Role of water chemistry and microstructure in stress corrosion cracking in the fusion boundary region of an Alloy 182-A533B low alloy steel dissimilar weld joint in high temperature water

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in the fusion boundary (FB) region of an Alloy 182-low alloy steel (LAS) dissimilar weld joint in 288 °C water was investigated by experiments and finite element simulation. Creviced bent beam and crack growth rate (CGR) experiments showed that, while the FB was a barrier to SCC growth, further crack growth into LAS was activated by a combined effect of sulfate and dissolved oxygen in water. Finite element simulation suggested that a positive gradient of hardness as the crack approached to the FB in dilution zone caused decreased CGR. Role of microstructure and water chemistry in SCC was discussed.     

Effects of cold working path on strain concentration, grain boundary microstructure and stress corrosion cracking in Alloy 600

Grain boundary microstructure, strain distribution and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in one dimensional (1D), two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) cold worked Alloy 600 were investigated. The cold working decreased the annealing twins and increased low angle boundaries. 2D cold working caused lower strain concentration at grain boundaries than 1D and 3D cold working. The intergranular SCC (IGSCC) susceptibility was the highest in 1D cold worked alloy while lowest in 2D cold worked alloy. The IGSCC susceptibility displayed a strong correlation with the grain boundary strain concentration and the grain boundary microstructure.     

Corrosion behavior of alloy 800H (Fe–21Cr–32Ni) in supercritical water

The effect of testing conditions (temperature, time, and oxygen content) and material’s microstructure (the as-received and the grain boundary engineered conditions) on the corrosion behavior of alloy 800H in high-temperature pressurized water was studied using a variety of characterization techniques. Oxidation was observed as the primary corrosion behavior on the samples. Oxide exfoliation was significantly mitigated on the grain boundary engineered samples compared to the as-received ones. The oxide formation, including some “mushroom-shaped oxidation”, is predicted via a combination of thermodynamics and kinetics influenced by the preferential diffusion of specific species using short-cut diffusion paths.     

一种7055型铝合金的RRA处理

通过时效曲线测定和慢应变拉伸实验以及透射电镜观察,研究了不同热处理制度对一种7055型铝合金拉伸性能,时效组织和抗应力腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明,实验合金采用RRA处理,可使晶内保持类似于T6状态的显微结构,同时使晶界析出物的大小和分布特征与过时效状态相当,从而可使强度达到T6峰值状态的水平,抗应力腐蚀性能则优于T6状态,RRA处理改善抗应力腐蚀性能的原因可能与粗大,孤立分布的晶界析出物有助于阻止氢脆以及缩小界内和晶界电化学差异有关。     

淬火速度对7085铝合金显微组织和应力腐蚀的影响(英文)

采用力学性能测试、慢应变速率拉伸实验,结合扫描电镜和透射电镜及电化学测试等方法,研究淬火速度对7085铝合金组织和应力腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明,随着淬火速度的降低,合金晶界析出相的尺寸和间距增大,晶界析出相的Cu含量降低;合金的抗应力腐蚀性能随着淬火速度的减少先增强后减弱。晶界析出相的尺寸和分布以及Cu含量是影响合金抗应力腐蚀性能的主要因素。     

Stress corrosion cracking behavior of X70 pipe steel in an acidic soil environment

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of X70 pipe steel was investigated in an extracted acidic soil solution by slow strain rate test (SSRT), potentiodynamic polarization curve measurements and surface analysis technique. The SCC process and mechanism of X70 steel in the acidic soil solution is mixed-controlled by both anodic dissolution and the hydrogen involvement. With the different applied potentials, the dominance of SCC process changes. At a relatively less negative potential, the steel SCC is based primarily on the anodic dissolution mechanism. When the applied potential is shifted negatively, hydrogen is involved in the cracking process, resulting in a transgranular cracking mode. With the further negative shift of applied potential, the SCC of the steel follows completely a hydrogen-based mechanism, with a river-bed shaped brittle feature of the fracture surface. Heat treatment alters the microstructure of the steel, resulting in a change of SCC susceptibility. In particular, the quenched steel with a bainite microstructure has a high susceptibility to SCC in the acidic soil, while the as-received steel with a ferrite matrix have a low SCC susceptibility.     

Susceptibility of Ti–6Al–4V alloy to stress corrosion cracking in a Lewis-neutral aluminium chloride–1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquid

The susceptibility of Ti–6Al–4 V alloy to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in a Lewis neutral AlCl₃–EMIC ionic liquid (IL) was investigated employing U-bend tests. The results indicated that cracking initiated at the α/β phase boundary, propagated intergranularly, followed by transgranular cracking and failed in dimple mode under overloaded stress.     

Corrosion of heat treated magnesium alloy ZE41

This paper investigates the effect of heat treatment upon the corrosion morphology and mechanism of ZE41 alloy. The results of optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) together with potentiodynamic polarisation reveal the importance of the microstructure in the initiation and propagation of corrosion in an aqueous environment. The corrosion of the heat-treated alloy is significantly altered due to changes in the microstructure, specifically the Zr-rich regions and the grain boundary T-phase.     

Atmospheric corrosion of field-exposed magnesium alloy AZ91D

The magnesium alloy AZ91D was exposed in three different types of atmospheric environment, viz. urban, rural and marine exposure sites. Corrosion rates, corrosion products formed, and the influence of the microstructure on the corrosion behaviour of the alloy were investigated. The corrosion rate of AZ91D exposed in the marine environment was 4.2 μm/year, and in the rural and urban environments 2.2 and 1.8 μm/year, respectively. The main corrosion product found was magnesium carbonate hydromagnesite (Mg₅(CO₃)₄(OH)₂·4H₂O), which was formed at all three exposure sites. The corrosion attack started in the -phase in larger grains at the boundary between the -phase and the eutectic -/β-phase. Microgalvanic elements were formed with the eutectic -/β-Mg phase as cathodic site and the -Mg grains as anodes. The Al–Mn particles played a minor roll in the initiation process, even though these particles are the most noble in the microstructure and thus the driving force for a corrosion attack around these particles could be expected to be high. A close resemblance was observed between the corrosion mechanisms operating under the field-exposure conditions described here and the mechanisms operating under the previously reported laboratory conditions.     

Stress corrosion cracking of Cu-30% Zn alloy in Mattsson’s solutions at pH 7.0 and 10.0 using constant load method - A proposal of SCC mechanism

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of a commercial Cu-30% Zn alloy has been investigated as a function of applied stress in Mattsson solutions with pH 7.0 and 10.0 at 313 K by using a constant load method. It was found that the elongation behavior at pH 10.0 showed clearly the step wise fashion, while that at pH 7.0 did slightly, almost over the whole applied stress. The steady state elongation rate obtained from corrosion elongation curve became a relevant parameter for predicting time to failure. Furthermore, from the results obtained, it is deduced that a unified SCC mechanism is qualitatively proposed to explain both of transgranular SCC (TGSCC) at pH 10.0 and intergranular SCC (IGSCC) at pH 7.0, where the unified SCC mechanism is basically based on a film rupture-formation event at crack tips.     

Stress corrosion cracking of new Mg–Zn–Mn wrought alloys containing Si

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of high strength and ductility Mg–Zn–Mn alloys containing Si was studied using the slow strain rate test (SSRT) technique in air and in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution saturated with Mg(OH)₂. All alloys were susceptible to SCC to some extent. The fractography was consistent with a significant component of intergranular SCC (IGSCC). The TGSCC fracture path in ZSM620 is consistent with a mechanism involving hydrogen. In each case, the IGSCC appeared to be associated with the second-phase particles along grain boundaries. For the IGSCC of the ZSM6X0 alloys, the fractography was consistent with micro-galvanic acceleration of the corrosion of -magnesium by the second-phase particles, whereas it appeared that the second-phase particles themselves had corroded. The study suggests that Si addition to Mg–Zn–Mn alloys can significantly improve SCC resistance as observed in the case of ZSM620. However, the SCC resistance also depends on the other critical alloying elements such as zinc and the microstructure.     

Stress corrosion cracking of gas-tungsten arc welds in continuous-cast AZ31 Mg alloy sheet

AZ31 Mg alloy sheet was welded using a gas-tungsten arc (GTA) process over inserts containing 2.3–9.3 wt.% Al. The welded specimens were susceptible to SCC in distilled water, with susceptibility increasing with decreasing weld metal Al (or β particle) concentration. Primary stress corrosion cracks initiated at the weld metal–HAZ interface by stress-assisted localised dissolution and propagated through the weld and base metals by transgranular and intergranular H-assisted fracture (TG-HAF and IG-HAF) respectively. The IG fracture mode may be intrinsic to the texture imparted upon the base metal by rolling. The increase in SCC susceptibility with decreasing weld metal Al concentration is contrary to the purported roles of β particles in promoting localised corrosion and as crack nucleation sites, but corresponds with increases in weld – base metal galvanic current density and weld metal localised corrosion susceptibility.     

Microstructural effects on the hydrogen permeation of an Inconel alloy 690

In the present work, hydrogen permeability tests were carried out in Inconel 690 in the as-received (AR) condition and after heat treating. The heat treatments promoted total solid solution (SA) or a microstructure full of grain boundary (gb) coverage with M₂₃C₆ carbides (A800). first and second polarization hydrogen transients were determined and used in disclosing the role of reversible and irreversible hydrogen trapping. It was found that in the SA condition, the permeation rates were the highest but they were significantly reduced in the AR condition, particularly in the A800 due to the presence of gb M₂₃C₆ carbides.     

The effect of process parameters and heat treatment on the microstructure of direct laser fabricated TiAl alloy samples

Gas atomized Ti48Al2Mn2Nb powders were used as a feedstock material for direct laser fabrication (DLF) of near net shape samples. The microstructures of these laser treated samples were characterized using optical, scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), both immediately after laser fabrication and after heat treatments. These characterizations have shown that the microstructure is extremely fine but inhomogeneous in comparison to the conventionally processed material. The process parameters such as laser power and scanning speed controlled the microstructural morphology. The laser-treated microstructure remained stable up to 973 K, but rapid grain coarsening occurred at 1273 K. A fully recrystallized, uniform microstructure was obtained after annealing at 1073 K for 24 h, with an apparent compositional homogeneity. Annealing in the phase field followed by air cooling and annealing in (₂+γ) phase region resulted in uniform microstructure. However, the microstructure was much coarser than the microstructure of the DLF samples.     

多级热处理工艺对铝合金AA7049性能的影响(英文)

T6态高强7xxx系列铝合金对应力腐蚀开裂敏感。采用回归和再时效热处理(RRA)可以提高其抗应力腐蚀开裂性能而不降低其强度性能。研究了多级热处理工艺对7049铝合金性能和组织的影响。通过电导率测量、DSC分析和TEM组织观察,考察合金在不同热处理态的组织变化。DSC分析表明,RRA处理会导致合金的显微组织发生显著变化,RRA处理态合金的组织与T6和T73态合金的组织明显不同。RRA处理可以使合金保持在T6态的强度且获得T73态的热力学稳定性能。     

热处理温度对G3合金耐点蚀性能的影响

采用SEM、EDS、TEM等方法研究了不同热处理温度对G3合金组织形态及晶界析出相的影响;进而利用浸泡模拟实验和电化学实验,分析组织变化以及晶界析出相对G3合金耐点蚀性能的影响。结果表明:晶界析出相对G3合金耐点蚀性能起着关键的作用。低温退火时由于G3合金析出相变少,组织均匀性增加,G3合金耐点蚀性能有所增加。而随着退火温度的进一步升高,在晶界生成大量的析出相。析出相的大量生成使得G3合金组织不均匀性增加,同时造成贫Mo区域钝化膜稳定性变差,容易发生局部活化溶解,点蚀敏感性明显增加。     

Local environment under simulated disbonded coating on steel pipelines in soil solution

Taking advantage of microelectrode technique, the local potential and pH in a crevice simulating disbonded coating on X70 pipeline steel were investigated as a function of cathodic protection (CP) in a near neutral pH soil bulk solution bubbled with 5% CO₂/N₂ gas. The experimental potential–pH (E–pH) diagrams were established for the steel in the crevice. Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of the steel in the local environment in the crevice was analyzed based on the experimental E–pH diagrams. The results showed that the local steel potential in the deep of the crevice was independent on CP potential applied at the opening. Due to the effect of the atmospheric CO₂, a near-neutral pH local environment promoting near-neutral pH SCC (also known as transgranular SCC, TGSCC) might be harbored in the crevice even with normal CP at the opening. During CP interruption, the steel potential decay and CO₂ absorption (pH decrease) might shift E–pH points into a susceptibility region of near-neutral pH SCC.     

Transgranular SCC mechanism of thermally treated alloy 600 in alkaline water containing lead

This work aims to understand a SCC failure mode of thermally treated steam generator tubing materials in high temperature water containing lead. The effect of lead contents on the anodic polarization curves of alloy 600 (UNS NO6600) and alloy 690 (UNS NO6900) has been studied in a solution of pH 10 at 200 °C and 315 °C. Lead increased the active peaks of alloy 600 and alloy 690 in mild alkaline water at high temperatures. A reduction of PbO to a metallic lead in alloy 690 is easier than that of alloy 600. When lead was added into the solution, a relative ratio of Cr from among the main metallic elements (Cr, Fe, and Ni) of alloy 600 and alloy 690 decreased in the outer corrosion film. Alloy 690 TT showed a transgranular stress corrosion cracking (TGSCC) in a 10 M NaOH solution with 5000 ppm of lead. Intergranular stress corrosion racking (IGSCC) was observed in the 100 ppm lead condition, and some TGSCC was detected on the fracture surface of the alloy 600 MA cracked in the 10,000 ppm lead solution. IGSCC seemed to be retarded by a crack blunting around the grain boundaries, and the TG cracking mode of the thermally treated alloy 600 and 690 seemed to be related to a crack blunting at the grain boundary carbide and a film dissolution by lead in an alkaline solution.     

Corrosion of hot extrusion AZ91 magnesium alloy: I-relation between the microstructure and corrosion behavior

The effect of hot extrusion on the corrosion behavior of AZ91 magnesiun alloy was investigated by weight loss, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization measurements. The results showed that the extruded alloy had lower corrosion resistance compared to cast alloy. This observation has been explained from point of view of microstructure changes, wherein the increased density of dislocation, twins and grain boundary increased the anodic dissolution of AZ91 alloy and rearrangement of β phase accelerated the rate of both the anodic and cathodic process.     

Response of the solidification microstructure of a high Nb containing TiAl alloy to an isothermal high-temperature heat treatment

Vacuum induction melting device combined with temperature control system was employed to investigate the effect of isothermal heat treatment (IHT) during solidification process on the microstructure evolution of a high Nb containing TiAl alloy. The microstructures of the alloy in as-cast condition and after IHT were studied. The results show that the as-cast microstructures exhibit a significant microstructural inhomogeneity with fine grains in dendrite core and coarse grains in interdendritic region. A new treatment approach by means of a short-term IHT within the β phase field during solidification process is proposed to obtain a uniform and refined microstructure. Compared with the as-cast alloy, IHT can reduce the tendency for crack. This phenomenon is attributed to the improvement of microstructural homogeneity by the elimination of peritectic α phase and the microstructure refinement by β → α transformation.