高铬铸铁工作辊的主要失效形式有哪些?

高铬铸铁轧辊主要用于热带钢连轧机和中厚板轧机,其主要失效有裂纹、剥落、断辊和氧化膜脱落。裂纹的形成主要与卡钢、打滑、跑偏等轧制事故以及接触疲劳有关。剥落主要有两种形式：一是轧辊表面裂纹引起的剥落。轧制过程中,由于热冲击在辊面产生裂纹并扩展;或磨削后辊面存在残余裂纹,在随后上机轧制时裂纹扩展;     

热轧1750 mm带钢轧机轧辊失效浅析

对轧辊失效方式进行了研究,分析了产生轧辊失效剥落、断裂、裂纹等现象的原因.采取了相应的预防措施,提高轧辊剪切温度和塑性,降低残余应力,在使用前进行磁粉或渗透探伤,使热轧轧辊的使用寿命得到提高.     

辊面裂纹引起的冷轧辊大面积剥落失效分析

针对某产线冷轧工作辊多次出现大面积剥落事故,为了研究其失效原因,从剥落面断口观察、化学成分、工作层组织、淬硬层深度、裂纹扩展等角度对其进行了较为深入的分析研究。结果表明,该轧辊大面积剥落失效为疲劳裂纹扩展所致,裂纹源是轧钢过程中异常压痕产生的辊面裂纹。最后,针对如何预防辊面剥落恶性事故的问题,从轧辊使用、维护和设计制造三个角度提出了相应的建议,确保了近期未再发生类似的事件。     

淬火温度对86CrMoV7钢抗接触疲劳性能的影响

冷轧辊接触疲劳剥落是在接触负荷下表层疲劳裂纹萌生扩展的断裂过程,与组织结构和内应力状态有关,是主要失效方式之一。本文研究淬火温度对86CrMoV7钢抗接触疲劳性能的影响。选择840、870、910和950℃四个淬火温度。测定了试样的接触疲劳寿命、硬度、残余应力和残余奥氏体量。并对金相组织、裂纹形貌及剥落断口进行了观察。研究发现,840℃淬火有最高的接触疲劳寿命;硬度和疲劳寿命有一定的对应关系,硬度为62～63HRC时接触疲劳寿命最高,更高的硬度反而使之下降。残余应力与疲劳寿命的关系较为复杂。金相组织对钢的接触疲劳寿命有重要作用:板条马氏体组织比片状马氏体组织抗接触疲劳性能好,适量的残余奥氏体可改善钢的抗接触疲劳性能。不同的裂纹及断口形貌对应不同的接触疲劳寿命。     

冷轧工作辊的早期失效及预防措施

讨论了冷轧工作辊接触疲劳裂纹、剥落、夹杂物裂纹和磨损等失效形式。指出冷轧工作辊早期失效三要形式为剥落，其原因为局部过热和过载。使用轧辊时定期磨削去除微裂纹和表面无损探伤是提高轧辊使用寿命的关键措施。     

1420酸轧机组中间辊剥落失效分析

对梅钢1420酸轧机组锻钢中间辊辊面剥落的原因、失效机理进行了分析,通过分析宏观断口形貌以及进行酸腐蚀试验和硬度检测,结果表明:该轧辊的剥落失效原因为辊面受到热冲击使得轧辊局部应力状态发生骤变从而形成表面热裂纹,裂纹形成后经过高周期的反复作用形成了破碎的接触疲劳剥落。     

温度与应力比对6061铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响

为了研究温度与应力比对航空铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响,利用电液伺服疲劳试验机对6061铝合金材料开展了不同温度(室温、-70、150 ℃)、应力比(0.1、0.5)条件下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验,获得不同条件下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率曲线,揭示温度与应力比对疲劳裂纹扩展的影响规律。结果表明,在相同应力比下,室温与高温150 ℃下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率曲线(da/dN-ΔK)基本一致,低温-70 ℃下的疲劳门槛值与疲劳裂纹扩展速率明显提高,这表明低温环境下6061铝合金材料具有较高的抗疲劳裂纹扩展性能;在相同温度下,随着应力比的增大,疲劳门槛值降低,疲劳裂纹扩展速率升高。讨论了温度与应力比对疲劳裂纹扩展行为影响的可能原因。     

攀钢HC轧机中间辊失效分析

本文分析了攀钢HC轧机MC3材质中间辊在轧制过程中早期失效的原因。分析结果表明，中间辊材质正常，其疲劳剥落是轧辊在使用中未经检测，裂纹在过渡区域沿纵，横向扩展，导致中间辊大面积肃落。     

高强度织构对2524铝合金疲劳性能的影响

对分别含有高强度高斯织构和高强度立方织构状态的2种2524-T4铝合金板材的疲劳裂纹扩展速率和短裂纹扩展行为进行研究,用扫描电镜(SEM)观察疲劳试样断口形貌和疲劳短裂纹的扩展路径,研究织构类型对合金疲劳性能的影响。结果表明:高斯取向晶粒能够提高材料疲劳裂纹扩展的门槛值及增强疲劳裂纹的扩展抗力,使材料在更高的应力强度因子下发生失稳扩展;而高强度立方织构对疲劳性能的影响相对较小。在近门槛区,高斯晶粒通过裂纹偏转的形式有效阻碍短裂纹扩展,在稳态扩展区,高斯晶粒能明显降低疲劳裂纹的扩展速率,高斯织构还能延长合金疲劳裂纹稳态的扩展区,提高合金的疲劳损伤容限。因此,高强度高斯织构的2524-T4铝合金板材比立方织构的合金具有更好的疲劳性能。     

Cr5钢支承辊剥落失效分析

针对某企业粗轧机和精轧机用Cr5钢支承辊在使用过程中发生剥落失效的现象,本文利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和显微压痕测试仪等手段,对支承辊剥落原因进行了分析.结果表明:粗轧机支承辊的硬度和显微组织正常,裂纹在疲劳硬化层萌生,剥落为典型的边部碎裂性剥落;精轧支承辊的硬度和显微组织正常,其剥落属于典型的表面裂纹扩展剥落,裂纹在辊面萌生,疲劳扩展区呈条带状,疲劳条带两侧为蝶形撕裂区.     

Correlation of microstructure and thermal fatigue property of three work rolls

This is a study of the thermal fatigue property in three centrifugally cast work rolls, i.e., a nickel-grain cast-iron roll (Ni-grain roll), a high-chromium cast-iron roll (Hi-Cr roll), and a high-speed steel roll (HSS roll). The thermal fatigue mechanism was investigated with a focus on the roll microstructure and the increase in tensile stress which led the specimen to fracture when it reached the tensile strength. The thermal fatigue test results indicated that the thermal fatigue property was best in the HSS roll, followed by the Hi-Cr roll and the Ni-grain roll, respectively, and that the thermal fatigue life of each roll decreased with the increase of the mean temperature or of the temperature range of the thermal fatigue cycle. The results were then interpreted based on the amount of primary carbides and the cyclic softening phenomenon associated with the exposed time to elevated temperatures. The coarse primary carbides on the specimen surface acted as fatigue crack initiation sites, as they cleaved at a low stress level to form cracks. The HSS roll, having the highest tensile strength and the smallest amount of primary carbides, thus showed better thermal fatigue property than the other rolls. For the improvement of the thermal fatigue property of the rolls, this study suggests a homogeneous distribution of primary carbides by reducing the carbide segregation formed along the solidification cell boundary and by optimizing of the roll-casting process.     

The role of mechanical properties in low-stress fatigue crack propagation

An experimental investigation was undertaken to study the relationship between mechanical properties and low stress fatigue crack propagation. Attention was focused on the “fatigue” or “reversed plastic zone” at the crack tip, since it was felt that material properties in this region were of prime importance in the crack propagation process. An effort was made to simulate this region through fully reversed strain-cycling tests on tensile specimens. Mechanical properties obtained from a number of materials before and after strain cycling were correlated with crack propagation data from the same materials. Evidence indicated that while monotonic tensile properties are inadequate for correlation purposes, the cyclic strain-hardening coefficient, the cyclic yield strength, and the elastic modulus appear to be important parameters. This was felt to be an indication of the importance of strain cycling in the reversed plastic zone in influencing the rate-governing mechanisms in fatigue crack growth. Formerly Research Assistant, Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa.     

Temperature and thermal stresses in work rolls during the hot rolling of strip

In this paper the solution of the unsteady, three-dimensional heat transfer in work rolls was derived by using Bessel functions and the δ-function and expressed by an infinite series. In this manner other problems of heat transfer in solid cylinders and hollow cylinders can also be calculated. The temperature profile of the work roll due to the distribution of the temperature in the axial direction can cause unregular pressure distribution between work roll and backup roll and can influence the quality of strip. Therefore, the thermal crowns must be considered at various moments during rolling. The thermal crown can be determined by using the FE-Method or others. The reason for the fire-cracking in the roll surface can be determined as the thermal shock load in the contact zone, in which the sharp compressive stresses lead to local plastic deformation. The local plastic deformations are followed by residual deformations. Therefore, residual tensile stresses occur in the cooling zone. On each revolution, the surface undergoes plastic strain in compression and in tension. The result is thermal fatigue. The fine network of cracks in the roll surface can result in a sharp stress concentration which is dangerous for the rolls loaded with a bending moment. The maximum tensile stresses due to the temperature distribution occur in the roll core, which usually do not lead to damages of the rolls.     

Design criteria for rolling contact fatigue resistance in back-up rolls

Abstract

This research centres on surface initiated damage on back-up rolls whereby rolling contact fatigue cracks can propagate into the rolls potentially reaching the internal stress fields and leading to catastrophic failure and has sought to establish design criteria for avoiding such failures. The project objectives have been achieved by examining field evidence, determining the loading and tribological conditions at the work roll/back-up roll interface and investigating both theoretically and experimentally the mechanisms involved in rolling contact fatigue in this case. The presented rolling contact, fatigue and fracture mechanics model includes criteria for crack branching either upwards (i.e.relative safety) or downwards (i.e.potentially catastrophic) and the link between these two cases is related, quantitatively, to the properties of the roll material. After linking mechanics to microstructure, the influence of work roll test disc surface roughness on both the surface wear of and the interaction between wear and rolling contact fatigue at the surface of back-up roll test discs has been quantified using the results obtained from experimental simulations carried out on a rolling–sliding testing machine. Finally practical quantitative recommendations are made for the mechanical and microstructural design of bainitic back-up roll materials, back-up roll redressing procedures and the surface roughness of both work rolls and back-up rolls presented to the mill.     

热轧工作辊失效原因分析及其预防

通过对首钢迁钢2 250 mm热连轧机组发生的工作辊失效原因进行了系统总结,发现轧辊本身存在的制 造缺陷和辊间应力集中是导致轧辊失效的主要问题根源。根据分析结果,提出并应用了预防措施。对轧辊材质提 出更高的标准要求,避免轧辊材质本身存在的工作层残余奥氏体比例超标、芯部石墨球化不良、结合层与芯部严重 渗铬等制造缺陷,有效降低了由于轧辊材质本身问题导致的剥落和断辊失效事故。为了预防使用不当发生的轧辊 失效,加强了轧辊的探伤检测,严禁不合格轧辊上机工作,通过加强轧辊的使用管理,有效避免了轧辊的失效行为。 应用辊形技术解决了轧辊边部应力集中导致轧辊剥落的问题。     

Analyses of Pressure Requirements for Powder Compact Extrusions

Abstract

The tensile strength, fatigue crack propagation behaviour, and fracture toughness of a low-alloy sin tered steel were determined for the porosity range 11–17%. Static and cyclic strength were found to increase with density in a non-linear fashion. The pores both exerted a stress-concentrating influence and reduced the load-bearing section. The micromechanism of failure was always ductile fracture in the necks between sintered steel particles. It was concluded that the stress state at the tips of cracks subjected to static or cyclic loading was closer to plane stress than to plane strain. Retardation of fatigue crack propagation appeared to occur due to the blunting action of the pores. The presence of a wear mechanism had little influence upon fatigue crack growth rates. A companion paper (following) attempts to model the static and cyclic behaviour of the steel, based on the known micromechanisms of failure. PM/0172     

Effects of fine porosity on the fatigue behavior of a powder metallurgy superalloy

Hot-isostatically-pressed powder-metallurgy Astroloy was obtained which contained 1.4 pct, fine porosity at the grain boundaries produced by argon entering the powder container during pressing. The pores averaged about 2μ,m diam and 20 μ m spacing. This material was tested at 650 °C in fatigue, creep-fatigue, tension, and stress-rupture and the results compared with previous data on sound Astroloy. The pores influenced fatigue crack initiation and produced a more intergranular mode of propagation. However, fatigue life was not drastically reduced. A large 25 μm pore in one specimen resulting from a hollow particle did reduce life by 60 pct, however. Fatigue behavior of the porous material showed typical correlation with tensile behavior. The plastic strain range-life relation was reduced proportionately with the reduction in tensile ductility, but the elastic strain range-life relation was little changed reflecting the small reduction in strength divided by modulus for the porous material.     

Correlation of microstructure and thermal-fatigue properties of centrifugally cast high-speed steel rolls

This is a study of thermal-fatigue properties in centrifugally cast high-speed steel (HSS) rolls. The thermal-fatigue mechanism was investigated, with special focus on the roll microstructure and the increase in tensile stress which led the specimens to fracture when it reached the tensile strength. The thermal-fatigue test results indicated that the thermal-fatigue life decreased with increasing maximum temperature of the thermal-fatigue cycle. The results were then interpreted based on the amount of carbides and the cyclic-softening phenomenon associated with the exposed time to elevated temperatures. The coarse intercellular carbides on the specimen surface acted as fatigue-crack initiation sites as they cleaved at a low stress level to form cracks. The roll having the lowest matrix hardness and the smallest amount of intercellular carbides, thus, showed better thermal fatigue properties than the other rolls. For the improvement of the thermal-fatigue properties of the rolls, this study suggests a homogeneous distribution of carbides by reducing the carbide segregation formed along the solidification cell boundary and by optimizing the roll compositions.