树莓果酒酿造工艺研究

以树莓为主要原料,葡萄酒活性干酵母为发酵菌种,采用液态深层发酵技术酿造树莓果酒。采用正交优化试验优选出树莓果酒最佳发酵工艺参数:果胶酶用量120mg/L,亚硫酸氢钠添加量为150 mg/L,调糖至170g/L,酵母接种量为7%,置于28℃的恒温培养箱中发酵6d左右,所得的树莓果酒酒精度为12.8%vol,色泽红色,澄清透亮,酒质醇和浓郁,果香酒香清新怡人。     

桑椹果酒澄清工艺及色度变化的研究

研究了采用成熟桑椹果浆为原料,以酵母1308进行发酵,发酵中SO:添加量控制在75mg·L-1,发酵4d后酒精度为12%(V/V)的桑椹酒的澄清方式及色度变化,结果表明:采用6‰皂土直接澄清处理效果较好,陈酿过程中的颜色有所改变,产品符合相关标准.     

石榴果酒发酵工艺的研究

以成熟石榴汁为原料,对石榴果酒发酵工艺进行研究.确定石榴酒发酵工艺为:pH4.0、糖度为16,加入6 g/L果胶酶、0.20 g/L葡萄酒酵母,在24℃条件下前发酵4 d后,分2次添加葡萄糖,在18℃后发酵20 d,使其最终酒度在12%vol左右.将发酵醪陈酿、澄清、包装、灭菌后得到酒体醇厚、酸涩适中的深红色澄清石榴果酒.     

不同发酵条件对青梅果酒品质的影响

以新鲜青梅为原料,将青梅粉碎后添加45mg/L的果胶酶进行酶解,酶解15h后对其进行发酵。通过单因素试验研究主发酵温度、X05酵母添加量、8%液体亚硫酸添加量、酸度对青梅果酒品质的影响,在此基础上进行正交试验确定了青梅果酒的最佳工艺参数。通过正交试验可知,在生产上采用最优方案为:发酵温度18℃,X05酵母添加量为0.2g/L,8%液体亚硫酸添加量为0.2m L/L,酸度为7.5g/L,在这条件下发酵15d可得到澄清透明、浅黄色、果香浓郁、圆润爽怡、酒体丰满、风格独特的青梅果酒。     

沙糖桔果酒酿造工艺研究

以四会残、次沙糖桔为原料,对残、次沙糖桔的酿酒适用性、柑橘原料的处理方式、发酵最佳工艺参数等进行研究.以初始pH值、接种量、SO2添加量和发酵温度为因素,做4因素3水平的正交试验,结果表明,初始pH值为3.6,加入80mg/L的SO2,发酵温度22℃,接入5%的经驯化扩培的酵母菌液,发酵8d,用0.6%β-环状糊精脱苦,用0.8mg/L的壳聚糖进行澄清处理,可得到外观澄清透亮,风味独特,品质稳定的砂糖桔果酒.     

桑葚果酒的酿造技术

研究以桑椹为主要原料，采用控温发酵技术酿制桑椹果酒的工艺流程。通过对比试验确定最佳工艺参数为：酵母为安琪酵母，发酵温度为20℃～23℃，发酵前果汁调糖至180g/L，发酵中SO2添加量控制在50mg/L～75mg/L，可用0．06％的皂土直接澄清。对工序中影响产品质量的其它因素进行了分析探讨。     

野生红心果果酒生产工艺的研究

以野生红心果为原料,生产红心果果酒,并使用复合澄清剂对其澄清.利用正交试验方案对红心果果酒发酵过程中的主要影响因子进行分析,最佳发酵工艺为果汁添加70mg/kg果胶酶,发酵装液量70%,SO2添加量70mg/kg,酵母用量为0.7%,发酵温度为24℃.在此最佳条件下,果酒酒精度可达7.8%vol.红心果果酒最佳复合澄清剂为硅藻土1.2%和明胶0.2%.     

桑椹果酒加工工艺的研究

以桑椹为原料 ,经酵母发酵生成桑椹果酒 ,通过对发酵菌种、原料处理方式、SO2 添加量、发酵温度、接种量、下胶用量等因素对产品质量影响的研究 ,确定了桑椹果酒的最佳加工工艺     

柚子果酒生产工艺的研究

试验以柚子为原料,对柚子发酵果酒工艺进行研究.结果表明:柚子经去皮、榨汁、酶解、灭酶并离心去渣得澄清液;加入0.6%(v/v)β-13.环状糊精脱苦,在接种量0.07%、pH值4.0、发酵温度22℃的条件下发酵7d,可得到外观澄清透亮,风味独特,品质稳定的柚子果酒.     

沙棘果酒的研制

以沙棘果为原料，分别用发酵法和浸泡法生产出原酒，将两种工艺生产的原酒勾调出果香浓郁，口感醇厚的沙棘酒。发酵工艺为：果浆中加入4‰干酵母，于18－25℃前发酵10d;15-20℃后发酵30d。于10－15℃陈酿1年，再经澄清处理。浸泡工艺；分别用酒度25％（v/v)和20％（v/v）脱臭酒精，浸泡两次。沙棘与酒精比分别为1：2．5和1：1．5。将发酵酒70％，浸泡酒30％进行调配。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.