热障涂层失效机理研究进展

热障涂层(TBCs)具有良好的隔热性能,是航空发动机和燃气轮机高温部件的关键材料.在高温服役状态,涂层的剥落会导致严重的问题,因此涂层的失效机理是热障涂层研究中急需解决的关键问题.除了受到热应力的影响以外,涂层的失效还受到热生长氧化物(TGO)的生成和长大的影响,本文介绍了粘结层的氧化、TGO的生成和长大以及微裂纹的产生、扩展、直到剥离脱落的整个失效过程;探讨了影响热障涂层失效的若干因素,并对其进行的各种改性研究进行了概述,分析总结了热障涂层失效相关研究的发展趋势.     

涂覆热障涂层构件的热梯度机械疲劳行为研究

研究了应变幅、预氧化及高温保载时间对涂覆热障涂层高温合金样品的热梯度机械疲劳性能的影响。结果表明,随应变幅增大,样品疲劳寿命降低。随着预氧化及高温保载时间的增加,样品的氧化损伤增大,疲劳寿命也不断降低。试验过程中,粘结层氧化形成的热生长氧化物层(TGO层)破裂而萌生裂纹,裂纹沿粘结层/TGO层界面扩展而形成分层裂纹,分层裂纹与陶瓷层内贯穿裂纹连接导致陶瓷层剥落而失效。考虑到热障涂层内最大应力及氧化损伤,建立了一个涂覆热障涂层高温合金样品的热梯度机械疲劳寿命预测模型。     

MCrAlY涂层及热障涂层的研究进展

航空航天发动机等热部件MCrAlY(M=Ni,Co或Ni+ Co)涂层及热障涂层(TCBs)在恶劣的工作环境中具有抗高温氧化、抗热冲击、耐磨损、耐腐蚀等性能,可延长其使用寿命;但长期处于高温状态下的涂层易产生裂纹,最终剥落失效.对此,综述了MCrAlY涂层及热障涂层的高温防护机理、存在的问题及失效机理,总结了提高涂层使用寿命的研究现状及发展趋势,对MCrAlY涂层及热障涂层的应用和发展前景作了展望.     

热障涂层寿命预测的研究现状及展望

热障涂层是航空发动机和燃气轮机高温部件的关键材料,使用寿命预测与安全评估一直是热障涂层应用研究的重点。介绍了热障涂层寿命预测模型的建立、发展及其应用软件的研发现状,展望了热障涂层寿命预测模型的发展趋势。     

粘结层中Co与Ni元素含量对热障涂层组织及寿命的影响

高温服役过程中热障涂层的MCrAlY粘结层形成致密的氧化铝层,从而提高了涂层和基体的抗氧化性能。利用等离子喷涂制备的热障涂层,其粘结层中的Co与Ni的含量和界面微观结构是影响氧化的重要因素。通过在Ni基高温合金基体上利用低压等离子喷涂(LPPS)分别制备粘结层为CoNiCrAlY和NiCoCrAlY的热障涂层进行高温循环氧化实验,比较研究了这两种热障涂层在1 050℃下的循环氧化寿命和失效特征。研究表明粘结层表面形貌对氧化物的生长具有重要影响,其中CoNiCrAlY粘结层更易在TGO层中形成尖晶石氧化物,最终无法形成连续的Al_2O_3层,导致涂层失效,而NiCoCrAlY粘结层表现出不同的失效方式。同时,粘结层和基体中Ni、Co等元素在氧化过程中存在强烈的互扩散,Co与Ni含量对两种涂层BC/基体界面处宏观空洞的生长产生了不同影响。     

MCrAlY金属黏结层高温失效行为研究进展

随着航空发动机与燃气轮机涡轮进口温度的不断提高,MCrAlY(M=Ni,Co或NiCo)包覆型涂层因具有抗高温氧化以及高的热膨胀系数等优点,成为广泛应用的热障涂层金属黏结层材料。然而,高温服役环境下热障涂层中金属黏结层与陶瓷面层界面应力分布状态愈加复杂,黏结层界面失效导致陶瓷面层的剥落,限制了其在热防护涂层领域的发展。本文简述了黏结层的发展进程,重点阐述高温相转变、热应力和生长应力增加以及S元素扩散等因素导致的黏结层界面的失效行为,分析黏结层界面失效机理,归纳总结了国内外针对金属黏结层界面失效的改进研究工作,并在此基础上提出采用稀土及纳米颗粒协同强化MCrAlY材料,为未来热障涂层体系的优化设计提供了研究方向。     

热障涂层的研究进展与发展趋势

热障涂层一般由金属粘结层和具有低热导率的陶瓷顶层组成,应用于涡轮发动机的热端部件可显著提高其使用温度,延长部件的使用寿命,提高发动机的效率.综述了热障涂层的成分选择、制备方法及等离子喷涂和电子束物理气相沉积2种热障涂层的典型结构,分析了热障涂层的剥落失效机理,并简单介绍了热障涂层的寿命预测模型和隔热特性的研究.     

基于声发射技术的热障涂层损伤行为

热障涂层以优异的隔热、耐磨和耐蚀性而被广泛应用于航空涡轮发动机中。由于热障涂层体系内部结构复杂,服役环境苛刻,导致其失效不可预测。热障涂层系统内的表面开裂和界面分层是限制热障涂层长时间使用的瓶颈问题,且热障涂层的过早剥落失效会导致合金基体暴露在高温燃气中,这可能引起灾难性的后果。针对涂层的裂纹扩展行为,最重要也最直接的研究方法就是对热障涂层的整个失效过程进行实时无损检测,为寿命预测提供最直接的证据。声发射技术是一种实时动态的无损检测方法,可直接检测热障涂层失效过程中的裂纹扩展行为,因此在热障涂层失效检测领域得到了广泛的应用。然而,造成热障涂层损伤失效的因素较多,如失效机理复杂、失效形式多样,以及声发射信号本身的随机性和不可逆性,使得利用声发射技术检测热障涂层失效整个过程的研究还不够全面。目前,已通过声发射技术的参数分析和波形分析实现了对热障涂层损伤失效的定性、定量和定位分析,并对涂层寿命进行了预测。参数分析是以多个简化的波形特征参数来表示声发射信号的特征,即对一些特征量进行统计的过程,如能量、频率、幅度等。采用声发射特征参数法可定量评估热障涂层的损伤程度并对涂层的寿命进行预测。目前人们从连续损伤累计、某一特定参量变化等多个角度预测热障涂层的寿命,但是各种寿命预测模型主要是根据实验结果的经验或半经验公式,随着热障涂层的发展以及对热障涂层失效机理认识的不断加深,寿命预测模型也在不断发展与完善。波形分析是通过对声发射信号的时域波形或频谱特征分析来获取缺陷信息的一种信号处理方法。从理论上讲,波形分析应当能给出任何所需的信息,因而波形也是表达声发射源特征最精确的方法,目前主要通过小波变换把声发射波形信号从时域变换到频域,进而识别其损伤模式并实现声发射源的定位。本文对声发射技术进行了简要的介绍,总结了声发射技术参数分析和波形分析在热障涂层损伤模式识别、损伤位置的定位、损伤程度的定量评估和剩余寿命预测方面的研究进展,指出了当前研究中存在的问题并对其下一步的发展进行了展望。     

热障涂层的研究现状与发展方向

热障涂层(TBCs)是目前最先进的高温防护涂层之一,具有良好的隔热效果和抗高温氧化性能.综述了热障涂层的陶瓷材料、粘结层材料、涂层结构、制备工艺及涂层失效机理等5个方面的研究现状,在此基础上提出了热障涂层的发展方向.     

热障涂层界面应力测试研究进展

热障涂层为先进的抗热防腐高温防护涂层,广泛应用于航空航天的燃气涡轮叶片上。其多层结构特点以及复杂的服役环境往往造成层间界面裂纹与涂层剥离的失效形式。残余应力作为诱导裂纹产生和扩展的直接原因,检测残余应力的演变对研究涂层失效有着重要的指导意义,也是研究最为广泛的内容之一。介绍了热障涂层各层间残余应力的形成与主要影响因素,阐述了热障涂层/高温合金体系多层界面结构的应力检测方法的检测原理与研究进展,同时比较了这些检测技术在热障涂层中的适用范围以及优缺点。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.