用离子注入工艺改善Si/SiGe HBT 高频噪声性能

常规工艺制作的SiGe/Si HBT高频噪声性能不理想的主要原因是其基极电阻较大,为减小基极电阻从而达到改善其高频噪声的目的,本文采用离子注入自对准工艺方法进行器件制作,并测试出器件的直流与最小噪声系数有显著改善.     

版图尺寸对SiGe/Si HBT高频噪声特性的影响

从实验上研究了版图尺寸对Si/SiGe HBT高频噪声特性的影响。结果表明,在现有工艺条件下,减少外基区电阻(即减少发射极与基区间距),对降低高频噪声很显著。增加基极条数、增加条长也可减少基极电阻,降低高频噪声。发射极条宽从2μm减少为1μm,对噪声的改善很有限。对1μm或2μm条宽,40μm条长的5个基极条或9个基极条的SiGe HBT,在片测试表明,频率从0.4 GHz增加到1.2 GHz,噪声系数在2.5~4.6 dB之间变化。     

SiGe HBT器件特征参数的数值模拟与分析

分别在不同基极掺杂浓度、集电极掺杂浓度、发射极掺杂浓度和不同Ge组分含量的情况下,运用半导体器件模拟软件-MEDICI,对SiGe HBT器件的直流特性和频率特性进行了数值模拟,得出了SiGe HBT器件的集电极电流IC、基极电流IB、电流增益β和截止频率fT变化的初步规律.     

混合模式电应力损伤对SiGe HBT器件1/f噪声特性的影响研究

研究了混合模式应力损伤对SiGe HBT器件直流电性能的影响,对比了混合模式损伤前后器件1/f噪声特性的变化。结果表明,在SiGe HBT器件中,混合模式损伤在Si/SiO₂界面产生界面态缺陷P_b,导致小注入下基极电流增加;H原子对多晶硅晶界悬挂键的钝化作用引起中等注入区基极电流减小,导致电流增益增强。混合模式损伤缺陷位于硅禁带宽度内本征费米能级附近,虽然使基区SRH复合电流增加,却不会改变器件的低频噪声特性。     

SiGe HBT噪声的研究进展

噪声对RF电路设计非常关键,故需要对SiGe HBT噪声特性进行深入研究。根据器件的高频噪声模型,指出了影响SiGe HBT高频噪声参数的主要因素,论述了优化设计的具体方法;举例说明尺寸缩小使得高频噪声性能已经达到了GaAs pHEMT的水平,fT达到了375 GHz。分析了SiGe HBT低频噪声的机理和模型及其与几何尺寸的关系,指出用fC/fT表达低频噪声性能更合适;举例说明小尺寸效应使得SiGe HBT的低频噪声偏离了1/f噪声形式。     

SiGe HBT高频噪声等效模型研究

对硅锗异质结双极型晶体管（SiGe HBT）等效高频噪声模型进行了研究,在建模过程中,SiGe HBT的等效电路为小信号准静态等效电路,使用二端口网络噪声相关矩阵技术从实测噪声参数提取基极和发射极的散粒噪声,提取结果与几种散粒噪声模型进行对比分析,重点研究半经验模型建立过程,对半经验模型与常用的噪声模型使用CAD仿真验证,结果表明了半经验模型的有效性、更具准确性,该半经验模型能够用到不同工艺SiGe HBT的高频噪声模拟。     

Si/ SiGe/ Si HBT 的直流特性和低频噪声

在对Si/SiGe/Si HBT及其Si兼容工艺的研究基础上，研制成功低噪声Si/SiGe/Si HBT，测试和分析了它的直流特性和低频噪声特性，为具有更好的低噪声性能的Si/SiGe/Si HBT的研究建立了基础。     

基于SOI结构的SiGe HBT频率特性研究

基于SOI技术原理,模拟仿真了SOI结构SiGe HBT的频率特性,并与相同条件下体SiGe HBT频率特性进行了比较分析。仿真结果显示,SOI结构中埋氧层BOX的引入,可使SOI结构SiGe HBT集电极-基极电容Ccb和衬底-基极电容Csb最大降幅分别达94.7%和94.6%,且最高振荡频率fmax增加2.7倍。研究结果表明,SOI结构大幅度改善了SiGe HBT的频率性能,适用于高速、高功率集成电路技术。     

SiGe HBT的脉冲中子及γ辐射效应

测量了反应堆脉冲中子及γ辐照SiGe HBT典型电参数变化.在反应堆1×1013cm-2的脉冲中子注量和256.85Gy(Si)γ总剂量辐照后,SiGe HBT静态共射极直流增益减小了20%.辐照后基极电流、结漏电流增大,集电极电流、击穿电压减小.特征截止频率fT基本不变,fmax略有减小.初步分析了SiGe HBT反应堆脉冲中子及γ辐射的损伤机理.     

SiGe HBT的脉冲中子及γ辐射效应

测量了反应堆脉冲中子及γ辐照SiGe HBT典型电参数变化.在反应堆1×1013cm-2的脉冲中子注量和256.85Gy(Si)γ总剂量辐照后,SiGe HBT静态共射极直流增益减小了20%.辐照后基极电流、结漏电流增大,集电极电流、击穿电压减小.特征截止频率fT基本不变,fmax略有减小.初步分析了SiGe HBT反应堆脉冲中子及γ辐射的损伤机理.     

Noise in SiGe HBT RF Technology: Physics, Modeling, and Circuit Implications

This paper presents an overview of the physics, modeling, and circuit implications of RF broad-band noise, low-frequency noise, and oscillator phase noise in SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) RF technology. The ability to simultaneously achieve high cutoff frequency (f/sub T/), low base resistance (r/sub b/), and high current gain (/spl beta/) using Si processing underlies the low levels of low-frequency 1/f noise, RF noise, and phase noise of SiGe HBTs. We first examine the RF noise sources in SiGe HBTs and the RF noise parameters as a function of SiGe profile design, transistor biasing, sizing, and operating frequency, and then show a low-noise amplifier design example to bridge the gap between device and circuit level understandings. We then examine the low-frequency noise in SiGe HBTs and develop a methodology to determine the highest tolerable low-frequency 1/f noise for a given RF application. The upconversion of 1/f noise, base resistance thermal noise, and shot noises to phase noise is examined using circuit simulations, which show that the phase noise corner frequency in SiGe HBT oscillators is typically much smaller than the 1/f corner frequency measured under dc biasing. The implications of SiGe profile design, transistor sizing, biasing, and technology scaling are examined for all three types of noises.     

极端低温下SiGe HBT器件研究进展

系统地介绍了极端低温下SiGe HBT器件的研究进展。在器件级,分析了能带工程对SiGe HBT器件特性的影响,分析了极端低温下器件的直流、交流、噪声特性的变化,以及器件的特殊现象。在电路级,分析了基于SiGe HBT的运算放大器、低噪声放大器和电压基准源电路的低温工作特性。研究结果表明,SiGe HBT器件在低温微电子应用中具有巨大潜力。     

基区Ge组分分布对SiGe HBT热学特性的影响

建立了SiGe HBT热电反馈模型,对基区Ge组分矩形分布、三角形分布和梯形分布的SiGe HBT的热特性进行研究。结果表明,在Ge总量一定的前提下,Ge组分为三角形和梯形分布结构的SiGe HBT峰值温度较低、温差较小,温度分布的均匀性优于Ge组分矩形分布结构的SiGeHBT,具有更好的热特性。对不同Ge组分分布下器件增益与温度的依赖关系进行研究,发现当基区Ge组分为三角形和梯形分布时,随着温度升高,器件增益始终低于Ge组分矩形分布的器件,且增益变化较小,提高了器件的热学和电学稳定性,扩大了器件的应用范围。     

1/f noise characteristics of AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolartransistor with a noise corner frequency below 1 kHz

To reduce the low-frequency noise, HBTs with a large emitter size of 120×120 μm² are fabricated on abrupt emitter-base junction materials without undoped spacer. The HBTs exhibit an internal noise corner frequency of 100 Hz, which is much lower than about 100 kHz of conventional AlGaAs/GaAs HBTs. From the very low noise HBTs, the existence of resistance fluctuation 1/f noise is clearly verified by the simple comparison of collector current noise spectra with different base terminations. It is found that, at a high emitter-base forward bias, the resistance fluctuation 1/f noise becomes dominant for shorted base-emitter termination, but the internal 1/f noise dominant for open base. Device design rules for low noise small-feature size HBT, including resistance fluctuation, are discussed     

TiSi2在微波低噪声SiGe HBT中的应用

通过在SiGe HBT外基区和多晶发射极上制作TiSi2,从而使器件的高频噪声系数得到进一步降低.以PD=200mW的SiGe HBT为例,采用TiSi2工艺的噪声系数典型值为F=1.6dB@1.1GHz,明显低于无TiSi2工艺SiGe HBT的2.0dB@1.1GHz,且频率越高,二者差别越大.     

A New Analytical Method for Robust Extraction of the Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit for SiGe HBTs Operating at Cryogenic Temperatures

We present a new analytical direct parameter-extraction methodology for obtaining the small-signal equivalent circuit of HBTs. It is applied to cryogenically operated SiGe HBTs as a means to allow circuit design of SiGe HBT low-noise amplifiers for cooled radio astronomy applications. We split the transistor into an intrinsic transistor (IT) piece modeled as a Pi-topology, and the quasi-intrinsic transistor (QIT), obtained from the IT after that the base resistance (R_b) has been removed. The relations between Z-Y-parameters of the IT and QIT are then established, allowing us to propose a new methodology for determining R_b. The present extraction method differs from previous studies in that each of the model elements are obtained from exact equations that do not require any approximations, numerical optimization, or post-processing. The validity of this new extraction methodology is demonstrated by applying it to third-generation SiGe HBTs operating at liquid-nitrogen temperature (77 K) across the frequency range of 2-22 GHz.     

500 GHz cutoff frequency SiGe HBTs

A current gain cutoff frequency f_T of 508 GHz is reported for a SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) operating at 40 K. This 63% increase over the 311 GHz value measured at room temperature results from the overall decrease of the transit and charging times. Two HBTs are compared to highlight the importance of the topology of the HBT to reach maximum performances.     

Scaling and technological limitations of 1/f noise and oscillator phase noise in SiGe HBTs

This paper examines the impact of SiGe HBT scaling on 1/f noise and phase noise of oscillators and frequency synthesizers. The increase of transistor speed with scaling is shown to significantly increase the sensitivity of oscillation frequency to 1/f noise and, thus, degrade close-in phase noise, but decrease the sensitivity of oscillation frequency to base current shot noise and base resistance thermal noises. The results show that corner offset frequency defined by the intersect of the 1/f³ and 1/f² phase noise has little to do with the traditional 1/f corner frequency. The relative importance of individual noise sources in determining phase noise is examined as a function of technology scaling, device sizing, and oscillation frequency. The collector current shot noise and base resistance noise are shown to set the fundamental limits of phase noise reduction. A methodology to identify the maximum tolerable 1/f K factor is established and demonstrated for the HBTs used     

基区重掺杂对SiGe HBT热学性能的影响

相对于同质结晶体管,异质结双极晶体管(HBT)由于异质结的存在,电流增益不再主要由发射区和基区掺杂浓度比来决定,因此可以通过增加基区掺杂浓度来降低基区电阻,提高频率响应,降低噪声系数,但基区掺杂浓度对器件热特性影响的研究却很少。以多指SiGeHBT的热电反馈模型为基础,利用自洽迭代法分析了基区重掺杂对器件集电极电流密度和发射极指温度的影响。通过研究发现,随着基区浓度的增加,SiGe HBT将发生禁带宽度变窄,基区反向注入发射区的空穴电流增大;同时,基区少子俄歇复合增强,这些都将减小集电极电流密度,降低发射极指温度,从而抑制发射极指热电正反馈,提高器件的热稳定性。