微波超声波技术在阻燃剂浸渍处理木材中的应用

将微波处理与超声波辐射技术应用于木材阻燃处理中,利用微波加热处理改善木材构造的渗透性能,利用超声波的空化作用强化阻燃剂浸入性能。以ZR—M-301型木材阻燃剂为浸渍药液,樟子松和水曲柳为木材试样,选择常压浸渍、压力浸渍和微波处理后超声波加压浸渍3种木材阻燃处理方法,考察在生产阻燃木材的浸渍方法中引入微波和超声波技术的可行性,实验表明新的技术路线是可行的。     

木材阻燃处理工艺研究

研究了一种磷氮系阻燃剂的最佳阻燃处理工艺。由双氰胺、甲醛、尿素、磷酸二氢铵按一定比例配成阻燃液,经两次浸渍处理、高温聚合获得阻燃木。采用正交实验探讨了各种因素的影响,测定了阻燃木材的阻燃性能。较优的阻燃处理工艺是一次浸渍液的质量分数为１５％ ,ｐＨ＝ １１,时间为２４ ｈ,１１０ ℃烘干６ ｈ;二次浸渍液的质量分数为２０％ ,时间为１４ ｈ。此条件下经火管法测试为阻燃一级。     

木材阻燃研究及发展趋势

近年,随着我国阻燃法规的建立健全,阻燃技术的不断发展,新型的木材阻燃剂及阻燃技术不断涌现。阐述了木材的化学组成及燃烧过程、木材阻燃剂类型、阻燃机理、木材阻燃处理方法及各种处理方法的优缺点,同时介绍了国内外木材阻燃研究的发展方向,对我国木材阻燃剂工业进一步发展提出了建议。木材阻燃的发展趋势是开发一剂多效的新型复合阻燃剂,同时深入探索阻燃机理,为组合新的阻燃体系提供有效的途径,使木材阻燃研究与市场实际需求相结合,为生产实践的应用提供了理论基础。     

P—N复合木材阻燃剂的研制

以磷－氮阻燃剂为基础，根据协同效应，添加了其它阻燃剂和高效渗透剂，并采用均匀设计试验及最优化处理方法，对该阻燃剂的配方及浸渍工艺进行了研究，制成复合阻燃剂，处理后的木材阻燃性能达到规定的阻燃标准。     

P—N复合木材阻燃剂的研制

以磷－氮阻燃剂为基础，根据协同效应，添加了其它阻燃剂和高效渗透剂，并采用均匀设计试验及最优化处理方法，对该阻燃剂的配方及浸渍工艺进行了研究，制成复合阻燃剂，处理后的木材阻燃性能达到规定的阻燃标准。     

阻燃剂在建筑材料中的应用进展

介绍了阻燃剂的种类及阻燃机理,结合绿色环保理念,探讨它在建筑材料中的防火应用。钢材防火以涂饰阻燃涂料为主,电线电缆及工程塑料的阻燃可以采用涂饰阻燃材料和添加阻燃成分改性,木材的阻燃则采用浸渍法,纸质的阻燃则采用浸渍法和添加阻燃成分法。综述了各类阻燃剂在这些建筑材料中的应用情况,展望了阻燃剂在建筑材料中的应用前景和发展趋势。     

木材及木塑复合材料的阻燃性能研究进展

木材阻燃机理主要有覆盖理论、热理论、不燃气体冲淡理论、自由基捕集理论、炭量增加和挥发物减少理论;人造板阻燃处理主要是在生产工序中添加阻燃剂和成板处理两种方法,高压处理法是目前最重要的工业化方法;以FRW阻燃剂、BL-环保阻燃剂为代表的磷-氮-硼系阻燃剂仍旧是木材阻燃剂的主流。对于木塑复合材料的阻燃研究尚处于起步阶段,一般采用对木纤维和基体分别阻燃的手段;研制高效膨胀型木材阻燃剂和将纳米技术应用于木材阻燃剂制造,开发阻燃效率高、低烟、低毒、环境友好等多功能复合阻燃剂将是今后阻燃剂研究领域的发展方向。     

木材阻燃浸渍处理方法及新的技术

介绍了国内外目前在木材阻燃浸渍处理行业普遍使用的常压处理方法和真空一加压处理方法，在回顾传统木材阻燃浸渍处理方法的基础上，从生产设备小型化、连续化、操作简单化的角度介绍了具有一定应用前景的木材阻燃浸渍处理新技术，如微波处理技术和超声波处理技术等。     

新型木材阻燃剂FRW

新型木材阻燃剂FRW是一种具有阻燃、抑烟、防腐等多种效能的磷-氮-硼复合高效阻燃剂,适用于木材及其他纤维素类材料的阻燃处理,对木材的颜色、吸湿性、物理力学和加工性能基本无影响,在生产和使用过程中无环境污染。阻燃剂FRW的制备方法是由双氰胺和磷酸反应合成高纯度脒基脲磷酸盐(GUP),将GUP与硼酸和助剂复配得到产品。     

新型木材阻燃剂FRW在东北林大研制成功

东北林业大学木材科学与应用技术研究所研制成功一种新型磷-氮-硼复合体系阻燃剂,由高纯度脒基脲磷酸盐(GUP)、硼酸和少量助剂组成。 本项目得到国家“948”林业项目的资助,投入300余万元研究经费,历时5年,从阻燃剂的设计合成、木材阻燃处理技术、产品性能评价和阻燃机理研     

Fire performance of wood (Pinus radiata) treated with fire retardants and a wood preservative

In this work, we co‐formulated an oil‐borne copper naphthenate/permethrin wood preservative system with synthetic polymer‐based fire‐retardant additives prior to the impregnation of Pinus radiata sapwood. We evaluated what effect, if any, the preservative had upon the fire performance properties of the fire retardants and whether the fire retardants impacted on the fungicidal and termiticidal efficacy of the preservative. The fire retardants included halogenated and phosphorus‐based systems. A mass loss calorimeter, in conjunction with a thermopile, was used to measure the time to ignition and the peak heat release rate (PHRR) from which the fire performance index (FPI) was determined. The preservative properties were evaluated using termite and soil‐block decay bioassays. In summary, we found that the rate of fire growth was reduced when the fire retardants were used in combination with the wood preservative. We also found that the PHRR was a better determinant of fire performance than the FPI. The performance of the wood preservative was enhanced against fungal decay and termite attack when used in combination with the fire retardants. The fire retardants also demonstrated some wood preservative properties of their own. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

材性法制定木材干燥基准的探索

提出了一种新的木材干燥基准制定法——材性法。与常用的百度法相比,材性法更省时、简易、准确。采集简单易测的待干木材材性数据,如基本密度、厚度、初含水率等,材性法可以快速地制定出木材干燥基准。介绍了材性法的理论基础、制定方法及试验验证。     

The influence of melamine impregnation and heat treatment on the fire performance of Scots pine (Pinus sylvetris) wood

Wood, as a natural and renewable resource, is a popular material for construction, but its fire performance restricts its utilization. In addition, for example, the mechanical properties of wood have up till now been impaired by the most common fire retardants, and therefore, the investigation of wood modification with not‐weakening flame retardants is essential. This study investigates the effects of melamine impregnation and heat treatment on the fire performance of Scots pine (Pinus sylvetris L.). The treated samples were tested with a cone calorimeter, and the following features were studied: time to ignition, heat release, smoke production, and mass loss. The heat‐treated samples became more homogenous as regards the results of fire performance. Some of the examined fire behavior values decreased because of heat treatment, while the same values increased after the combination of melamine impregnation and heat treatment. The smoke production was reduced the most for the samples that were both impregnated and heat treated. Although the influence of treatment on the fire behavior properties of solid wood was relatively marginal, it was assumed that these treatments will not have a negative impact on the fire‐resistance properties of pine wood. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Efficient Energy Recovery with Wood Drying Heat Pumps

This article presents a 13-m³ wood dryer coupled with a 5.6-kW (compressor power input) heat pump. Drying tests with hardwood species such as yellow birch and hard maple were completed in order to determine the system's energy performance. Supplementary heating to compensate for the dryer heat losses was supplied using electrical coils or steam exchangers. The heat pump running profiles and dehumidification performance in terms of volumes removed and water extraction rates, coefficients of performance, and specific moisture extraction rates were determined for two all-electrical and two hybrid drying tests. The hardwood drying curves, share of the final moisture content, and final quality of the dried wood stacks, as well as total drying energy consumption and costs, were determined for each drying run. Finally, the total energy consumption of the drying cycles using a heat pump was compared with that of a conventional drying cycle using natural gas as a single energy source.     

Color Changes of Birch Wood During High-Temperature Drying

In low-temperature drying, a high drying rate has been found to be adequate for silver birch (Betula pendula) and European white birch (B. pubescens) timber as far as wood colour is concerned. During high-temperature drying, however, birch timber darkens significantly if steam is used as the drying medium. The objective of this research was to study the effects of drying force (wet-bulb depression), timber thickness, and initial moisture content on the color of high-temperature-dried birch wood. The reflectance spectrum of wood was measured and transformed to the CIEL?a?b? color scale.

The increase in drying force increased the lightness and decreased the redness and the yellowness of wood. At the same time, the difference in color between the surface layer and the interior of boards increased. Increase in thickness and in initial moisture content increased the difference in color between the surface and the interior of boards. Pretreatment of timber with water soaking decreased the difference in color between the surface layer and the interior of boards when low drying force was used, but this difference was increased when high drying force was used.     

Durability of fire retardant treated wood products at humid and exterior conditions review of literature

Fire retardants may considerably improve the fire properties of wood products, but the durability, e.g. in exterior applications, has not been addressed fully. This paper reviews the existing knowledge and experience mainly from the USA with the aim of supporting further development in Europe. The review is concentrated on pressure impregnated fire retardant treated wood products which have the best opportunities for increased durability. Copyright © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

热塑性聚合物/木纤维复合材料的阻燃研究进展

综述了近年来国内外热塑性聚合物/木纤维复合材料的阻燃性能的研究成果,分析了热塑性聚合物/木纤维复合材料的阻燃机理,介绍了无机阻燃体系、膨胀型阻燃体系、纳米粒子阻燃体系和复合阻燃体系等无卤阻燃剂对热塑性聚合物/木纤维复合材料的阻燃性能和力学性能的影响。最后,展望了热塑性聚合物/木纤维复合材料阻燃的发展方向。     

Thermogravimetry of wood treated with water-insoluble retardants and a proposal for development of fire-retardant wood materials

The combustion of wood and methods for the fire retardacy of wood are reviewed briefly first, and then a study on thermogravimetry (TG) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) of water-insoluble retardants and wood treated with retardants is presented. In the review of the flaming combustion of wood supported by cellulose, three categories of fire-retardant methods, namely (1) chemical modification of the wood pyrolysis, (2) inhibition of the flaming combustion in the gas phase, and (3) thermal effects to restrain the increase in the temperature of wood and assumed temperature profiles in the heated wood are described. The results of TG and DTG, discussed in terms of kinetics, indicate three kinds of action of the retardant tested: (1) acceleration of dehydration and carbonization, (2) thermal stabilization of the chemical structure of cellulose, and (3) inhibition of the flaming combustion by halogen products. In conclusion, models of fire-retardant wood materials for interior and exterior use are proposed, which contain retardants for the dehydration and the stabilization in the outer layer and those for the inhibition in the inner layer, respectively.