城市暴雨强度公式复核 −以杭州主城区为例

在气候变化与快速城镇化共同影响下,很多城市暴雨特性发生变化,现行的暴雨强度计算公式可能不再适用,需要复核和更新。以杭州市主城区为例,根据钱塘江江畔闸口站1982—2022年降雨极值资料,分别选用皮尔逊Ⅲ型分布和耿贝尔分布曲线进行线型拟合,采用粒子群优化算法推求暴雨强度公式参数,与现行规范给出的暴雨强度公式进行复核分析。结果表明：在重现期为2~20 a时,根据皮尔逊Ⅲ型分布和耿贝尔分布推求得到暴雨强度新公式的平均绝对均方差均小于0.05mm/min,平均相对均方差均小于5%,符合精度要求;仅当降雨历时为10min时,2个新公式的暴雨强度要小于现行公式的暴雨强度,其他历时下2个新公式的暴雨强度都明显大于现行公式的暴雨强度;经合理性分析,本研究根据最新暴雨资料推求的暴雨强度公式可为杭州市主城区排水防涝工程设计和相关设施建设提供参考。     

中等排放情景下中国未来不同强度降雨变化及其对总降雨贡献的预估(2006—2100 年)

为探究中国整体和不同区域的不同强度降雨雨量及其对总降雨雨量贡献率的变化趋势,采用ＲCP6. 0 中等排放情景下 2006—2100 年 WＲF 30 km × 30 km 日值降水数据,根据中国气象局颁布的降水强度等级划分标准进行研究。结果表明: ( 1) 在降雨雨量上,中等排放情景下 2006—2100 年中国小雨减少,强降雨增加。在降雨雨量贡献率上,小雨和中雨对总降雨的贡献率呈减少趋势,其他五种强降雨对总降雨的贡献率在增加,说明强降雨增加,降雨朝着极端化方向发展。暴雨对总暴雨的贡献率呈增加趋势,而大暴雨和特大暴雨对总暴雨的贡献率呈减少趋势,总暴雨对总降雨贡献率的增加是由于暴雨的增加起了关键作用。( 2) 在不同分区上,北方、东北和西藏地区不同强度降雨均呈增加趋势; 东南和西南地区除小雨外均呈增加趋势; 西北东部地区仅小雨、大暴雨和特大暴雨呈增加趋势;西北西部地区仅小雨、中雨和总降雨呈增加趋势。在降雨雨量贡献率上,北方和西藏地区除小雨外均呈增加趋势; 东北、东南和西南地区除小雨和中雨外均呈增加趋势; 西北东部地区仅小雨呈增加趋势; 西北西部地区仅小雨和中雨呈增加趋势。( 3) 在不同强度暴雨对总暴雨贡献率上,七大分区中的特大暴雨对总暴雨的贡献率除西北西部变化趋势不显著外,其他分区均呈不同程度的增加趋势。所得成果为类似研究提供参考。     

Regional sub-hourly extreme rainfall estimates in Sicily under a scale invariance framework

Design of urban drainage systems or flood risk assessment in small catchments often requires knowledge of very short-duration rainfall events (less than 1 h). Unfortunately, data for these events are often unavailable or too scarce for a reliable statistical inference. However, regularities in the temporal pattern exhibited by storm records, known as scaling properties of rainfall, could help in characterizing extreme storms at partially gauged sites better than the application of traditional statistical techniques. In this work, a scaling approach for estimating the distribution of sub-hourly extreme rainfall in Sicily (Italy) is presented based on data from high-resolution rain gauges with a short functioning period and from low-resolution rain gauges with longer samples. First, simple scaling assumption was tested for annual maxima rainfall (AMR) data from 10 min to 24 h duration, revealing that the simple scaling regime holds from 20 to 60 min for most of the stations. Then, scaling homogeneous regions were classified based on the values of the scaling exponent. In each region, this parameter was regionalized through power-law relationships with the median of 1 h AMR data. After that, regional Depth Duration Frequency (DDF) curves were developed by combining the scale-invariant framework with the generalized extreme value (GEV) probability distribution and used to estimate T-year sub-hourly extreme rainfalls at sites where only rainfall data for longer durations (≥ 1 h) were available. The regional GEV simple scaling model was validated against sub-hourly historical observations at ten rain gauges, generally yielding, in relation to the scaling exponent value, to similar or better sub-hourly estimates than empirical approach.

     

优化Z—R关系及其在北京地区面雨量估测中的应用

运用最优化方法,选取北京市新一代天气雷达2007年5场降雨的基数据资料与对应的地面雨量计资料进行Z—R关系研究,对比由雨量计观测值和雷达估测值插值得到的面雨量分布情况。结果表明：采用缺省的Z—R关系估算出的区域面雨量普遍偏小很多,优化后雷达估测的雨强分布与雨量站点测量的雨强分布更接近,且雷达定量估测区域面雨量的精度有了...     

赣南地区近58年来极端气候变化趋势分析

极端天气事件对人类和自然环境的影响巨大,为评估其变化趋势,采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验和线性倾向估计法分析了赣南地区1956—2013年基于气温和极端降水的8个指标的变化趋势。结果表明:①年降雨总量没有显著变化,季节性变化差异较大;②气温在年尺度和季节尺度变化一致,几乎全部站点年最高气温和年最低气温都有显著上升趋势,且秋季上升幅度最大,其最低气温最大上升幅度为每10 a上升0.39 ℃;除春季外,日温差均为减小趋势;③极端降水事件有增加趋势,年尺度上最大日降雨量和最大3日降雨量均有显著增加趋势,冬季增加趋势更加显著。本研究结果显示赣南地区气温变化趋势与全球变暖保持一致,极端降水事件也在加剧。     

广州市中心城区短历时暴雨变异特性研究

利用1974~2013年广州市各短历时(5,10,20,30,60,90 min和120 min)年最大降雨序列资料,采用线性倾向法、累积距平法、滑动平均法和Spearman秩次检验法判断序列的变化趋势及其显著性;用R/S分析法预测未来一段时间内降雨变化趋势;用Mann-Kendall法、有序聚类分析法、滑动F检验法和滑动T检验法分析得到各短历时的降雨序列的突变情况。研究结果表明:广州市年最大5 min和10 min降雨序列发生了变异,表现出显著上升的趋势,且在1987年发生突变;广州市降雨愈来愈趋于集中,短历时降雨强度表现出增大的趋势。     

基于雨滴谱仪的降雨雨滴特征分析

利用雨滴谱仪对2019年5—10月和2020年6—7月的雨滴特性进行分析,并与实验场内0.1 mm和0.5 mm分辨率的雨量计观测数据对比,得到雨滴到达地面时的尾速、直径及其两者之间的关系特征,并探究不同雨强范围雨滴直径的分布情况。结果表明:2019年5—10月出现频率最高的是0.5 mm左右直径雨滴,占比超过20%,0.7 mm直径以下的雨滴占比约为65%;在中雨、大雨雨型情况下,雨滴直径直方图的"双峰"较为明显,但随着降雨雨强的增大,在暴雨雨型下有可能出现"三峰"的情况,而在小雨雨型时更容易出现"单峰"现象;2019年5—10月和2020年梅雨季,雨强在0.5 mm/min以下的频率超过90%,这要求雨量计在出厂标定时必须在小雨强下进行。     

The effect of climate change on urban drainage: an evaluation based on regional climate model simulation.

That we are in a period of extraordinary rates of climate change is today evident. These climate changes are likely to impact local weather conditions with direct impacts on precipitation patterns and urban drainage. In recent years several studies have focused on revealing the nature, extent and consequences of climate change on urban drainage and urban runoff pollution issues. This study uses predictions from a regional climate model to look at the effects of climate change on extreme precipitation events. Results are presented in terms of point rainfall extremes. The analysis involves three steps: Firstly, hourly rainfall intensities from 16 point rain gauges are averaged to create a rain gauge equivalent intensity for a 25 x 25 km square corresponding to one grid cell in the climate model. Secondly, the differences between present and future in the climate model is used to project the hourly extreme statistics of the rain gauge surface into the future. Thirdly, the future extremes of the square surface area are downscaled to give point rainfall extremes of the future. The results and conclusions rely heavily on the regional model's suitability in describing extremes at timescales relevant to urban drainage. However, in spite of these uncertainties, and others raised in the discussion, the tendency is clear: extreme precipitation events effecting urban drainage and causing flooding will become more frequent as a result of climate change.     

昆明地区降水、气温及极端天气的长期变化趋势

利用昆明气象站1951年-2013年逐日气温和降水资料,采用线性趋势、Sen斜率估计、Mann-Kendall等方法分析昆明降水、气温和极端天气的变化特征与趋势,结果表明:1951年-2013年间,1994是年平均气温突变点;年平均气温和四季气温均呈升温趋势;年降水量和夏、秋两季降水量呈下降趋势,春、冬两季降水呈上升趋势,但趋势并不显著;在极端降水指数中,持续湿期呈下降趋势,持续干期和一日最大降水量呈上升趋势,趋势并不显著;在极端温度指数中,热日持续指数、暖夜指数及暖昼指数均呈显著上升趋势,冷日持续指数、冷夜指数及冷日指数均呈显著下降趋势。     

海河流域干旱特征与旱涝交替降雨事件概率分析

在气候变化影响下,极值事件频发,旱涝交替加快。以海河流域42个代表性气象站点1963~2013年的逐日降雨资料为基础,使用SOM神经网络算法,对气象站点进行聚类分区,选取连续无雨日干旱评价方法确定海河流域干旱等级,在此基础上采用Pearson-Ⅲ频率曲线对干旱之后的最大降雨量进行保证性分析,计算不同等级干旱发生后降雨强度达到中到大雨及大到暴雨的概率。结果表明,随着年内干旱发生次数的增加,降雨频次在减小,降雨强度明显增强,海河流域极大可能同时遭受旱涝灾害。研究结果可为海河流域旱涝事件的应对提供有力支撑。     

佛冈县近5O年来降雨特征浅析

针对全球气温升高、气候变化导致降雨发生变化、极端事件频发问题,选用珠江流域中佛冈县作为研究区域,统计了1960--2009年佛冈县50年逐日降雨资料,发现佛冈县年总降雨近50年有所减小,尤其是5月和10月降雨量存在减少趋势,目最大降雨量也存在减小趋势,说明降雨减小的原因主要是暴雨量减小。由于降雨的减少主要是暴雨的减少所致,说明气候变化有可能降低佛冈县发生洪涝灾害的概率。     

人工降雨试验中风速对落地雨强空间分布的影响研究

气候变化和城镇化发展使得极端暴雨发生频率增加,实验室降雨试验可为极端暴雨灾害的研究提供数据支撑。通过开展不同情景下的实验室降雨试验与数值模拟,研究了风对落地雨强分布的影响,分析了风导致试验区域平均落地雨强减小的原因。结果表明：（1）风会使试验区域的实际平均落地雨强减小,主要原因是降雨中不同粒径雨滴在风场作用下漂移距离的不同,导致了地面受雨面积扩张。（2）受雨范围内落地雨强的均匀性受风速影响,落地雨强均匀性随风速增加而下降。为提高试验数据的准确性,在进行降雨模拟试验时需要考虑风速的影响,结合实验室实际条件合理确定试验范围。     

Influence of systematic errors from tipping bucket rain gauges on recorded rainfall data

Tipping bucket rain gauges (TBR) are widely used in urban hydrology. The present study investigated the uncertainties in recorded rainfall intensity induced by the following properties of the TBR: depth resolution i.e. the bucket volume, calibration parameters, wetting and evaporation losses and the method of data recording (time between tips or tips per minute). The errors were analysed by means of a TBR simulator i.e. a simulation program that models the behaviour of a TBR. Rainfall data disaggregated to 6 seconds from measured 1-min data and randomly varied were taken as input to the simulator. Different TBR data series were produced by changing the properties of the simulated rain gauge. These data series together with the original rainfall events were used as input to a rainfall-runoff model. Computed overflow volume and peak discharge from a combined sewer overflow (CSO) weir were compared. Errors due to depth resolution (i.e. the bucket size) proved to be small. Therefore TBRs with a depth resolution up to 0.254 mm can be used in urban hydrology without inducing significant errors. Wetting and evaporation losses caused small errors. The method of data recording had also little influence. For larger bucket volumes variable time step recording induced smaller errors than tips per minute recording.     

太湖流域湖西区暴雨时空分布特性分析

全球气候变暖和快速城市化进程影响降水结构,导致极端水文气象事件频发。为研究变化环境下太湖流域湖西区暴雨时空分布特性,选取1961—2015年湖西区多个雨量站的降水资料,分析了暴雨指标（年暴雨日数、年暴雨量、年暴雨强度、年暴雨贡献率）变化特征,并计算出给定重现期下的年最大日降水量值。结果表明,湖西区年降水量自北往南逐渐增加,年暴雨日数和年暴雨量均呈现中部较低、南北两侧较高的分布,年暴雨强度自西南往东北先增大后减小,年暴雨贡献率在西南地区偏小;湖西区宜兴站近55年年暴雨日数、年暴雨量、年暴雨贡献率呈显著上升趋势;自2005年起湖西区各暴雨指标表现出显著上升趋势;金坛站和丹阳站年均最大一日降水量高于溧阳站和宜兴站,并且各雨量站5年一遇的年最大日降水量均超过了100 mm,达到了大暴雨水平,其中金坛站和丹阳站较易发生极端降水事件。     

近53年长三角地区极端降水时空变化分析

近年来,全球气候变暖趋势越来越明显,极端降水加剧了长江流域的旱涝灾害风险。利用长三角地区34个气象站1960—2012年逐日降水资料,以百分位定义极端降水事件阈值,采用趋势分析、Mann-Kendall检验、GIS空间分析等方法,在资料均一性检验和资料质量控制后,对长三角地区近53 a的极端降水的时空演变特征进行了详细分析,结果表明①长三角极端降水阈值分布在30.7~46.7之间且都在大雨范围内,部分站点接近暴雨级别,分布呈现带状分布,苏北、浙西南和浙东南沿海部分站点极端降水阈值较大,而苏南、浙北以及上海一带较小;②极端降水频次和强度存在明显的年代际差异,表现为前期明显下降而后期缓慢上升的趋势,长三角降水变得更为异常,极端降水突变主要发生在1987年;③浙江西南部和东南沿海岛屿的极端降水频次和总量均较高, R_95T大值区主要分布在苏北以及浙江东南沿海;④极端降水频次的四季变化体现了一年中雨带的南北移动,同时也体现了沿海与内陆的降水差异;苏北赣榆站、浙江东部沿海及岛屿站点的降水变得较为极端,未来易发生暴雨和洪涝,而射阳及周围地区发生干旱的几率增大。     

海口市极端降雨事件演变趋势分析

城市暴雨内涝与极端降雨事件息息相关。为揭示城市暴雨内涝成因,利用海口站1953-2012年日降雨量资料,采用线性倾向估计法、Mann-Kendall趋势检验法、Mann-Kendall突变检验法和小波分析法等探讨了海口市极端降雨事件演变规律。结果表明:近60年来海口市极端降雨指标均呈现出上升趋势,但极端降雨日数上升趋势较弱,短历时暴雨强度增加,对城市内涝带来较大压力;极端降雨事件的突变年份在2007年附近,暗示海口市在2007年附近对土地的开发利用是一个节点;海口市降雨周期性不是很显著。     

A rationale for using local and regional point rainfall data for design and analysis of urban storm drainage systems

The Danish measuring network for high-resolution rainfall data consists of approximately 70 tipping bucket rain gauges of which 41 have been operated for more than 10 years. The gauges are separated by one to 300 km and cover an area of 43,000 km2. Significant geographical variations of extreme rainfall characteristics have been observed. Part of these variations can be explained by correlation with the mean annual rainfall and the existence of a metropolitan effect in the Greater Copenhagen area. The remaining variation may be attributed to sampling errors and small-scale spatial variations close to the gauges. Engineering methodologies all require rain data of some kind, ranging from design storms based on idf-curves for use in simple calculations to high-resolution time series for use in detailed simulation studies. A comprehensive regional analysis was carried out to account for the geographical variation and to improve estimation for large return periods exceeding the actual length of the measured time series. Ideally, rainfall data used as input to urban drainage calculations should always be based on regional rain information. Regional design storms can be made readily available based on theory developed in this study. However, a satisfactory framework for generating synthetic rain series from regional rain information is not yet available. Thus, there will still be a need for using historical rain series in the near future. To improve the basis for choosing representative historical rain series all the Danish gauges have been classified according to their deviations from the regional distribution.     

Spatial variability of trends in hydrological extremes induced by orographically enhanced rainfall events due to westerly atmospheric circulations.

Since the mid 1970s, the number of days with westerly atmospheric circulations has strongly increased during winter months. As a consequence, rainfall totals, rainfall event duration and intensity have been subject to significant positive trends throughout the Mosel river basin. However, the trends identified through the non-parametrical test named Kendall's tau have shown to be spatially varying. The intensity of the trends appears to be directly linked to orographic obstacles that are well known to have a strong influence on average rainfall totals. A direct consequence of the changes having affected winter rainfall under westerly atmospheric circulations on the one hand and the spatial variability of these changes on the other hand, is a spatially varying positive trend in maximum winter streamflow. Thus, even though a clear large-scale change has affected winter rainfall over the past decades, its intensity is either strongly moderated or enhanced by orographic obstacles. The related changes in streamflow are directly dependent on the spatial variability of the changed rainfall characteristics.     

雨量站网分布对雨量插值算法及径流响应的影响

为比较雨量站网密度及分布对不同空间插值算法的影响,选取6种雨量站密度的不同分布,采用4种空间插值算法对研究区2006—2014年的日降雨进行插值,并将面均雨量作为新安江模型的输入,分析和比较其降雨径流响应。结果表明:①雨量站网空间分布越均匀,降雨插值误差越小,其径流模拟的精度也越高;②在雨量站网均匀布置的情况下,各空间插值算法的插值结果差异较小;雨量站网布置不均匀时,站点数目越少各空间插值算法插值结果差异越大;③计算点雨量时,考虑空间变量的克里金法能更准确地计算日降雨的结果;计算面雨量时,不同插值算法间差异较小,建议选用计算简便的插值算法,比如泰森多边形、反距离权重法。     

长江流域极端降雨事件时空分布特征

近年来,许多学者对中国的极端降水进行了研究,但对长江流域极端降水的研究多集中在日时间尺度强降水事件,从不同子流域极端降水事件入手的研究较少。利用1961～2017年长江流域各子流域面雨量资料,根据面雨量的分布曲线确定长江流域各子流域极端降雨事件判断的阈值,得到各子流域极端降雨年份,分析极端降雨事件的时间变化特征,以及不同子流域间极端事件的相关关系。研究表明:①20世纪60年代长江上游极端多雨事件频发,70年代以全流域极端少雨为主,80年代极端多雨事件中心转移至长江中下游,90年代长江上游变为极端少雨事件中心,2000年以来,长江流域处在由少雨向多雨转变的年代际背景中。②当子流域发生极端少雨事件时,流域其他流域大部也是以降雨偏少为主,空间的一致性较好。但是子流域发生极端多雨事件时,存在大部分地区少雨的情况,会出现旱涝并存的情况。