运用VEGA软件实现塔式起重机载荷摆动仿真

在分析塔式起重机载荷摆动特性的基础上,将载荷摆动非线性动力学模型进行线性化处理,推导出载荷摆动表达式,并应用Matlab软件进行了载荷摆动特性仿真。在VC环境中利用Vega的函数编程实现载荷摆动,在虚拟操作系统中真实再现载荷的运动特性和摆动特性,增强了塔式起重机虚拟操作系统的真实性。     

塔式起重机载荷摆动模型及性能

针对塔式起童机载荷运动及摆动的特点，建立了极坐标系和非惯性球坐标系，根据拉格朗日运动方程建立塔式起重机载荷摆动的非线性模型，计算出载荷摆动的平衡状态，并推导出线性化模型，对塔机在各种工况下载荷摆动的动态特性进行了仿真。     

塔式起重机在变幅运动过程中货物的摆动规律

塔式起重机变幅机构的加、减速运动引起货物摆动和整机结构的振动,从而影响吊装效率和整机结构的稳定性,为此,研究塔式起重机在变幅运动过程中货物的摆动规律。针对小起升高度或附着式塔式起重机,在不考虑塔身变形的情况下,将塔式起重机-小车-货物系统简化为悬臂梁-移动质量-球摆系统,基于Lagrange方程推导悬臂梁-移动质量-球摆系统的动力学方程,揭示了小车运动、货物摆动与起重臂振动的相互作用规律,利用Matlab软件计算分析在变幅运动过程中加、减速参数和起升钢丝绳长度对货物摆动的影响规律。仿真结果表明:小车运动加速度使货物摆动的平衡位置发生倾斜,倾斜的角度随着加速度幅值的增加而增大,加、减速运动时间影响着下一个运动阶段货物的摆动初始角度,货物摆动的频率随着钢丝绳长度的增大而减小。     

塔式起重机刚柔耦合动力学模型研究

目前大多数塔式起重机的动力学建模研究的方法是将整机等效为多刚体系统,在综合考虑塔式起重机臂架的柔性变形和系统非线性运动的影响下,将臂架等效为Euler-Bernoulli梁并考虑自重和结构阻尼,基于拉格朗日方程建立了能够完整描述塔式起重机变幅、回转和起升运动的刚柔耦合动力学模型,并应用假设模态法得到了矩阵形式的离散方程。针对塔式起重机三种典型的运动形式,应用Maple数学软件对模型进行了数值求解,最后,为验证模型准确性,建立了ADAMS动力学仿真模型,将数值求解和仿真得到的重物的运动响应进行了对比。结果表明,建立的动力学模型可以较准确地反映塔式起重机的运动过程,而且还能近似地描述重物运动的响应,对跟踪重物的轨迹、研究重物的摆动规律也有重要的指导意义。研究结果对研究大长细比臂架类工作机构的动力学响应也具有重要的参考价值。     

塔式起重机载荷摆振模型

塔式起重机载荷摆振使载荷难以准确就位并给整个塔式起重机造成周期性的倾矩和扭矩。本文建立了塔式起重机载荷摆振的精确数学模型;在工程实用范围内导出了简化模型;依据模型对塔式起重机的动态特性做了定性和定量的分析。该模型可做为研究塔式起重机的动态特性、提高变幅速度和回转速度、寻找消除载荷摆振方法的工具。其中精确模型特别适用于计算机仿真。     

不同参数对塔机吊重摆角和塔身结构振动的影响

针对塔机结构振动特性的研究虽然已取得了丰硕的成果,但是很多文献把塔机结构当作刚性结构来研究,或者未考虑塔机的加速度对吊重摆角的影响,针对塔机在提升与回转耦合运动下结构振动和空间摆角特性研究的文献则更少。针对塔式起重机的非线性运动易引起结构振动的问题,为了探究其运动规律,在塔式起重机提升与回转耦合运动下,对塔机结构的振动特性进行了理论推导和仿真研究。首先,采用运行特性、物理关系和梁挠度理论,提出了一种塔式起重机位移模型(从加速到恒速再到减速);然后,根据拉格朗日和空气阻力理论,推导了塔式起重机的动力学模型;最后,根据实际塔式起重机的结构和运动特点,设计了实验塔机,利用实验塔机搭建了测试平台,通过吊重的空间摆角实验过程验证了耦合运动模型的有效性,研究了不同的提升加速度、回转加速度和初始摆动角度对非线性耦合运动下吊重的空间摆角和塔身振动的影响。研究结果表明：回转加速度对塔身结构振动和空间摆角有显著影响;提升加速度对塔身结构振动和空间摆角的影响很小;当提升加速度为0.01 m/s²时,摆角θ有最小值;当任意初始角度不小于0.2 rad时,初始角度对塔身结构和摆角振动影响较...     

塔式起重机结构动力学分析及载荷计算方法

为了准确描述塔式起重机动态性能,保证其安全高效工作,创新的运用空间矢量动力学理论对塔式起重机的工作状态进行动力学分析,推导出塔机复合工作下吊重的载荷计算方法,并结合ANSYS对塔机起升、回转、变幅复合运动工况进行分析计算,提出一套行之有效的塔式起重机动力学设计理论。以QTZ25型塔机为实例,运用推导的动力学理论公式对塔机复合运动的受力情况进行了分析计算,结果表明,塔机复合工作下,结构最大应力变化不大,但塔机变形剧烈。     

柔性钢丝绳的门式起重机的运动特性

主要研究钢丝绳为柔性时门式起重机的运动特性,利用拉格朗日方程,建立了门式起重机刚柔耦合系统的动力学模型,并利用有限元法对起重机动力学模型数学式进行求解.通过MATLAB提供的Simulink仿真工具箱,对起重机所建的模型在不同工况下进行仿真分析,与钢丝绳为刚性模型在相同工况下的仿真结果进行了比较.对仿真结果分析得出了钢丝绳的柔性特性对起重机转载小车定位和吊重摆动的影响;根据仿真结果分析的结论,给门式起重机定义了2个参数,并定性地分析了2个参数对起重机运动特性的影响.     

起重机的防摆控制研究

为解决塔式起重机在实际施工过程中所存在的负载摆动问题,提高塔式起重机的施工安全性,在对塔式起重机动力学模型构建的基础上,提出采用模糊PID控制器实现其防摆控制的目的,并对模糊PID控制策略和模糊控制策略的控制效果进行对比;并根据塔式起重机的工况特点和控制机理设计了控制系统,完成了关键硬件的选型和软件控制流程。     

海上浮式集装箱起重机非线性动力学模型及试验验证

浮式集装箱起重机能够对锚泊在深海的大型集装箱运输船进行装卸作业.对浮式集装箱起重机在波浪引起的船体运动下的动力学模型进行研究,将船体的升沉、横摇和纵摇运动当作起重机的主要外部激励.引入固定于船体的非惯性坐标系统和齐次坐标变换矩阵,采用Lagrange法推导得出小车、船体运动和吊重摆动耦合的非线性动力学方程.该模型可以用于浮式集装箱起重机的动力学特性分析和控制律设计.最后搭建试验平台,通过试验证明了提出的浮式集装箱起重机数学模型的有效性.     

轮式倒立摆的数学建模及状态反馈控制

轮式倒立摆是检验各种控制理论的理想模型,首先采取牛顿力学分析的方法,依次得出轮式倒立摆中直流电机、车体和摆杆动力学方程,从而基于小角度线性化方法得出轮式倒立摆的近似线性模型;然后基于Matlab进行轮式倒立摆的状态反馈控制,设计出其控制律,验证其可行性,但是轮式倒立摆的数学模型通常是经线性化处理后得出,为了提高仿真准确性,再基于虚拟样机技术,对轮式倒立摆进行Madab与ADAMS的联合仿真,仿真结果显示系统响应曲线在规定时间内迅速收敛至O附近．此结果不仅验证了联合仿真中状态反馈控制的正确性,而且表明联合仿真是控制理论研究中值得推广的方法。     

Modeling and control of a pneumatically actuated inverted pendulum

This paper presents the results of modeling of an inverted pendulum system driven by a linear pneumatic motor and equipped with relatively low-cost potentiometer-based position measurement system. Based on the nonlinear model of the overall pendulum system, which also includes notable friction effects, a linearized model is derived. The linearized model is used as a basis for the design of state feedback controller based on LQ and LQG optimization procedures. The linear state feedback controllers are augmented by a compensator of nonlinear friction effects whose design is based on the results of experimental identification of an appropriate static friction model. The proposed pendulum controller structures have been verified by means of computer simulations and experimentally on the experimental setup of a pneumatically actuated inverted pendulum.     

基于神经网络的弹性连杆机构振动主动控制系统稳定性分析

构造了基于神经网络的弹性连杆机构振动主动控制系统的线性化模型。通过对线性化系统进行闭环稳定性分析 ,最终证明了该非线性时变动态系统的稳定性     

Inverted pendulum control with allowance for energy dissipation

The behavior of an inverted pendulum hinged on the wheel axis is studied. An algorithm is proposed for solving both the problem of pendulum stabilization in a given position relative to the vertical and the problem of controlling the velocity of the platform on which the pendulum is located under conditions of energy dissipation. Recommendations on choosing control system parameters are given, and the time of transitional processes is estimated.     

A six axis load cell for the analysis of the dynamic impact response of a hybrid III dummy

An innovative six axis load cell is presented and employed for frontal impact tests on a Hybrid III 50th percentile dummy. The new six axis load cell, designed at Politecnico di Milano (Technical University of Milan), is a quasi-statically determined structure consisting of a central three spoke element fixed to an external frame by means of special joints appositely designed to minimize friction. A specifically designed electronic board is embedded in the load cell and allows real-time signal processing. The developed load cell has been employed during frontal impact tests on a Hybrid III dummy. An impact force is applied to the dummy’s head by means of an impact pendulum. The accelerations in two different points of the dummy’s head as well the impact force have been measured. A simple 1 DOF analytical model of the head and neck has been developed. Neck stiffness and damping have been identified directly from experimental data.     

Seismic isolators for petroleum and gas platforms of the “Sakhalin-2” project

Friction pendulum bearings have universal properties satisfying various demands when supporting buildings, bridges, and industrial facilities. The oscillation period of the bearing, vertical carrying capacity, damping, displacement ability, and ability to receive tensile load can be chosen independently. Dynamic oscillation periods from 1 to 5 s, shifts of up to 1.5 m, high carrying capacity and damping can be provided. Bearings can endure vertical loads of up to 13 500 tons and have minimal construction costs. Data are given on the influence of earthquakes and other force effects on the thermal state and characteristics of frictional pendulum bearings used as seismic isolators on petroleum and gas platforms of the “Sakhalin-2” project.     

Determination of spectral densities of dynamic characteristics of a nonlinear model of structure

A stochastic problem of the dynamics of a nonlinear model of structure is considered. The problem is solved with the use of an expansion of the solution in the truncated orthogonal basis of eigenvectors of the linear model. It is assumed that nonlinearities of the system do not result in a fundamental change in its dynamical behavior, but contribute a significant quantitative correction relative to the linear model. The nonlinear characteristics are statistically linearized. The coefficients of statistical linearization are formally interpreted as some variations in the corresponding elements of the stiffness matrix of the linear model. Spectral densities, displacement variances of the linearized system, as well as its eigenvalues and eigenvectors, are represented as a power series expansion in the above variations considering linear or square approximations. To find the coefficients in the expansion, the sensitivity theory is used. This allows one to form a set of algebraic transcendental equations in displacement variances, which is solved by the method of successive approximations. Then all the target spectral densities are found. The results are illustrated by examples.     

Predictor-based control for an inverted pendulum subject to networked time delay

The inverted pendulum is considered as a special class of underactuated mechanical systems with two degrees of freedom and a single control input. This mechanical configuration allows to transform the underactuated system into a nonlinear system that is referred to as the normal form, whose control design techniques for stabilization are well known. In the presence of time delays, these control techniques may result in inadequate behavior and may even cause finite escape time in the controlled system. In this paper, a constructive method is presented to design a controller for an inverted pendulum characterized by a time-delayed balance control. First, the partial feedback linearization control for the inverted pendulum is modified and coupled with a state predictor to compensate for the delay. Several coordinate transformations are processed to transform the estimated partial linearized system into an upper-triangular form. Second, nested saturation and backstepping techniques are combined to derive the control law of the transformed system that would complete the design of the whole control input. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is illustrated by numerical simulations.     

Horizontal cylinder-in-cylinder buckling under compression and torsion: Review and application to composite drill pipe

Available analytical results and experiments on the structural behavior of constrained horizontal cylinders subjected to axial compression, torsion, and gravitational loads are reviewed. Such configurations are of interest to the oil-drilling field and provide static design expressions for steel tubulars. The buckling problem is similar to restrained railroad tracks and submerged/underwater pipelines under thermal expansion. Due to outer cylinder constraint and gravitational loads, analysis has shown that long cylinders initiate buckling at loads significantly higher than classical Euler buckling loads. For these constrained long cylinders, buckling initiates in a sinusoidal mode that snakes along the lower surface of the constraining cylinder. Classic analytical expressions hold that as the axial load increases, the cylinder achieves an overall helically buckled state in which the buckled cylinder forms a helix spiraling around the inner surface of the constraining cylinder. Torsion is shown to have little effect on either buckling load but controls the sense/direction of the helical buckling. Little experimental data exist on constrained cylinder buckling, and it is unclear how the initiating sinusoidal mode transitions to the helical mode. Implications of the buckling progression for composite cylinder applications are described including the finding that composites perform poorly relative to steel on the metric of buckling due to lower density and axial stiffness; composites perform well on the metric of lock-up length when friction is considered. Based on this review and findings for composite cylinders, recommendations are made for further work.