双峰分布颗粒物的声团聚实验研究

从微观受力角度探索颗粒(Particulate Matter,PM)团聚和破碎效果,声压级越大,团聚体临界粒径越小。通过实验研究了0~200μm的双峰分布颗粒物中可吸入颗粒在声场中的团聚效果。在500~3 500 Hz、70~140 d B声场条件下,研究了声波频率和声场强度对声波团聚的影响。在120 d B的声场条件下,双峰分布颗粒团聚存在的最佳频率范围为1 800~2 300 Hz,团聚效率达到25%~30%。在70~120 d B实验范围,团聚效率随声压级的增加先增后减。在140 d B时,大颗粒明显破碎,小颗粒增多。将声波团聚技术应用到燃煤电站烟气中的可吸入颗粒物处理中,需要同时考虑声场的破碎作用,建议将声波团聚室布置在电除尘器之后。     

耦合水雾的声团聚消除火灾烟雾的实验研究

对声波耦合水雾消除火灾烟雾的声团聚技术进行了实验研究,并且深入探究了声团聚的作用机理及微观团聚体结构的样貌,通过改变声波频率、声功率、水雾浓度和初始烟雾浓度等参数比较其对消烟效果的影响.结果 表明,声波耦合水雾技术提高了气溶胶分散性,并且水雾产生的液桥力保证了团聚体结构的稳定性,团聚效率得到提高.在初始烟雾浓度为50 ...     

细颗粒物声波团聚的微观机理研究

为拓展声波团聚机理,对声波团聚过程中的声流与声涡作用进行了理论和实验研究。利用声流测试系统,发现在0～1 kHz低频与5 kHz高频时,团聚室内声流现象较为明显;并通过可视化测试,在7 kHz高频时观察到明显的漩涡。结果表明,流场中的声流与声涡对颗粒团聚会产生很大的影响,声流或声涡越强,团聚效果越好。在0～1 kHz低频与5 kHz高频时,声流产生的切应力带动气溶胶颗粒发生碰撞团聚;高频时声涡力矩较大,其产生的轨道角动量带动粒子发生圆周和自旋运动;当声压级大于132 dB时,声涡团聚开始发挥作用,与声流一起促进颗粒团聚,且声压级越大团聚效果越强;与波节相比,波腹处的声流速度更大,声涡现象更明显,团聚效果也更好。     

颗粒系统的多尺度耦合方法

本文用随机模拟的思想产生了均匀分布与正态分布的颗粒系统,建立了大小系统之间的多尺度耦合关系,定义了反映不同尺度系统结构之间相似特征的量化参数-团聚体数目和空隙率,在此基础上建立了颗粒系统的多尺度放大。并且,本文还讨论了系统尺度、颗粒粒径、初始颗粒数以及统计微元的步长对多尺度放大效应的影响,其研究结果表明: 1)在实现关于团聚体数目的多尺度放大时,颗粒尺度较大、初始颗粒数较多,放大效果较好。 2)在实现关于空隙率的多尺度放大时,初始颗粒数较多,放大效果较好;而颗粒尺度对放大效果的影响不大;统计微元的步长对放大效果有一定的影响,对于颗粒分布比较均匀的介观结构, 可以取较大尺度(步长较大)的统计微元进行研究,而对于颗粒分布具有明显非均匀特性的介观结构,则要取较小尺度(步长较小)的统计微元进行研究。     

声凝并中颗粒间相互作用研究进展

声凝并是细颗粒物(PM2.5)排放控制的重要技术途径,其通过外加声场作用促进PM2.5发生碰撞凝并,使得颗粒数目减少、粒径增大,从而提高后续除尘装置的效率。对声凝并中颗粒间的相互作用机理,包括同向相互作用、声尾流效应、互辐射压力效应、互散射效应的相关研究进行总结和评述,结合声凝并技术在PM2.5排放控制中的应用,指出已有研究在理论模型和实验观测上存在的问题,进而提出今后的研究应在实验方法上进行创新,发展出能够跟踪微米和亚微米尺度PM2.5颗粒或颗粒团相互作用过程细节信息的实验手段,为理论模型的实验验证提供数据支撑;同时应进一步发展理论模型,从而在模型验证的基础上,充分发挥数值模拟的优势,全面识别声凝并中颗粒间相互作用的动力学行为。     

超声消除电缆火灾烟雾的实验研究

声波团聚技术是利用高强声场的作用使颗粒物发生相对运动从而碰撞并凝聚,大幅减少悬浮的颗粒物。当今城市地下电缆一旦发生火灾将造成巨大的生命及财产损失。在火场应用声波团聚技术能够大幅提高火场的能见度,有助于人员逃生。文章研究了超声场下消除地下电缆火灾烟雾的效果。首先设计了一款频率为18 kHz的气介式换能器,并对其进行模态分析;随后加工了声源,测试其发声效果。结果表明,换能器在开放空间及团聚室内声压级最高分别可达154.1 dB及158.7 dB。开放空间下输入功率越高、越靠近圆盘中心,声压级越高;团聚室内中间监测点处由于壁面及底部反射作用声压级最高。团聚实验结果表明,在声压级为155 dB、初始透光率为8%时,对于液相烟雾及电缆烟雾,分别在5、15 s内透光率达到60%,这表明在超声场下,团聚效果显著,且团聚效果随声压级的增大而增大。     

Zeta电位测量中电场对颗粒粒径的影响

为确定电泳光散射法测量纳米颗粒zeta电位过程中电场对颗粒系统性质的影响,实验研究210、360 nm 2种标准颗粒的单分散溶液在通电前、后颗粒粒度的变化;通过测量90°散射角的动态光散射信号,采用自相关技术进行信号分析,用累积法反演计算颗粒的粒径。结果表明,颗粒在小电压的情况下,粒径几乎没有变化;随着电压的增大,平均粒径逐渐增大,说明样品发生团聚;电压越大,颗粒团聚越快。     

前驱体对纳米AlOOH水热制备过程中团聚的影响

为了提高水热产物的分散性,消除水热合成过程中纳米AlOOH颗粒的软团聚和硬团聚,采用振动搅拌的方式制备了前躯体,在水热合成之前进行了离心处理,制备了分散性良好的纳米AlOOH晶粒。用高分辨透射电镜观察了样品形貌,用衍射仪分析了纳米AlOOH晶体点阵结构,用亚微米粒度及电位分析仪检测产物颗粒的表观团聚平均粒径及其分布,以此评价颗粒的团聚行为。通过分析研究探讨了前躯体制备方式对水热产物形貌的影响机理,揭示了化学位差和纳米粒子具有的较高的表面能是导致软团聚的根本原因,指出了杂质离子在结晶过程中的极性配位是导致硬团聚的实质所在。     

纳米氢氧化钙防团聚干燥研究

干燥阶段的团聚问题是液相法制备纳米粉体的难点之一.本研究分别采用直接干燥法、溶剂置换法、共沸蒸馏法、水介质及异丁醇冷冻干燥法等处理方法制备的纳米氢氧化钙的湿凝胶,表征干燥后,比较不同方法防止纳米粉体团聚的效果,初步探讨了不同干燥工艺的防团聚机理.透射电镜和X射线衍射结果表明,共沸蒸馏干燥法防团聚效果最佳,所得氢氧化钙颗粒最均一并低于50nm,其他方法能不同程度地改善硬团聚,但直接干燥法产物存在硬团聚;而红外光谱分析表明,不同方法所采用的介质均未与氢氧化钙形成化学取代,可能只是以物理吸附的方式改善团聚.     

ZrO2纳米颗粒在Ni-ZrO2复合镀层中的分散性对镀层结构及性能的影响

研究了ZrO2纳米颗粒以单分散态和团聚态在Ni-ZrO2复合镀层中存在时,对Ni-ZrO2复合镀层结构与性能的影响.采用复合电沉积方法,分别在加有和未加有分散剂的条件下,制得了Ni-ZrO2复合镀层.扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)分析表明,利用分散剂MZS可以得到ZrO2纳米颗粒在Ni基质上均匀单分散的Ni-ZrO2纳米复合镀层.而未使用分散剂的复合镀层,ZrO2纳米颗粒在镀层中发生团聚,分散性差.ZrO2纳米颗粒在Ni-ZrO2复合镀层中的分散态不同,也将影响镀层中Ni的结晶择优取向.ZrO2纳米颗粒单分散的纳米复合镀层较ZrO2纳米颗粒团聚态的复合镀层的硬度大大提高.     

Theoretical analysis of acoustic and turbulent agglomeration of droplet aerosols

This study meticulously explores the agglomeration mechanisms in microscale droplet aerosols, specifically focusing on acoustic and turbulent agglomeration mechanisms. Our theoretical analysis reveals a significant impact of orthokinetic and hydrodynamic processes on acoustic agglomeration. The acoustic wake effect elucidates the swift replenishment of small particles subsequent to an orthokinetic phase. An optimal frequency, varying for different droplets, was identified in orthokinetic agglomeration within the 50–250 Hz range. Hydrodynamic agglomeration remained relatively stable at an acoustic frequency exceeding 1000 Hz. The aggregation kernel function, denoted as K_ij, exhibited a significant increase with increasing sound pressure levels, reaching up to 10⁻⁸ s⁻¹. Environmental temperature had a predominantly positive effect on orthokinetic and Brownian agglomeration, although it exhibited an inhibitory effect on hydrodynamic agglomeration. For raindrops, a correlation was identified between particle spacing and K_ij; a larger particle spacing corresponded to a smaller K_ij. Despite an increase in particle spacing to 50 times the particle diameter, the hydrodynamic effect persisted. The aggregation kernel function linked to Brownian thermal motion was found to be 3–4 orders of magnitude lower than that of orthokinetic and hydrodynamic interactions. Additionally, the turbulent agglomeration kernel function for fog, cloud, and rain droplets with corresponding parent nuclei of 100 μm was of the same order of magnitude as the acoustic agglomeration kernel function.     

DEM analysis of acoustic wake agglomeration for mono-sized microparticles in the presence of gravitational effects

The application of the discrete element method (DEM) to numerical simulation of the acoustic agglomeration of micron-sized mono-dispersed aerosol particles is demonstrated. The conventional DEM technique used in granular dynamics is modified for the simulation of the acoustically induced attractive motion of particles in incompressible fluid. The relationship between the acoustic wake and the gravity is investigated by simulating the binary interaction of two particles for a wide range of particles’ orientations to the sound direction. The main finding obtained by simulation results shows that agglomeration time is solely predefined by the acoustic wake effect independently of gravity. On the other hand, the gravitational motion is contributed by the sound, and an increase of settling velocity due to the sound of individual particles was found. Additionally, two particles surrounded by a system of other particles are illustrated by numerical results. It was also shown that isolated particles demonstrate an overestimated increase of the agglomeration time, which was essentially reduced by the contribution of other particles in the multi-particle system.     

Numerical investigations of acoustic agglomeration of liquid droplet using a coupled CFD-DEM model

Acoustic agglomeration is widely considered a potentially effective technology for application in artificial defogging and precipitation. A coupled three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics and Discrete Element Method (CFD-DEM) model was constructed to investigate the agglomeration performance of liquid droplets in the acoustic field. The acoustic field is calculated by solving the Linearized Navier-Stokes Equations (LNSEs) in the time domain, and the background flow is initially obtained using the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations with a k–ε turbulence model. The motion of the droplet aerosol follows Newton’s second law with fluid-particle and particle-particle interactions, including collision, agglomeration, and fragmentation. The agglomeration performance of liquid droplets under high-intensity acoustic waves was numerically investigated in terms of the effects of the acoustic properties as well as the droplet characteristics.The numerical results show that it is necessary to consider droplet fragmentation in the process of acoustic agglomeration under the action of high-speed jet. The sprayed droplets are more likely to collide and condense than those without a breakup model, which has rarely been reported in previous studies. Acoustic frequency has a significant effect on agglomeration behavior, with optimal frequencies of about 225 Hz, 150 Hz, and 125 Hz corresponding to droplets with mode diameters of 15.97 μm, 25.85 μm, and 42.88 μm, respectively. However, despite the fact that most studies favoured large acoustic intensity for agglomeration performance, the agglomeration performance of aerosol particles is not always positively correlated with acoustic intensity, especially for large droplets. The optimal intensity of droplet with d_p = 42.88 μm is in the range of 120-130 dB, which is smaller than the maximum operation pressure of 150 dB used in this study. In addition, an effective approach to increase the agglomerate size is to extend the residence time that liquid droplets are exposed in the acoustic and flow field, especially because the typical acoustic intensity of actual operation is usually not that high.     

Understanding granular media: from fundamentals and simulations to industrial application

Academic and industrial research on the behaviour of granular material is increasingly supported by numerical simulations. Such simulation environments are not only a vital tool in design and analysis, but also a key link between physicists and engineers. This Topical Collection includes a range of papers that use simulation to study granular matter from the micro- and macroscopic behaviour of particles to the behaviour of large industrial or geomechanical systems. These contributions enhance our understanding of basic physical effects and processes such as heat transfer, agglomeration and screening but also give essential parameters for the simulation of industrial systems, or, at least, guide the strategies required to provide realistic simulation results. The collection focuses on the presentation of (a) new coupled simulation methods to consider the interaction of granular bodies with structural or fluid systems (b) new findings for the consideration of particle shape and particle size distributions within simulations, (c) acoustic wake agglomeration, and (d) gravitational flow in geomechanics.     

基于近场声全息的重建算法分析与研究

针对声全息算法种类繁多及应用场合不同需求,通过有限元仿真和数值仿真相结合,对基于傅里叶变换、统计最优和等效源3种算法进行分析,寻找声源频率、重建距离、采样间距及正则化方法对重建精度的影响,并对其计算效率进行对比。在开阔水域进行实验验证。结果表明:随着声源频率增大,重建距离增加,采样点数减少,声全息算法的重建精度逐渐降低。在低频区域,结合L-曲线正则化法的统计最优近场声全息具有最佳的声场重建效果;基于等效源法的声全息重建精度最高,但容易产生虚像;基于傅里叶变换的声全息算法受重建距离影响严重,但重建速度优异,且声源定位准确。     

Galton型高强气流声源的发声特性

文章介绍了一款带中心杆的Galton型气流声源,通过试验和数值模拟方法,研究了该声源发声特性、进气压力对声场分布的影响以及流体介质对发声特性的影响.研究发现,该声源稳定发声时,共鸣腔内压力场与流场均呈周期性变化;不同进气压力下,声场空间分布基本一致,具有较强的声指向性.共鸣腔后侧轴线处,声压级达到最大值,为153 dB...