膜错流过滤对透明质酸发酵液的分级研究

膜错流过滤可实现混合液中物质的分级,在生物工程领域有着广泛的应用,其过滤特性与水力条件及溶液性质有密切关系.分别采用0.45μm、0.20μm微滤膜和截留分子量3000、100000超滤膜,对其错流过滤透明质酸发酵液的特性参数进行了研究.超滤膜在稳态时的通量大于微滤膜稳态时的通量,微滤膜、超滤膜的最佳操作压力分别为0.1 MPa,0.15 MPa,最佳流速应为1.25 m/s,透明质酸浓度以2 g/L以下为宜.在pH=4,增加的离子强度为0.2~0.25 mol/L NaCl时,微滤膜对透明质酸有85%的透过率,且通量增大,而菌体被完全截留;超滤膜在pH=7,增加的离子强度为0.2~0.25 mol/L NaCl时,蛋白质对透明质酸有很高的筛分系数,透明质酸被选择性截留.研究表明,微滤和超滤相结合可实现发酵液中透明质酸分离.关键词:微滤;超滤;错流过滤;透明质酸;发酵液;分级     

抗污染海藻酸钙水凝胶纳滤膜对水中重金属离子的去除性能

以海藻酸钠为单体,尿素为致孔剂,采用钙离子交联的方法制备海藻酸钙水凝胶纳滤膜,并研究该纳滤膜的表面形貌、亲水性、抗污染性以及对水中重金属离子的去除。结果表明,海藻酸钙纳滤膜具有优良的抗污染性能,水接触角在2s几乎降为0。牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的通量为纯水通量的97.7%,交替过滤纯水和BSA溶液3次后,通量恢复率仍能达到91.3%。0.1 MPa压力下运行120 min,海藻酸钙纳滤膜对20 mg/L Cd~(2+)溶液的通量为15.5 L/(m~2·h),Cd~(2+)去除率达到99.5%以上。纳滤膜对混合重金属离子的去除率从高到低依次为Pb~(2+)Cu~(2+)Cd~(2+)。重金属离子的去除主要依靠吸附效应和离子交换来实现。     

原位光学法研究PET-CO2系统的玻璃化转变

采用原位光学法研究聚酯(PET)/CO2系统的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)与压力间的关系。在温度为50℃～120℃,压力为0.1MPa～20MPa范围内,PET薄膜样品的玻璃化转变温度的降低(Tg)与气体的压力(p)成线性关系,其斜率dTg/dp≈-1.35℃/MPa,上述条件下的最大降幅ΔTg,max=-26.7℃。在30MPa的文献值明显偏离ΔTg～p直线,意味着在高压阶段,静压起主导作用,使PET样品的玻璃化转变温度升高。     

聚丙烯接枝聚丙烯酸微滤膜的pH响应性

研究了聚丙烯接枝聚丙烯酸微滤膜的pH响应性及其在牛血清蛋白溶液过滤中的抗污染性。聚丙烯酸(PAA)接枝链可提高膜亲水性,但会造成膜孔堵塞:在低接枝率(<17%)下,PAA大幅度提高膜亲水性,膜通量和pH响应性随接枝率的增加逐渐增大;接枝率过大(>17%)时,PAA对膜孔的堵塞作用占主导,膜通量和pH响应性逐渐下降。与未接枝膜相比,在碱性条件下接枝膜对牛血清蛋白(BSA)分子具有一定的抗污染性能,而酸性条件下则加剧BSA对膜的污染,但改性后接枝膜的通量大幅度增长,使这种膜在BSA类蛋白质的微滤领域仍有较好的应用前景。     

改性聚乙烯醇复合膜对微水重石脑油的渗透汽化脱水研究

用甲醛对聚乙烯醇进行改性,并用于质量分数约为100 μg/g微水重石脑油体系的渗透汽化(PV)深度脱水.考察了操作温度T、料液浓度C_w、操作流量q_v,等因素对分离性能的影响.渗透通量J与分离系数α随T、C_w的升高分别增大和减小,且J随g_v的增大而增大.实验证明在操作温度80℃,膜后压力1.5 kPa,流量500 L/h下,实现了J=60.6 g/(m~2·h),α=221.9的最佳分离效果,该技术有效脱除了油品中的微量水分,具有很好的工业应用前景.     

基于电子束共辐照接枝制备中空纤维纳滤膜

以聚砜超滤膜为基体,采用电子束共辐照接枝2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)单体制备中空纤维纳滤膜。采用衰减全反射-傅里叶变换红外光谱分析接枝前后膜表面化学组成,并探讨接枝条件对纳滤膜接枝率、孔径以及脱盐性能的影响。结果表明,电子束能够穿透基膜,使膜内外表面均接枝上AMPS。以最佳接枝条件(辐照剂量80 k Gy,单体浓度10%,阻聚剂浓度1.5%,交联剂浓度0.2%,乙醇/水=1/9,溶液体积30 m L)制备的纳滤膜接枝率为4.68 mmol/m2,孔径为5.4 nm,0.4 MPa压力下对1 g/L Na2SO4的截留率为88.9%,渗透通量为28.3 L/(m2·h)。     

基于本构分析的中碳钒微合金钢热变形行为

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机对一种中碳钒微合金钢在变形温度900~1 100℃、应变速率0.01~10 s-1条件下的热变形行为进行研究.分别建立了实验钢的幂律、指数和双曲正弦本构方程,观察了实验钢在不同变形条件下的显微组织,得出了实验钢的动态再结晶稳态晶粒尺寸和峰值应变与Zener-Hollomon参数的关系.结果表明:双曲正弦本构方程具有最高的拟合精度;实验钢热变形激活能Q为273.225 kJ/mol,与奥氏体的自扩散激活能(270 kJ/mol)十分接近,说明实验钢在此变形条件下的速率控制机制是扩散控制的位错攀移;显微组织观察表明,实验钢的动态再结晶行为受变形温度和应变速率的影响;拟合得出实验钢的动态再结晶稳态晶粒尺寸(Ds)和峰值应变与Z参数的关系为ln Ds=-0.200 31ln Z+7.941 65和lnεp=0.184 56ln Z-5.373 83.     

聚乙烯醇缩丁醛超滤膜的制备

用聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)作为本体高分子材料,用浸没沉淀相转化法制备PVB不对称超滤膜;扫描电镜照片显示所制膜的超滤结构.研究了PVB本体浓度、制膜间隙、凝胶浴温度以及乙酸添加剂等因素对PVB不对称超滤膜性能的影响;比较了乙酸及聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮(PVP)作为添加剂对大孔径PVB超滤膜皮层结构的影响.当PVB本体浓度为12%时,膜的纯水通量及牛血清白蛋白(BSA)溶液通量分别为876.4 L/(m2.h)和89.8 L/(m2.h),此时膜对BSA的截留率为96.8%;PVB膜纯水通量随着制膜间隙的增加及凝胶浴温度的上升而降低;乙酸及PVP的添加均提高了PVB超滤膜的纯水通量,通量增加幅度分别为136%和171%.     

纳米壳聚糖改性PVDF微滤膜抗污染性能的研究

研究了纳米壳聚糖改性聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)微滤膜的制备方法及其抗污染性能.借助傅立叶-红外光谱仪(FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、静滴接触角测量仪等分析手段对改性后的PVDF膜进行了表征.FTIR研究结果证明,与未改性膜相比,改性膜表面有纳米壳聚糖的存在.SEM研究结果发现,孔径随纳米壳聚糖量的增加逐渐减小,而孔的数量先增加后减少.接触角和纯水通量都随纳米壳聚糖量的增加先减小后增大.在蛋白质抗污染实验中,选用牛血清蛋白(BSA)制备蛋白质溶液.改性膜具有更高的水通量恢复率,并且显正电荷性质的BSA和纳米壳聚糖之间的静电排斥力使其具有很高的截留率.所以改性膜具有很好的抗污染性能.     

PVDF/CA共混微滤膜的研制

通过PVDF与CA共混来提高PVDF膜的亲水性,以纯水通量、膜的最大泡点压力、平均泡点压力等性能为指标,设计了九因素(共混比、固含量、溶剂种类、溶剂比、添加剂种类及含量、蒸发时间、凝胶浴温度、凝胶时间)四水平的正交试验表研究膜制备过程中各因素对PVDF/CA共混微滤膜性能的影响.实验结果表明:固含量是最主要的影响因素,其次是共混比、溶剂种类、添加剂含量、凝胶浴温度、凝胶时间、蒸发时间、添加剂种类和溶剂比.较佳的成膜条件为:PVDF/CA共混比4∶1,固含量12%~14%,添加剂N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮质量分数2%~3%,二甲基甲酰胺/正丁醇混合溶剂比7∶1,蒸发时间30 s,在20~30℃的自来水中凝胶50~70 min.在此较优条件下可制备孔径为0.55~0.65μm,0.06 MPa下的纯水通量27℃时为205.37~292.53 mL/(cm2.h)的PVDF/CA共混微滤膜.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.