基于UASB-AF技术的炼油碱水碱渣厌氧生物处理装置的实验研究

炼油碱水碱渣是石油炼制过程中油品碱洗精制时产生的一种含有大量硫化物和酚类等有毒有害污染物的强碱性有机废液。该废水排放量不大,但其污染物的浓度高,危害大,已成为炼油厂的主要恶臭污染源,直接影响污水处理场的正常运行和对周围环境产生严重的危害。文章用生物处理法对炼油厂经中和处理后的现场炼油碱水碱渣进行处理,研究证实此方法对该污水的处理效果好,为炼油碱水碱渣的治理和回收提供实验依据。     

Sb高效富集与As转化稳定化的砷碱渣清洁利用新技术工业试验

为了实现锑冶炼砷碱渣的清洁利用及无害化处置,设计了球磨浸出—重选收锑—废碱喷淋—氧化沉砷—砷稳定固化的砷碱渣清洁利用新工艺。结果表明:常温下液固比为4:1时,砷碱渣经球磨后水浸,球磨和浸出时间分别20 min和40 min,As浸出率为96.78%,碱浸出率为97.35%,实现Sb、As和碱高效分离;为提取回收浸出渣中锑资源,通过摇床高效富集回收Sb,回收率为40%~50%,且精矿中As < 1%,Sb≥10%,可通过冶炼系统回收;基于酸碱中和原理,浸出液（高砷废碱）进入锑冶炼中烟气脱硫喷淋系统与烟气中SO₂发生反应,烟气中SO₂和As含量达到排放标准,实现浸出碱液和烟气SO₂协同治理目的;向高砷废水加入H₂O₂对砷进行氧化,再加入脱砷剂（生物制剂）与砷发生沉淀反应而脱除,经两段脱砷后,废水中As含量降低至150 mg/m3, 脱砷效率分别为88.4%和92.5%;产生的脱砷渣采用铁盐稳定剂处理,在添加质量比为9%时固化体As毒性浸出浓度从348.67 mg/L降至0.65 mg/L,达到危险废物填埋场入场标准。工业扩大试验结果表明,新工艺可达到以废治废、清洁利用砷碱渣目的。      

湿法炼锌浸出渣湿法和火法联合处理工艺

为了综合回收锌浸渣中的有价金属,进行了弱酸渣酸浸减量化研究,减量后的渣进回转窑处理,酸浸混合液采用锌精矿还原处理－铁粉置换沉铜－锌焙砂预中和－氧化锌粉中和沉铟工艺来分离回收有价金属。采用酸浸工艺和回转窑工艺联合处理锌浸渣,可减少入窑渣量,降低能耗。结果表明,锌浸渣经酸浸可减量50%以上,锌粉中和沉铟工艺可实现锌回收率大于90%,铜回收率大于99%,沉铟后液铟小于5 mg/L。减量后的渣可富集铅、银等金属,该渣送回转窑挥发处理,产出的氧化锌烟尘可用于中和沉铟,中和过程既可使氧化锌中的锌预先浸出,又可进一步富集铟。该工艺可实现锌浸渣的无害化处理和资源综合利用。     

脱硫渣替代石灰治理酸性废水的研究

通过试验研究,验证了脱硫渣替代石灰作为中和剂来治理酸水的方案在技术上的可行性,分析了不仅可以降低酸性废水的治理成本,同时也解决了烟气脱硫副产物--脱硫渣的无害化处置问题,达到了以废治废、变废为宝的目的。     

废白土制备有机膨润土处理炼油碱渣废水

采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵( CTAB)对废白土进行改性,制成了有机改性膨润土,研究了其对炼油碱渣废水的处理效果.结果表明:所制得的有机改性膨润土可显著吸附炼油碱渣废水中的有机污染物,使废水的COD值从14173.2 mg/L降到3300 mg/L,COD去除率达到76.72 %.     

从FCC废催化剂中脱除镍的工艺试验研究

首先分别研究了采用直接酸浸、焙烧—酸浸、氨浸、还原焙烧—氨浸、氯化焙烧工艺进行脱除镍试验,发现这几种处理工艺所得废催化剂渣含镍仍大于0.1%,未达到一般工业固废标准。为了实现含镍FCC废催化剂(催化裂化催化剂)的无害化处置,提出采用火法工艺进行镍脱除:以铁作捕捉剂、煤粉作还原剂,采用还原熔炼工艺从FCC废催化剂中脱除镍并生产镍铁合金。根据Al_2O_3-SiO_2-CaO三元相图构建"铝-硅-钙"三元渣型,确定了氧化钙和二氧化硅的添加量分别为43%和2%,并系统研究了工艺参数对还原熔炼工艺脱除镍的影响。结果表明,采用还原熔炼工艺脱镍效果好,在最佳镍脱除率工艺条件:氧化铁添加量11%、煤粉添加量5%、熔炼温度1 450℃、保温时间2h条件下的镍脱除率可达到92.6%,熔炼渣含镍0.06%,达到一般工业固废标准。     

采用锌冶炼窑渣处理污酸回收铜铁技术

针对锌冶炼系统产生的污酸成分复杂、酸度高,砷及重金属浓度高的特点,利用湿法炼锌过程中产生的含有大量有价金属的回转窑渣对其进行处理。提出了"污酸浸出锌窑渣—常压臭葱石合成法沉砷—铁粉置换沉淀铜、砷—中和水解—赤铁矿法沉铁"的主体工艺,在实现污酸无害化处理的同时有效利用窑渣中的有价金属资源。结果表明,经二段逆流浸出后,铜、铁、锌的浸出率均在90%以上,砷的沉淀率高于95%,沉砷渣为晶型良好的臭葱石。溶液中铜的沉淀率超过99%,实验得到的赤铁矿渣含铁量达64.42%,可作为炼铁或制作铁红的原料。     

两段石灰中和-洗涤-絮凝沉淀法脱除污酸中砷的研究

以高砷铜冶炼污酸废水为原料,采用两段石灰中和-洗涤-絮凝沉淀法处理,研究了该工艺除砷原理、影响因素、及效果,讨论了不同终了pH时溶液及渣中砷含量变化情况,洗涤对渣中砷含量变化的影响和絮凝剂PFSS对溶液深度除砷效果的影响。结果表明：一段中和后溶液中砷含量由13.69g/L降到12.90g/L,除砷率仅为5.77%,渣中砷含量为2.80%。用蒸馏水洗涤一段中和渣,液固比为10:1,洗涤5次后,渣中砷含量降至0.06%;用0.1mol/L的Na2CO3溶液洗涤一段中和渣,液固比为10:1,洗涤4次后,渣中砷含量降至0.05%。两者均可使中和渣由固体危废变为普通固废,减少危废排放量25%以上。当溶液pH中和到12.04时,砷的残留量仅为3.6mg/L,除砷率达99.97%,PFSS的滴加可使溶液中砷含量低于0.5mg/L,甚至低于0.01mg/L,出水砷含量满足排放标准。     

焙烧氰化尾渣中有价金属梯级分离回收的工艺研究

梯级分离回收焙烧氰化尾渣中的有价金属,对提高资源综合利用率、消解氰化尾渣危废对冶金行业持续发展具有重要意义。本文以焙烧氰化尾渣为原料,采用一级酸浸浸取金铜锌、二级还原焙烧—磁选回收含金铁精矿、三级浮选回收金的梯级分离回收工艺方法,焙烧氰化尾渣中的金、铜、锌、铁的综合回收率分别达到63.07%、80.50%、70.31%、80.64%。该技术方法能够有效解决焙烧氰化尾渣中金、铜、锌、铁的综合回收技术难题,实现了焙烧氰化尾渣的高值化、资源化利用,同时将焙烧氰化危废转化为二次高价值资源,解决了焙烧氰化危废无害化处置的冶金行业共性技术难题。     

钛铝危废的资源化利用和无害化处理进展

鉴于我国含钛和含铝危废引起的严重环境污染潜在风险和有价元素资源浪费等弊端,以硫酸法钛白粉行业产生的酸解废渣和铝冶炼过程产生的铝灰为典型代表,回顾了国内外近年来在钛铝危废资源利用和无害化方面取得的主要进展和成就。主要结论如下:（1）旋流器分离法和磁选法,是目前钛白行业处理酸解废渣应用最广的两种方法,但仍存在TiO₂回收率不高和回收产品中TiO₂品位低等问题;碱法虽解决了上述问题,实现了高效回收利用酸解废渣中钛资源,但其经济性差、规模小的现状有待进一步升级。（2）铝灰处理的研究繁多,主要集中在资源化利用方面,而其无害化处理才是彻底解决铝灰危废的根本手段,进一步制定铝灰的毒性检测标准和环境风险评估,加强对铝灰中氟和氮等元素的监测和无害化管理,实现铝灰资源化与无害化技术的推广是未来研究的方向。      

Use of permeable reactive barriers to treat acid mine effluents

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is one of the most serious environmental problems facing the Canadian Mineral Industry. The AMD results from oxidation of sulphide minerals (e.g. pyrite or pyrrhotite) contained in mine waste or mine tailings. It is characterised by acid effluents rich in heavy metals, which are released into the environment. A new acid remediation technology is presented in this article by which alkaline metallurgical residues (red mud) from the aluminum extraction industry are used to construct permeable reactive barriers (PRB) to treat acid mine effluents. This article describes column tests performed to simulate a PRB constructed using Bauxsol?, a chemically and physically treated bauxite refinery residue, as a reactive material. The results from these experiments show that these PRB are efficient in neutralising pH and removing metals from acidic mine effluents.     

从锌尾矿渣硫酸化焙烧电收尘烟灰回收铟

某冶炼厂锌湿法冶炼尾矿渣硫酸化焙烧后所得烟尘含锌为15 %～20 %，含铟0.12 %～0.25 %，具有回收价值。采用高温低酸（硫酸）浸出工艺将其有价金属元素进行回收，将铅、铟、银等元素有效的富集在铟渣中。在浸出过程中采用氧压浸出液中和剂中和后溶液含酸pH值达到3.4左右的溶液（称为预中和液）浆化烟尘，溶液含锌量可有效达到电积工艺所需新液含锌浓度150～180 g?L-1的要求。在温度为75 ℃环境下低酸浸出后，锌的浸出率可达到75 %～85 %，铟的浸出率可超过95 %。可充分提高尾矿渣的利用价值，并且减少尾渣处理的难度，为企业创造附加价值。     

非煤矿山重大安全隐患整体解决方案研究

针对我国非煤矿山重大隐患-采空区及尾矿库,提出了塌陷区尾砂干式堆放、露天坑尾砂堆放、尾砂充填采空区技术等整体解决方案的技术措施,把重大安全隐患治理与矿山固体废弃物处置结合起来,实现以废治患、矿区和谐发展。     

Using permeable reactive barriers for the treatment of acid rock drainage

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is the most serious environmental problem facing the Canadian mineral industry today. It results from oxidation of sulphide minerals (e.g. pyrite or pyrrhotite) contained in mine waste or mine tailings and is characterized by acid effluents rich in heavy metals that are released into the environment. A new acid remediation technology is presented, by which metallurgical residues from the aluminium extraction industry are used to construct permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) to treat acid mine effluents. This technology is very promising for treating acid mine effluents in order to decrease their harmful environmental effects.     

铀水冶厂废水治理的主要技术、措施与展望(待续)

简述了用于处理废水、废矿浆的石灰乳中和沉淀法，用于处理尾矿坝废水的软锰矿吸附法、曝气法和钡盐沉淀一氢氧化物沉淀絮凝载带法。着重介绍了废水、废矿浆坝前一次性综合处理新工艺的特点、适应性和应用前景。实践证明：通过采用新工艺和新技术，综合利用资源，以废治废，循环工艺用水，加强生产管理等一系列综合防治措施，可以完善废水治理和建立简易可行、费用少、效果好的废水处理体系，使废水达到标本兼治的目的。     

Enhanced leachability of gold and silver in cyanide media: Effect of alkaline pre-treatment of jarosite minerals

Composite samples of tailings containing gold (1.35 g/t) and significant amounts of silver (155 g/t) were subjected to batchwise cyanide leaching to assess the feasibility of extracting gold and silver. The tailings are waste solids arising from flotation and leaching operations whereby the flotation product (sphalerite concentrate) is calcined and then solubilised into dilute sulphuric acid solution and eventually sequestered from the electrolyte by electrowinning. Silver and gold are part of the zinc refinery residue, flotation tailings and to a limited extent the calcine leach tailings. Mineralogical results showed that composite tailings are refractory in nature (44% quartz, 17% silico aluminates and 12% jarosites).The concept of enhancing gold and silver recovery from the tailings focused on firstly decomposing the jarosite minerals by alkaline pre-treatment and then secondly leaching with cyanide solution. These two steps ensured that free gold and silver found in the zinc refinery residue and in the jarosite minerals could be leached simultaneously. The composite tailings were treated with Ca(OH)₂ solutions and then heated to 90 °C for 2 h to decompose the silver-bearing mineral (Ag,PbFe₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆). The alkaline pre-treated tailings were then subjected to cyanide leach tests at different NaCN dosages (2.5–10 kg/t) and particle size (96–200 μm). Without an alkaline pre-treatment stage, leach efficiencies achieved were 41% and 25% for gold and silver, respectively at 40 °C and 8 h mixing time. But, better leach efficiencies (55% for Au, 81% for Ag) were achieved after the feed was pre-treated with Ca(OH)₂. The leaching mechanism of gold was explained by the shrinking sphere model denoted by surface chemical reaction.     

铀水冶厂废水治理的主要技术措施与展望 （续完）

简述了用于处理水，废矿浆的石灰乳中和沉淀法，用于处理尾矿坝废水的软锰矿吸附法、曝气法和钡盐沉淀氢氧化物沉淀絮凝载带法。着重介绍了废水、废矿浆坝前一交 综合处理新工艺的特点，适应性及应用前景。     

Laboratory Evaluation of the Use of Alkaline Phosphate Wastes for the Control of Acidic Mine Drainage

Pyrrhotite tailings at the abandoned Kettara mine site in Morocco are producing acid mine drainage (AMD). We investigated the use of alkaline phosphate waste (APW) rock from a nearby operating open-pit phosphate mine to control the AMD. The neutralizing potential of the APW, using the Paktunc method, was estimated between 500 and 680 kg CaCO₃/t. In laboratory column tests, the addition of 15 wt% APW to the coarse Kettara tailings produced leachates with significantly lower acidities and metal concentrations than unamended controls. The high calcium concentration in the flushed solutions indicates that calcite was responsible for the neutralization. Dolomite dissolution seems to be negligible and fluorapatite was stable under the testing conditions. It was also observed that when the treated solution comes in contact with unweathered Kettara coarse tailings, the pH becomes acidic, although the metal concentrations remain low.     

铁尾矿在建材中的应用现状

铁尾矿是选矿厂排放的主要固体废物,其资源化利用一直是全社会极为关注的问题,在建材行业中的应用也日益受到重视。本文介绍了铁尾矿在中国建材行业中的应用现状,阐述了应用原理、生产工艺以及效果,并展望应用方向。     

石棉尾矿的危害及综合利用途径

石棉尾矿对环境具有极大的危害性,必须加以严格管理和及时处理、处置;同时石棉尾矿又是一类可以利用的矿物资源,具有较大的综合利用价值。本文分析了当前石棉尾矿的处理处置技术,认为利用石棉尾矿提取非金属矿物材料是一种值得推广的先进技术,这种技术不仅能够有效地破坏石棉的结构,消除石棉尾矿的危害性,而且可以生产出市场需求的非金属矿物材料,为企业创造经济效益。