芦苇类典型挺水植物对水流的影响模拟研究

水生植物对河道水流的水力学特性及物质输运有着重要的影响。基于FLOW-3D流体计算模型,建立了芦苇类挺水植物RNG k-ε三维湍流模型,研究了两种典型密度条件下非淹没植物水流的时均流和湍流特性。模型验证表明该模型可以较好地模拟芦苇类挺水植物对水流结构的影响问题,模型计算结果表明植被区上游流态比较均匀,水流流速分布符合对数分布,植被区尾部流速达到最大。含不同密度植被水流的湍流动能和湍流动能耗散率空间分布规律一致,并表现为植株尾流区的湍流动能耗散率较大。     

航道整治工程泥沙数学模型的构造及计算方法

建立了正交曲线坐标系下二维紊流全沙数学模型，水流模型采用紊动动能和紊动耗散率闭合雷诺方程，把悬移质输沙概化为单纯淤积、单纯冲刷和淤粗冲细三种情况，依据悬沙与床沙交换机理建立了挟沙能力和非均匀沙分组挟沙能力的表达式．在水流输运及分组含沙量输运方程的离散过程中，采用守衡性较好的控制体积法和SIMPLEC计算程式，以提高计算稳定性和加快收敛．本模型对复杂条件的河床适应性较强，为平面二维长河段的河床变形计算进一步创造了条件．     

沉湖特大桥对河道防洪影响的数值模拟

为了分析沉湖特大桥对汉江沉湖河段的防洪影响情况,建立了非正交曲线坐标下平面二维水流数学模型,并应用该模型对汉江沉湖特大桥修建前后的水流运动情况进行了模拟。模型计算结果表明,桥梁修建后对工程附近河段水位和流速影响均较小,基本上不会对沉湖河段防洪产生不利影响。     

正交曲线坐标下三维代数应力通量模型

针对弯曲及不规则明渠的水动力及物质输运特性，本文建立了曲线坐标系下的三维代数应力通量数学模型，对平面上弯曲及不规则复杂边界情形，采用Poisson方程进行正交曲线坐标变换，各向异性的湍流代数应力通量模型被引用于本文的模拟计算中，以体现复杂边界条件引起的水动力及物质输运特性的变化。通过180度强弯曲明渠水槽及贵溪电厂不规则边界河段物理模型试验两个实例计算表明，实测值与计算吻合良好，效果令人满意。     

东风船舶公司船台滑道改造数学模型研究

由于工程修建后必然对河道水位和流态产生影响,为评价拟建工程对河道行洪、通航等方面影响大小,优化工程结构设计,采用非正交曲线坐标下的平面二维水流数学模型,对船台滑道改造前后河段水流情况进行了数值模拟。计算结果表明,工程修建后对附近河段水位和流速影响均很小,不会对河道河势、通航、行洪等方面带来不利影响。     

受植被影响的弯曲渠道水流平面二维湍流数值模拟

针对受植被影响的渠道水流流动特征,建立了有植被作用下的曲线坐标平面二维肛κ-ε双方程湍流数学模型.模型采用两种方法处理植被对水流的影响:拖曳力法和等效阻力系数法.并通过对实验室局部带有刚性植被的弯曲水槽进行模拟研究,得到了水位等值线图、速度矢量场图及测量断面速度,并与实测值进行对比,结果表明:计算结果和实测值符合较好.表明分别采用拖曳力法和等效阻力系数法建立的植被作用下的平面二维数学模型均可对河滩湿地及有植被作用的河道流动进行数值模拟.     

基于惯性耗散法的峡口岬角地形能耗分析

珠江河口峡口岬角地形(或者称"门")是珠江河口典型的高能耗区,研究其消能机制,对于解释珠江河口宏观动力现象,提高对河口动力过程的认识有重要意义。本文设计了峡口岬角局部突变地形的湍流能耗特性物理模型试验,采用Son Tek 16MHz ADV采集了高频流速数据,统计了时均流速及湍流特征量。利用"惯性耗散法"计算了峡口岬角突变地形与明渠水流的湍流动能耗率。峡口岬角地形的突变特征产生明显的形态阻力,本文试验工况引起的紊动强度量值是明渠的2倍到10多倍,湍流剪切应力较明渠水流大近2个数量级,湍流动能是明渠水流的40多倍,湍流动能耗散率比明渠水流湍流动能耗散率大2~3个数量级。从湍流局部平衡及能量传递理论看,峡口局部形态阻力导致时均流速的空间梯度、切应力增大及形成大量更小尺度的涡是湍流能耗率增加2~3个量级的重要原因。     

非正交曲线坐标系平面二维电厂温排水模拟

结合河道水流及温排水的运动特性，从非正交曲线坐标系下温排水基本方程出发，采用有限体积法及SIMPLE算法离散求解方程，建立了基于非正交曲线坐标系下非交错网格的平面二维温排水数学模型．用该模型模拟天然河流电厂温排水运动的计算结果表明，该数学模型能合理反映河段电厂温排水运动。     

挑流消能水气二相流数值模拟

采用VOF法对挑流消能从库区到下游水垫塘进行了全程水气二相流二维数值模拟。模拟了射流的空中轨迹线和水垫塘的自由水面，得到了计算域的流线、压力、流场、紊动能k及紊动能耗散率ε分布，并用物理模型对模拟结果进行了验证，二者吻合良好。说明利用湍流二相流模型及VOF法对空中射流水舌及水垫塘流态模拟是可行的。     

黄河下游平面二维非恒定输沙数学模型：Ⅰ—模型方程与数值方法

黄河下游冲淤变形剧烈，其平面二维泥沙数学模型的研究与开发是一个极其复杂的难题，在学术与工程实践上都具有重要意义。本文构建起具有通用性的黄河下游平面二维非恒定输沙数学模型。在该模型中：采用修正的河床变形方程；克服了以往数学模型计算中取饱和恢复系数小于1的缺陷；引入了符合黄河下游河道水沙特点的水流挟沙力和河床糙率计算等公式。在数值方法上：采用边界拟合坐标，对水流连续性方程与动量方程采用交错网格上的ADI方法进行离散求解，对泥沙连续性方程则采用控制容积法进行离散。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.