7475-T7351铝合金抗疲劳性能研究

采用旋转弯曲疲劳试验、轴向加载疲劳试验、疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验等疲劳性能测试方法,研究了7475-T7351铝合金厚板的疲劳性能.并通过透射电镜(TEM)和扫描电镜(SEM)分析了该合金的显微组织和疲劳断口形貌.结果表明:7475-T7351铝合金具有良好的耐疲劳损伤性能,光滑试样(Kt=1)在室温旋转弯曲和高温轴向加载条件下的疲劳极限分别为180.0和345.0 MPa,缺口试样(Kt=2.2)在室温旋转弯曲加载条件下的疲劳极限为91.9 MPa;合金厚板材料在高温下缺口敏感性有所降低;国产材料裂纹扩展速率随应力比增加而增大,裂纹扩展门槛值减小;国产7475铝合金与进口材料在裂纹稳定扩展阶段裂纹扩展行为基本相当;在近门槛值附近不同应力比下的裂纹扩展门槛值略有差别.     

高强度织构对2524铝合金疲劳性能的影响

对分别含有高强度高斯织构和高强度立方织构状态的2种2524-T4铝合金板材的疲劳裂纹扩展速率和短裂纹扩展行为进行研究,用扫描电镜(SEM)观察疲劳试样断口形貌和疲劳短裂纹的扩展路径,研究织构类型对合金疲劳性能的影响。结果表明:高斯取向晶粒能够提高材料疲劳裂纹扩展的门槛值及增强疲劳裂纹的扩展抗力,使材料在更高的应力强度因子下发生失稳扩展;而高强度立方织构对疲劳性能的影响相对较小。在近门槛区,高斯晶粒通过裂纹偏转的形式有效阻碍短裂纹扩展,在稳态扩展区,高斯晶粒能明显降低疲劳裂纹的扩展速率,高斯织构还能延长合金疲劳裂纹稳态的扩展区,提高合金的疲劳损伤容限。因此,高强度高斯织构的2524-T4铝合金板材比立方织构的合金具有更好的疲劳性能。     

金属材料疲劳裂纹扩展研究综述

温度、载荷频率和应力比是影响材料疲劳裂纹扩展行为的主要因素。发展相关理论和方法，正确认识影响机理，科学预测疲劳裂纹扩展行为一直是人们追求的目标。本文介绍了近几十年来在温度、载荷频率和应力比对材料疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响机理方面的研究进展，其中对应力比的影响进行了详细的介绍，指出了常用理论的不足，对新的研究方法进行了论述。     

Z3CN20—09M铸造奥氏体不锈钢的低周疲劳行为

采用径向应变控制研究了Z3CN20-09M奥氏体不锈钢在室温和350℃高温下的低周疲劳行为.Z3CN20-09M不锈钢表现为先硬化后软化的循环特性,但硬化的程度取决于温度和应变幅.随着应变幅的增加,Z3CN20-09M钢的低周疲劳循环寿命逐渐减短,而相同循环次数下应力幅也随之提高.温度对Z3CN20-09M钢的低周疲劳行为影响较大,与室温相比高温下的循环硬化程度更高,相同应变幅下高温的低周疲劳寿命也高于常温下的寿命.通过疲劳实验的原位观察发现,奥氏体内的滑移面、夹杂物及奥氏体和铁素体两相的界面是疲劳裂纹可能的形核位置,奥氏体和铁素体两相的不协调变形使相界处产生应力集中,导致疲劳裂纹容易沿两相界面扩展.      

GH761涡轮盘650℃疲劳/蠕变交互作用下的裂纹扩展速率

试验了GH761涡轮盘在650℃疲劳／蠕变交互作用下的裂纹扩展速率，试验结果表明：GH761合金在650℃初始应力强度△K（K）=30MN/m^3/2，保载90s时，裂纹扩展率较快，曲线斜率变化不明显。     

钢包材料SM490B钢断裂及中温低周疲劳性能研究

针对新型钢包包壳材料SM490B钢，进行了室温断裂韧度、疲劳裂纹扩展速率及350℃（32作状态下，钢包包壳表面的最高温度）下的低周疲劳试验研究。结果表明，SM490B钢的强度和断裂韧度明显高于包壳曾用材料SM41A（Q235）、20g。在试验所取的应力强度因子幅值范围内，与Q235A钢和20g钢相比，SM490B钢的疲劳裂纹扩展速率较快。350℃下的低周疲劳寿命高于压力容器常用钢材16MnR钢30（1℃下的疲劳寿命。新型钢包包壳材料采用SM490B钢，可大大减少包壳开裂的可能性，提高钢包的承载能力和使用安全性，延长钢包的使用寿命。     

一种新型的低周疲劳裂纹扩展速率模型

基于低周疲劳裂纹扩展机制,假设裂纹尖端循环塑性区内应变分布服从HRR理论解,利用裂纹尖端锐化、钝化启裂低周疲劳裂纹扩展机制,结合Ramberg-Osgood循环应力应变曲线和Manson-Coffin疲劳寿命曲线等断裂力学理论,推导出一种新的低周疲劳裂纹扩展速率数学模型.与30Cr1Mo1V和St-4340的低周疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验数据进行对比,结果表明该低周疲劳裂纹扩展速率模型能够较好地预测材料的低周疲劳裂纹扩展速率.     

1 500 MPa级贝氏体/马氏体复相高强度钢的疲劳特性

对于一种C-Si-Mn-Cr合金,通过900 ℃奥氏体化20 min、空冷及280 ℃和370 ℃回火2 h,获得了抗拉强度为1 500 MPa的新型贝氏体/马氏体(B/M)复相组织高强度钢.利用疲劳实验研究了B/M复相高强度钢的疲劳极限,并采用C-T试样测定了疲劳裂纹扩展速率曲线.结果表明,B/M复相高强度钢的疲劳极限超过700 MPa,疲劳裂纹门槛值约为12.7 MPa*m1/2;经370 ℃回火的B/M复相高强度钢疲劳裂纹扩展速率较280 ℃回火时低;这种钢的疲劳性能较常规调质处理的高强度钢有所改善.     

GDL-1型高强韧贝氏体钢的疲劳裂纹扩展特性的研究

通过疲劳裂纹扩展试验,研究了不同热处理状态下GDL-1型高强韧贝氏体钢的疲劳裂纹扩展速率和疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值,得出了有价值有意义的结论.     

316L不锈钢的疲劳裂纹扩展行为试验

 工程构件普遍承受疲劳载荷,从而导致疲劳失效。针对由316L不锈钢制成的标准紧凑拉伸试样,开展了一系列疲劳裂纹扩展试验。试验内容包括不同应力比下的常幅加载和在常幅加载过程中引入单个拉伸过载峰。试验结果表明：316L不锈钢具有很强的应力比效应,裂纹扩展速率随应力比的增大而增大。在引入单个拉伸过载峰后,观察到出现迟滞效应前发生了短暂的加速扩展现象。通过一种新的双参数模型来描述材料的应力比效应,并使用改进的Wheeler模型对过载后的裂纹扩展行为进行预测。预测结果表明：该方法能够更好地描述不同工况下316L不锈钢的疲劳裂纹扩展行为。     

固溶处理对2205双相不锈钢组织与疲劳裂纹扩展规律的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、EDS能谱分析和力学性能测试等方法,研究了固溶处理对2205双相不锈钢显微组织与疲劳裂纹扩展规律的影响。结果表明：与原始热轧态相比,在950~1150℃范围固溶处理的试样的疲劳裂纹门槛值显著提高,稳态裂纹扩展速率均有所减小。在950℃固溶处理时,组织中析出少量的σ相,试样的稳态裂纹扩展速率显著降低;随着固溶温度的升高,组织中α相含量逐渐增加,σ相溶解,试样的稳态裂纹扩展速率的变化呈现为先增大后减小的趋势;当固溶温度达到1150℃时,组织中α相含量最高且两相组织明显粗化,试样的稳态裂纹扩展速率达到最小,呈现出最高的抗疲劳裂纹扩展能力。固溶处理引起σ相的析出与溶解、α相含量的增加及组织粗化是引起2205双相不锈钢试样疲劳裂纹扩展性能非单调变化的原因。     

Fracture mechanics and surface chemistry studies of fatigue crack growth in an aluminum alloy

Fracture mechanics and surface chemistry studies were carried out to develop further understanding of the influence of water vapor on fatigue crack growth in aluminum alloys. The room temperature fatigue crack growth response was determined for 2219-T851 aluminum alloy exposed to water vapor at pressures from 1 to 30 Pa over a range of stress intensity factors (K). Data were also obtained in vacuum (at < 0.50 μPa), and dehumidified argon. The test results showed that, at a frequency of 5 Hz, the rate of crack growth is essentially unaffected by water vapor until a threshold pressure is reached. Above this threshold, the rates increased, reaching a maximum within one order of magnitude increase in vapor pressure. This maximum crack growth rate is equal to that obtained in air (40 to 60 pct relative humidity), distilled water and 3.5 pct NaCl solution on the same material. Parallel studies of the reactions of water vapor with fresh alloy surfaces (produced either byin situ impact fracture or by ion etching) were made by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The extent of surface reaction was monitored by changes in the oxygen AES and XPS signals. Correlation between the fatigue crack growth response and the surface reaction kinetics has been made, and is consistent with a transport-limited model for crack growth. The results also suggest that enhancement of fatigue crack growth by water vapor in the aluminum alloys occurs through a “hydrogen embrittle ment” mechanism.     

Effects of load ratio and temperature on the near-threshold fatigue crack propagation behavior in a CrMoV steel

The influence of temperature in the range of 24 to 260 °C and load ratio on the near-threshold fatigue crack growth rate behavior of a CrMoV steel was characterized. At all temperatures investigated, the threshold stress intensity range, ΔK _th, for fatigue crack growth decreased with increasing load ratio. The near-threshold crack growth rates increased significantly at 149 °C when compared with the rates at room temperature. However, the crack growth rates at 260 °C were comparable to those at 149 °C. These observations are rationalized in terms of the concepts of roughness and oxide-induced crack closure. Extensive fracture surface characterization using SEM, oxide thickness measurements by Auger spectroscopy, and roughness measurements by light-section-microscopy were conducted to substantiate the explanations.     

电熔增材制造16MND5钢的低周疲劳特性

摘要：电熔增材是一种新型重型金属3D打印技术,使用该技术制造的16MND5钢是一种新型材料,对其低周疲劳特性进行系统研究,对推动该技术在核电压力容器上的应用具有重要的指导意义。对电熔增材制造16MND5钢进行了低周疲劳试验研究,试验温度为室温和350℃,采用轴向总应变控制方式,应变比R=-1,应变范围±0.2%～±0.8%。对试验数据进行拟合计算,获得电熔增材制造16MND5钢的应力 应变曲线、应变-寿命曲线和低周疲劳设计曲线等。采用扫描电子显微镜对疲劳试样断口进行了观察,结果显示电熔增材16MND5钢的低周疲劳断口存在多个裂纹源,裂纹扩展区为一系列相互平等的疲劳条带,扩展区同时存在着蠕变孔洞和二次小裂纹,最终断裂区属于韧性断裂。     

海砂矿与红土镍矿还原生产钒钛镍铬合金试验

通过研究东南亚地区廉价含钒钛海砂矿和含镍铬红土镍矿的复合配矿、冷固结球团制备及直接还原工艺,解决直接还原法生产高强度耐腐蚀钢筋用钒钛镍铬合金关键技术难点,实现低成本生产高强度耐腐蚀钢筋,在一定程度上缓解中国资源短缺问题。对多种原料配比、碱度及还原制度下金属化率和钒钛镍铬合金成分进行分析,结果表明,在C∶O=1.5、配矿碱度R=1.2、1 300~1 350 ℃温度下还原30 min,球团的金属化率达到90%以上;R=1.2与R=0.8的金属化率相比,R=1.2的金属化率略高;相同条件下,当温度提高到1 550 ℃时,能够完全实现渣铁分离,获得形貌完整的粒铁;海砂矿∶红土镍矿=70∶30或50∶50、R=1.2、1 450 ℃温度下还原和熔分45 min产出的含钒钛镍铬合金成分为w(Ni)=0.53%~1.24%,w(Cr)=0.30%~0.52%,w(V)=0.35%~0.24%,w(Ti)=0.28%,适用于低成本生产高强度的耐腐蚀钢筋。     

High temperature fatigue properties and crack initiation and its expansion mechanism of high nitrogen bearing steel

The flexural fatigue properties of 40Cr15Mo2VN high nitrogen bearing steel at 200?? was 883MPa, which was 17% lower than that at room temperature. The results show that the types of fatigue failure are surface failure initiation and internal non- metallic inclusion. Compared with room temperature, the threshold value of fatigue stress intensity factor ??Kth at 200?? decreases by 20%, leading to the reduction of the critical non- metallic inclusion size at the start of fatigue crack initiation. The interaction of small cracks near the fatigue source in the surface initiation cracks at 200?? increases the stress intensity factor KI and accelerates the initial surface crack propagation. At the same time, according to the ratio of the nominal stress amplitude and the ultimate fatigue strength of the non- metallic inclusions in the high- nitrogen bearing steel, the influence of the size, position and temperature of the non- metallic inclusions on the fatigue life was analyzed.     

应力比对TC4钛合金超高周疲劳失效机理的影响

采用频率为100 Hz的电磁谐振疲劳试验机进行疲劳拉伸试验, 研究了两种应力比(R=0. 1和-1) 对TC4钛合金的超高周疲劳失效机理的影响.结果表明, 两种应力比下的S-N曲线都呈现"双线"型, 但各自表示的意义及失效机理不同.当R=0. 1时, TC4钛合金的疲劳失效形式有两种, 即由加工缺陷诱发的表面失效和内部鱼眼失效, 这两种失效形式都伴随着颗粒平面(Facet) 出现; 而当R=-1时, 仅存在表面失效, 且无Facet的出现.基于断裂力学的讨论可知, 在正应力比及真空环境下, 对应小裂纹扩展的门槛值更低, 更有利于裂纹扩展及Facet的形成. TC4钛合金的整个内部疲劳失效过程及机理可解释为: (1) 滑移线或滑移带在部分α晶粒上的出现; (2) 微裂纹的萌生和接合; (3) 颗粒亮区(GBF) 的形成; (4) 鱼眼的形成; (5) 鱼眼外的失稳裂纹扩展; (6) 最终的瞬时断裂.      

Enhanced fatigue crack growth resistance at elevated temperature in TiC/Ti-6Al-4v composite: Microcrack-lnduced crack closure

The fatigue crack growth behavior of TiC/Ti-alloy composite was examined at 450 °C and compared to the room-temperature behavior. Contrary to the temperature-dependent fatigue crack growth behavior of the monolithic alloy, fatigue crack growth resistance of the composite was improved at the elevated temperature. At 450 °C, the fatigue threshold of the composite was found to be 50 Pct higher than at room temperature. Such an improved fatigue crack growth resistance is shown to result from extensive microcracking of reinforcing particles, which promotes fatigue crack closure at the elevated temperature.     

Micromechanism of accelerated near-threshold fatigue crack growth in Al2O3/Al-Cu composite at elevated temperature

Fatigue crack growth behavior of a peak-aged Al₂O₃/Al-Cu composite was examined at 150 °C and compared to the behavior at room temperature (RT). At 150 °C, fatigue crack growth rates showed strong dependence on loading time. At short loading time, when stress-intensity range was decreased to approach fatigue threshold, crack growth rates at 150 °C were comparable to those measured at RT. Prolonged fatigue testing at near-threshold crack growth rates resulted in oscillations of crack growth rate until the fatigue crack growth behavior was stabilized to become similar to that in an overaged composite. Measurement of the matrix hardness at different distances from the crack plane and transmission electron microscopy examination of the fatigue specimen have shown that the matrix microstructure at the tip of the fatigue crack underwent overaging during prolonged testing in the near-threshold regime. Consequently, the fatigue fracture mechanism was modified, a lower crack closure developed, and the fatigue threshold reduced to that of the overaged composite.     

GH4720Li合金中温区低周疲劳行为研究

摘要：奥氏体沉淀强化GH4720Li合金用于制备航空发动机涡轮盘,其服役条件下的疲劳性能是当前研究的热点。研究了GH4720Li合金在中温区（450和550℃）不同应变条件下的低周疲劳行为。结果表明,GH4720Li合金的剪切模量和杨氏模量随着温度的升高而不断降低,但是中温区的抗拉强度和屈服强度不随温度而剧烈下降。GH4720Li合金的低周疲劳寿命随着应变值的升高而降低。在550℃/09%最大应变值时,疲劳寿命存在一个“平台”而表现出极大的分散性,当最大应变值低于“平台”时,低周疲劳寿命随温度升高而升高。GH4720Li合金疲劳寿命的“平台”现象是因为样品表面裂纹萌生和内部裂纹萌生2种断裂失效模式的竞争导致。