An efficient high payload ±1 data embedding scheme

Embedding of confidential data in the least significant bit of an image is still an attractive method of steganography. Utilizing the full capacity of cover images by embedding one bit of data per pixel, using methods such as LSB flipping or LSB matching, usually decreases the security, making the algorithm vulnerable to steganalytic attacks. In this paper, we propose a novel efficient high payload ±1 steganographic method based on a special two variable binary function. This function uses the information of the least two significant bit planes of the cover image for the embedding and extraction purposes. Embedding efficiency, defined as the number of embeddable bits per one change in the cover medium, is a good criterion for concurrent evaluation of the capacity and security. Rather than randomly selecting +1 or −1, we achieve higher embedding efficiencies by choosing the correct modification component. In the generalized form of the proposed method, n bits of data are embedded in n pixels of the cover medium, by causing one unit change in only one third of these pixels. Analytical and experimental results demonstrated that the proposed method provides higher embedding efficiency than the other LSB embedding schemes. The proposed method is also applicable to other digital cover media.     

安全空域掩密算法

分析了在最低有效位LSB信息嵌入过程中引入矩阵编码技术对LSB算法的安全性的影响,指出矩阵编码算法由于降低了信息嵌入过程中改变图像像素LSB的概率,从而增加了空域掩密算法的安全嵌入信息的容量。改进了传统的LSB信息嵌入算法,改变其单一嵌入模式,加入称为“偏移嵌入”的信息嵌入方法,使改进后的算法可有效地抵抗RS攻击。     

利用数字水印技术实现心电图信号认证

研究了经典的空域数字水印算法LSB在心电图信号认证中的应用,选择在非QRS复合波内嵌入水印信息,提出了基于LSB的自适应数字盲水印算法。通过嵌入水印后的图像效果和攻击实验证明,这种水印嵌入算法对心电图信号具有良好的视觉效果,可抵抗LSB攻击,鲁棒性强。该算法性能优良,可用于其他一维数字信号认证。     

A steganalysis by adjacency pixel bits structure

Embedding of confidential data in the least significant bit of an image is still an attractive method of steganography. Utilizing the full capacity of cover images by embedding one bit of data per pixel, using methods such as LSB flipping or LSB matching, usually decreases the security, making the algorithm vulnerable to steganalytic attacks. And then, it is proposed by an efficient high payload ±1 data embedding scheme(EPES) based on a special two variable binary function. This function uses the information of the least two significant bit planes of the cover image for the embedding and extraction purposes. Rather than randomly selecting +1 or −1, EPES achieves higher embedding efficiencies by choosing the correct modification component. The steganalytic method based on sample pair analysis (SPA) cannot effectively detect EPES. Hence, we propose a steganalysis by constructing adjacency pixel bits structure (SAP). The resulting detection algorithm is simple and fast. Analytical and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method provides higher detecting efficiency than the other steganalysis.     

使用四叉树分割进行自适应空域隐写

目的 针对自适应隐写术可有效避免对载体敏感区大量修改的关键问题,为间接提高安全性和增大隐写容量,在四叉树分割和自适应像素对匹配（APPM）的基础上提出一种自适应空域隐写术。方法 首先该方法以图像块的纹理复杂度作为一致性测度并且设置图像块大小为判别准则进行图像分割,根据四叉树分割结果中面积较小的图像块属于复杂区域,较大的属于平滑区域,按照图像块面积大小将图像分成由高复杂、中复杂、低复杂三大区域构成。其次嵌密方式采用APPM,根据密信容量和载体图像选择进制数B。最后,为了保证安全性和提高容量,优先选择高复杂区嵌入不低于B进制的密信,在中复杂区进行B进制的密信嵌入,在低复杂区选择不高于B进制的密信嵌入。结果 为了验证提出的方法,选8幅经典图作为实验,在嵌入率1.92 bit/pixel的情况下,与已有PVD系列算法和DE算法相比具有更高的PSNR值,PSNR值高达48 dB。此外与APPM算法比较,在嵌入率2.5 bit/pixel情况下,该算法的平均KL距离相比传统APPM算法减小了25.37%,平均一阶Markov安全指标值相比传统APPM算法减小了12.11%,对应的平均PSNR值相比传统APPM算法提高0.43%,在嵌入率1.5 bit/pixel情况下,该算法的平均KL距离相比传统APPM算法减小了37.84%,平均一阶Markov安全指标值相比传统APPM算法减小了26.61%,对应的平均PSNR值相比传统APPM算法提高1.56%。此外,从RSP图库中随机选1 000幅图作为数据集,在嵌入率0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8,0.9和1.0 bit/pixel条件下,结合SPAM特征和SVM分类器的最小平均错误率均高于LSB系列经典算法和APPM算法。结论 1）考虑了人类视觉系统对图像不同区域的敏感性不同,通过对图像进行四叉树分割预处理,优先选择非敏感区进行隐写,保证了一定的安全性要求,低嵌入率下抗SPAM检测和统计不可见性方面比较有优势。2）在四叉树分割中,对于隐写前后图像的四叉树分割结果不同的异常情况,采用一种图像块纹理复杂度调整方案,保证了密信正确完整提取。3）利用了APPM算法的大容量特性,可以隐写嵌入率大于1 bit/pixel的密信,比较适用于大容量的密信隐写,而且可以嵌入任意进制的密信,最大程度地减少嵌入失真,此外,进行了四叉树分割预处理,在安全性方面优于传统APPM算法。     

基于内积能量的小波域自适应水印算法

针对目前很多小波域水印算法都没有考虑噪声对选择水印嵌入位置的干扰这一问题,提出一种基于内积能量的小波域自适应水印算法。该算法充分考虑人眼视觉系统掩蔽特性,利用梯度内积能量衡量的纹理特征和亮度对噪声的掩饰特性确定水印嵌入强度,将水印分量嵌入到低频系数中,解决了噪声对嵌入位置选择的影响。实验结果表明,该算法在保证水印透明性的同时,对于非几何攻击和几何攻击具有很强的鲁棒性。     

A Novel Approach to Steganography: Enhanced Least Significant Bit Substitution Algorithm Integrated with Self-Determining Encryption Feature

One of the most well-known and used algorithms for Steganography is Least Significant Bit (LSB) substitution. Although LSB has several advantages such as simplicity, efficiency, and easy-to-do implementation, it has some distinct disadvantages such as it openness to miscellaneous attacks. In this study, we aim to improve the traditional LSB algorithm by eliminating its main disadvantage, being easy to detect, and this way propose an enhanced LSB algorithm called E-LSB. We mainly aim to minimize differences which are due to encryption and image hiding steps in LSB algorithm and make it more difficult to notice that some text has been hidden in the original cover image.
As most of the researchers and practitioners in security field argue, stenographic techniques alone are not sufficient for protecting sensitive information and thus must be used together with encryption algorithms. Therefore, the proposed approach integrates E-LSB with an encryption algorithm. E-LSB does not modify the file size and allows the flexibility of choosing one of well-known encryption algorithms including RSA, AES and CAESAR, but others can be implemented in it. With a set of experiments, the proposed approach is compared with the traditional LSB based embedding approach, and its efficiency and usability is analyzed. A set of performance evaluations realized with the developed software tool based on E-LSB algorithm show that E-LSB is better than the traditional LSB algorithm from security point of view.     

基于直方图对的大容量信息隐藏算法

针对传统的LSB算法对直方图影响明显的缺点, 通过对LSB嵌入过程中直方图变化和马尔可夫安全模型的研究, 提出一种基于直方图对的LSB改进算法。该算法以DCT量化后相邻灰度值像素对为对象进行成对LSB嵌入, 同时对超过最大嵌入容量的剩余系数进行基于马尔可夫安全性模型的嵌入。实验结果表明, 该算法在具有较大嵌入容量的同时, 有效地保持了直方图特性, 提高了算法的抗统计分析性能。     

空域LSB信息伪装及其隐写分析

介绍了最不重要比特(LSB)替换和LSB匹配2种典型的基于图像的信息伪装算法,阐述了两者的隐藏原理及优缺点。分类论述了各类隐写分析算法,分析其检测原理,给出了各类算法的适用范围和优缺点,对每类算法中的典型分析方法进行评价。根据信息嵌入过程对载体图像的影响分析得出LSB匹配信息伪装算法的安全性要高于LSB替换信息伪装算法的结论。指出了提高隐藏信息安全性的途径和努力方向。     

结合代数多重网格的钻石编码隐写算法

针对隐写算法安全性的问题,提出一种结合代数多重网格（AMG）的钻石编码（DE）隐写算法。首先,通过AMG方法将图像的像素点分成粗细网格两个部分。然后,结合DE把机密信息分别嵌入到粗细网格两个像素序列中。其中,粗网格部分像素的改变对整幅图像的质量影响较小,而细网格部分像素的改变对整幅图像的质量影响较大。又因为DE的k值跟信息隐藏容量密切相关,随着k值的增加像素改变量变大,所以用DE嵌入的过程中,粗网格部分选择的k值不小于细网格。最后,选择DE的k值等于1与2,提出了三种隐写方案。与最低有效位（LSB）置换、随机LSB匹配、DE算法和自适应边缘检测算法进行比较,实验结果表明,三种隐写方案的一阶Markov安全指标皆优于其他对比隐写算法。     

Adaptive steganography based on block complexity and matrix embedding

In this paper, an adaptive steganography algorithm based on block complexity and matrix embedding is proposed. The matrix embedding constructed by [8,3], [8,4] [8,5] [8,6] and [8,7] linear codes is taken as the basic embedding strategy. Each block with 2 × 4 pixels is used as a cover unit and its block complexity is computed by neighboring pixel difference. The embedding strategy sets are defined for seven kinds of blocks with different complexity. The corresponding embedding strategies are determined by resolving the embedding risk minimization problem. The adaption manners guarantee that message bits are mainly embedded into the regions with higher complexity values. Experiments are performed and the results show that the proposed method can provide a moderate capacity with lower distortion and have higher resistance ability against the chosen steganalytic algorithms.     

大容量的信息隐藏算法

提出一种基于空间域的自适应多平面位的信息隐藏算法,该算法计算复杂度低、信息隐藏量大。实验表明在不影响图像视觉效果的前提下,其信息隐藏量比LSB算法大,并具有更高的安全性。该算法的主要思想是对每个像素点进行判断,根据HVS的特性,在最高非0有效位后的指定位(y)开始嵌入隐藏信息,嵌入到另一个指定位(z)为止。     

Adaptive reversible watermarking with improved embedding capacity

Embedding capacity is one of the most important issues of the reversible watermarking. However, the theoretical maximum embedding capacity of most reversible watermarking algorithms is only 1.0 bits per pixel (bpp). To achieve a higher capacity, we have to modify the least significant bit (LSB) multiple times which definitely lowers the quality of the embedded image. To this end, this paper proposes a novel reversible watermarking algorithm by employing histogram shifting and adaptive embedding. Specifically, the amount of the embedded watermark is adaptively determined in terms of the context of each pixel. For pixels with small prediction error, we modify the second, third and even the fourth LSBs as well to embed more than one watermark bit. Consequently, the proposed method achieves the embedding capacity larger than 1.0 bpp in single-pass embedding as well as bringing relatively low embedding distortion. The superiority of the proposed method is experimental verified by comparing with other existing schemes.     

一种篡改检测与篡改定位分离的图像认证方案

针对脆弱水印认证算法的篡改定位精度及安全性问题,提出了一种将篡改检测和定位分离的图像认证方案:对图像进行单像素置乱并将其低两位置零,采用像素关联技术生成各个像素的篡改定位水印,并将其嵌入到自身的次低位;将图像逆置乱后并进行分块,生成各个分块的篡改检测水印,将篡改检测水印嵌入到各像素的最低位,进而生成含水印图像.理论分析和实验结果表明:该方案可以抵抗目前针对单像素认证算法的Oracle攻击及针对分块算法的量化攻击,在保证系统安全性的同时可将篡改定位到单个像素.     

A dictionary matrix generation based compression and bitwise embedding mechanisms for ECG signal classification

The Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal processing is one of the exciting research areas in recent days. Ensuring security to the patient’s confidential information is a demanding critical task in many healthcare systems. So, the traditional works developed the security mechanisms for embedding the original ECG signal with the image, audio, or video. But, it does not focus on reducing the size of the original message before transmitting it to others. Also, it has significant limitations of inefficient security, increased complexity, and reduced classification accuracy. To rectify this issue, our research proposed the new embedding mechanism to improve the security of patient’s health information. In this system, the original ECG signals compressed at the initial stage by using the proposed Dictionary Matrix Generation (DMG) algorithm. Then, the compressed signals embedded within the cover image by using the Bitwise Embedding (BE) mechanism. At the receiver side, the bedded goal is de-embedded and decompressed by using the DMG and BE algorithms. The features such as spectral and peak values of the signal are extracted for increasing the efficiency of classification. Classification and detection of abnormality present in ECG signal of patient is the most essential part. To achieve this, we proposed the Modified Dynamic Classification (MDC) algorithm based on the features. In this work, the novelty is implemented in the compression, embedding, and classification stages. The proposed system reduces the data loss during transmission, memory storage and time complexity. The overall process evaluated by using PTB diagnostic ECG database. In experiments, the proposed classification technique provides the accuracy of 98.39% and it proved that the proposed method had highest performances than existing methods such as PNN, SVM and RF classification.

     

基于DWT域的混沌置乱二值图像数字水印新算法

提出了一种基于DWT(Discrete Wavelet Transform)域有意义二值图像数字水印新算法．利用广义猫映射产生的混沌序列对水印序列的嵌入位置进行置乱，增加了嵌入水印的安全性；并利用改正的二值运算方法将水印嵌入到图像深层小波域的低频子图中．水印的检测不需要原始图像．大量仿真结果证明了该算法嵌入的数字水印既具有很好的隐蔽性，又具有很理想的鲁棒性．     

小波域中的鲁棒性盲水印算法

提出了自适应的鲁棒性图像水印方案。用密钥选择嵌入的位置,增加水印的安全性,并只对有嵌入要求的图像块进行离散小波变换,这样算法的计算复杂度只与水印容量有关,与宿主图像无关,相对减少了计算的复杂度。在水印嵌入过程中,对相应的有嵌入要求的图像块进行分类来决定不同的嵌入强度,达到了自适应的嵌入要求。为了更好地增加方案的鲁棒性,采用基因算法对阈值进行了优化。实验结果表明,此方案具有很好的透明性,对通常的图像处理具有很好的鲁棒性。     

基于污染数据分析实现LSB秘密消息的检测

信息隐藏技术已经成为网络信息安全的一个重要研究方向，如何有效地监控和检测网络中传递的秘密消息对于保障国家安全具有重要的现实意义．针对互联网上大量的隐写软件利用彩色厦灰度图像的最低有效比特位（LSB）隐藏秘密消息，基于污染数据分析，提出了一种新的隐写分析方法，并给出了此算法的数学模型．该方法不仅可以快速有效地检测出图像中秘密消息的存在性，同时还可以精确地估计出连续及随机间隔嵌入算法下所嵌入秘密消息的长度．     

一种大容量的自适应信息隐藏方法

提出了一种基于空间域的自适应多平面位的信息隐藏算法,该算法计算复杂度低，信息隐藏量大。实验表明在不影响图像视觉效果的前提下,其信息隐藏量比LSB算法大一倍以上，比各种变换域算法的信息隐藏量更是大很多，而计算复杂度比变换域算法低很多。该算法嵌入的隐藏信息不是嵌入在载体图像的固定位平面，可防止位平面过滤所导致的失密。     

一种可抵御RS 统计分析的图像信息隐藏方案

通过动态补偿隐藏信息后的图像，给出一种可抵御RS分析的LSB隐藏方案．该方案基于混沌系统产生随机序列选择嵌入位置并进行LSB嵌入，对嵌入信息后的图像进行动态补偿，补偿后的图像即使信息嵌入率接近于100％，RS方法得到的估计值仍将低于判决阈值，从而作出错误判决．混沌系统初值和动态补偿参数可进一步提高系统的安全性．实验表明，该方案可有效抵抗经典RS方法及其多种改进方法的分析．