational speed is 400 rad/min(corresponding to the bottom flow velocity 0.079 m/s, the shear stress 0.124 N/m2). It is suggested that a low to moderate disturbance prompts the release of the nitrogen as well as the phosphate nutrients from the bed sediments, amplifying the eutrophication of the Taihu Lake.     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON SEDIMENT RESUSPENSION IN TAIHU LAKE UNDER DIFFERENT HYDRODYNAMIC DISTURBANCES

Contaminants resuspension in sediments induced by wind-wave could influence the water quality in shallow lakes. Resuspension of surface sediments from the Zhushan Bay, Taihu Lake was simulated under different wind forcing by using a pneumatic annular flume in this study. Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) was used to measure flow velocity at each wind speed, and the characteristics of sediment resuspension were studied with the layered sampling technology. The experimental results show that the flow velocity increases with wind speed obviously and 6m/s is a critical wind speed which affected hydrodynamic conditions significantly. The distribution of flow velocity and water depth is different from that in ordinary open channel. With the enhanced hydrodynamic factors, the Suspended Solids Concentration (SSC) in water increases accordingly, and the incipient velocity of sediment resuspension is about 0.21 m/s. Based on the analysis of wind speed and average SSC in water column, the quantitative relationship is obtained. The SSC of the bottom layer is higher than the content of surface layer under different hydrodynamic conditions, and there are similar distributions between SSC and flow velocity in different water layers.     

Impacts of wind waves on sediment transport in a large,shallow lake

Lake Okeechobee is a large, shallow subtropical lake, located in south Florida. Over the last several decades, Lake Okeechobee has experienced accelerated eutrophication due to excessive phosphorus loads from agricultural run‐off. Recycling of phosphorus from bottom sediments through resuspension is critical to addressing eutrophication of the lake and for water quality management. The present study investigates the impacts of wind waves on sediment transport in Lake Okeechobee, using measured data and the Lake Okeechobee Environmental Model (LOEM). The LOEM was fully calibrated and verified with more than 10 years of measured data in previous studies. Analysis of the measured data indicates significant wave height (SWH) and suspended sediment concentration are closely correlated to the wind speed in the lake. The nonlinear interaction of high‐frequency wind waves with relatively low‐frequency currents in the boundary layer plays a key role in sediment deposition/resuspension. Without considering the effects of wind waves, the bottom shear stress can be greatly underestimated. The spatial variations of key variables for sediment modelling, including SWH, water depth, orbital velocity, current velocity, bottom shear stress and sediment concentration, are discussed. In general, the near‐bottom wave velocity (and the associated bottom shear stress) is greater than or the same order of magnitude as the near‐bed current velocity (and the associated bottom shear stress) in this shallow water system. Although the sediment zones of Lake Okeechobee were described in previous studies, few published papers discussed its formation mechanisms. The findings of the present study include that the multiyear averaged bottom shear stress with wind‐wave effect plays a key role in forming the spatial patterns of the sediment zones. The study results are currently being used in lake management and in developing strategies for reducing phosphorus in the lake.     

太湖波动特征分析

浅水湖泊中，富营养化程度除了依赖于外源输入外，内源释放亦是举足轻重，而底泥中的内源释放主要源于风强迫作用下形成的水面波动和底层湖流产生的剪切作用．并且波浪产生的切应力远大于底层湖流产生的切应力。此外．湖岸边界处的波浪作用够侵蚀岸堤，造成泥沙堆积而由此导致航道淤积．波浪作用引起的对水体中营养盐的水平和垂直输送会造成整个湖体中不同地区的水质差异．这也是太湖蓝藻水华爆发具有季节性和区域性的原因之一。本文基于在太湖北部、中部和南部利用波浪仪所观测的数次波浪数据．分别计算了平均波、有效波和1/10大波的周期、波高和波长及其由波浪产生的切应力，并利用验证后的浅水波浪模式．对太湖中冬、夏季盛行风作用下的易悬浮区域做了计算，发现夏季东南风作用下．西北沿岸带由其水浅和风的吹程较大而易引起的底泥悬浮．而冬季受西北风影响时易悬浮区域位于太湖东南部。     

风浪对浅水湖泊水质的影响机制

以太湖重要的浅水湖湾——东太湖为例,应用经典风浪经验公式,将风速转化为浪高,以直接体现风浪强度,在分析其与污染底泥卷起、水质指标相关关系的基础上,对风浪影响湖区水质的机制进行进一步探究。结果表明:随着风速、浪高的增加,水体浑浊度增加,偏北风作用下湖区浑浊度更高;DO的质量浓度呈降低趋势,全年浓度呈现冬季偏高而夏季偏低的规律;COD的质量浓度呈增加趋势,全年浓度呈现冬季偏高而夏季偏低的规律;TN的质量浓度与风速相关关系不明显,全年浓度呈现夏季偏高而冬季偏低的规律;浑浊度与COD存在较好的相关性。确定风浪对湖区水质的影响机制,旨在为针对性地制定湖泊水质改善措施提供技术支撑。     

大型浅水湖泊水动力特性数值分析

准确模拟太湖水流动态变化特性及水动力特征对模拟、预测污染物迁移转化规律以及理解水流运动与污染物相互作用机制具有重要的实用价值。以环境流体力学(EFDC)模型为基础,收集2009年-2010年水文、气象数据及湖区地形数据,并考虑引江济太工程对湖区的影响,建立符合太湖湖区水流特性的水动力模型。模型模拟结果表明最大风向、最大风速的组合方式模拟出来的流场情况最接近真实湖体流场,引江济太工程对湖流的影响微小,模型的水动力模拟效果良好。     

太湖风生流及污染物输移扩散数值模拟

建立高精度的太湖三维风生流数值模型和风生流-污染物耦合数值模型,分析了盛行风作用下的太湖风生流特征和风生流驱动下的太湖污染物输移特征。结果表明:稳定后的太湖风生流场,表层流速大于底层流速,表层流向基本上同风向一致,底层流向则与表层大致相反,具有补偿流的特征;风向能显著影响太湖风生流的形态和结构;在垂向扩散作用下,太湖污染物质量浓度沿水深方向上近似均匀分布;在定常风作用下,太湖北部的湖湾区出现多个小尺度闭合环流,不利于污染物的输移扩散,对太湖水环境会产生不利影响。     

Primary production and light dynamics in an upper Mississippi River backwater

In nutrient-rich systems, phytoplankton production is frequently light-limited and light attenuation can become a critical factor controlling the rates of production, especially in shallow systems subject to wind resuspension of sediments. This study examined the relation between light availability and primary production in Lake Onalaska, a shallow, nutrient-rich impoundment of the Upper Mississippi River. Continuous water quality monitors recorded dissolved oxygen, temperature and light flux at a network of sites from July to September 1990 and these data were used to estimate the primary production, light availability and light attenuation coefficients. The gross primary production averaged 2·2gCm^?2 day^?1 and was due almost entirely to phytoplankton. Production was strongly light-limited, with most of the light attenuation due to non-algal components, possibly related to wind resuspension in this shallow system. Regression analyses revealed significant effects of wind speed and direction on light attenuation.     

The role of wind-wave related processes in redistributing river-derived terrigenous sediments in Lake Turkana: A modelling study

A complete annual cycle of the dynamics of fine-grained sediment supplied by the Omo and smaller rivers is simulated for Lake Turkana, one of the world’s large lakes, with the hydrodynamic, wave and sediment transport model Delft3D. The model is forced with river liquid and solid discharge and wind data in order to simulate cohesive sediment transport and resuspension. It simulates stratification due to salinity, wave generation and dissipation, and sediment advection and resuspension by waves and currents, with multiple cohesive sediment fractions. A comparison of the simulation results with remotely-sensed imagery and with available in-situ sediment deposition rates validates the model. By devising simulation scenarios in which certain processes were switched on or off, we investigated the contribution of waves, wind-induced surface and bottom currents, salinity-induced stratification and river jet, in resuspending and transporting fine sediments in the lake basin. With only the wind or river influence, most of the sediment deposition occurs in the first 10 km off the Omo River mouth and at a depth < 10 m. When waves are switched on, increased bed shear stresses resuspend most of the fine sediments, that are then deposited further and deeper in the first 30 km, in water depths > 30 m. This study sheds new light on sediment transport in Lake Turkana and in great lakes in general, favouring the view that wind-waves can be the main agent that transports sediment away from river mouths and to deeper areas, as opposed to river-plume or gravity-driven transport.