Charge accumulation mechanism in oil/pressboard composite insulation system based on optical measurement of electric field

It is important to investigate electrostatic charging phenomena in insulating oil pressboard (PB) composite system in electrical insulation design of oil-immersed power transformers. Our research aim was to clarify the charge accumulation mechanism at the oil/PB interface under static and flowing oil. In this paper, we directly measured the time variation of the electric field in the insulation system using a Kerr electro-optic technique. Results show the time decaying characteristics of an electric field in oil by charge accumulation. The results are influenced by oil flow conditions. Based on the measurement results, we propose a theoretical model for charge accumulation to clarify the process quantitatively. In the model we took the oil volume contributing to the charge accumulation into account, and analyzed the charge behavior. Finally, we clarified the charge accumulation mechanism at the oil/PB interface under oil flow conditions both with and without charging.     

Fundamental property of electric field in rapeseed ester oil based on Kerr electro-optic measurement

In the future, environmentally friendly insulating oil such as rapeseed ester oil is expected to be utilized as a substitute for mineral oil for power transformers. In addition, electrical insulation design for transformers becomes more important regarding size reduction and enhancement of electric field stress. The fundamental property of the electric field distribution in the rapeseed ester oil and in the oil/solid dielectrics composite insulation system should be clarified. In this paper, we have directly measured the electric field in the rapeseed ester oil with parallel-plane electrode and the rapeseed ester oil/pressboard (PB) composite insulation systems under DC voltage application using the Kerr electro-optic technique. From the results, we compared measurements of electric field and charge behavior for the rapeseed ester oil and the mineral oil and confirmed the applicability of the rapeseed ester oil for use in transformers.     

Charge behavior in flowing oil in oil/ pressboard insulation system by electro-optic field measurement

The electrical insulation structure of most power transformers is a combination of insulating oil and solid materials. One of the crucial problems we face in transformer operation is flow electrification, which occurs at a flowing oil/solid material interface. Thus, for the transformer insulation design, we need to clarify the now electrification phenomena. In this paper, we measured the electric field strength in an oil/pressboard composite insulation system using an electro-optic method of the Kerr effect. We obtained the time variation of electric field distribution in both flowing uncharged and charged oil. It is notable that we could quantitatively clarify the electric field distortion in flowing charged oil by flow electrification. Furthermore, we measured the leakage current from divided electrodes and derived a charge density distribution along the flow direction. Finally, we quantitatively discussed the electric field distribution and the charge behavior from the measurement results.     

Kerr electro-optic field measurement and charge dynamics intransformer-oil/solid composite insulation systems

We measured the electric field in transformer oil/solid composite insulation system under dc voltage application using a Kerr electro-optic measurement system. When a pressboard was inserted at the center between two parallel-plane electrodes, the electric field at the mid-point between the pressboard and the cathode decreased with time. On the other hand, the electric field at the mid-point between the pressboard and the anode increased initially with time, reached a maximum value and then fell down. We measured also the electric field before and after polarity reversal of the dc voltage. The results revealed that the electric field after polarity reversal reached a magnitude 2.7× as much as the average dc applied field. We interpreted the above results on the time transition of the electric field in terms of a charge dynamic model, considering the difference in charge accumulation speed on the pressboard between positive and negative charges. This model was verified to be applicable to the time transition of the electric field in oil/solid composite system and BTA added oil/solid composite system as well     

基于Kerr电光效应的变压器油中直流电场测量系统

在直流电场下油纸绝缘系统中,空间电荷的存在会对系统的绝缘性能造成影响。通过实时测量得到绝缘系统中的电场分布和电荷分布具有重要意义。Kerr电光效应法因不会对绝缘系统中电场分布造成影响而得到很多研究者的关注。由于实验系统中包含较复杂的光学器件及微弱信号检测单元,其实现具有一定的难度。文章采用光电二极管作为光接收器件,采用一种交流电压调制方法,结合锁相放大器实现了对微弱信号的检测;通过检测输出光强中直流和所施加的交流信号分量,计算得到了待测直流电场的数值。试验结果表明该系统具有较好的线性度。     

基于改进电声脉冲测试系统的油纸绝缘混合体系空间电荷动态行为特性

目前国内外关于油纸绝缘介质空间电荷特性的研究全部基于油浸绝缘纸,且已有的电声脉冲测试系统无法实现对油隙与油浸纸组合而成的混合体系的空间电荷特性的测试。通过采用改进的电声脉冲测试系统首次对油隙与油浸纸板组合而成的混合体系的空间电荷动态行为特性进行研究,分析空间电荷积聚对油纸混合体系内部电场分布的影响。研究发现油纸绝缘界面处及油浸绝缘纸内部积聚的空间电荷和电场畸变程度与绝缘油和油浸纸板的电导率关系很大。由绝缘油劣化导致油纸绝缘系统的电导率提升更易引起油浸纸内部场强严重畸变,油浸纸内部最大场强约达到平均场强的2.5倍。而由油浸纸电导率增大引起的油纸绝缘系统的电导率提升减轻了油浸纸内部的电场畸变程度,但电荷快速迁移会导致介质热效应显著也易诱发击穿。消除绝缘结构界面引起的空间电荷积聚效应、限制空间电荷在绝缘介质内部的快速迁移或使电荷在介质内部分布更加均匀,从三方面出发将有助于抑制空间电荷的危害。     

Influence of oil aging on the space charge dynamics of oil‐immersed paper insulation under a DC electric field

The formation of space charge in oil/paper insulation system can lead to material degradation in the region of high electric field. Therefore, it is important to understand the factors that affect space charge formation in oil/paper insulation system. In this paper, the effect of oil aging on space charge dynamics in oil/paper insulation system is investigated using the pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) technique under a DC electric field at room temperature. The ultraviolet/visible (UV/vis) spectrum of the oil shifts to longer wavelengths, and the oil acidity increases as the aging time increases. It has been found that the oil property has a significant effect on the space charge distribution in the oil/paper insulation sample. The more the deterioration of the oil, the larger amount of negative and positive charges accumulated in the bulk of the oil/paper insulation sample. The total amount of slow moving charges, the surface trap energy density, and the electric field distortion of the oil/paper insulation sample increased with the degree of deterioration due to oil aging. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

非线性有限元法在出线装置复合绝缘结构电场计算中的应用

极性反转是换流变压器出线结构复合绝缘的一种特殊工作状态,极性反转时由于空间电荷作用可导致绝缘介质内部及界面处电场畸变。另一方面,绝缘介质电性能参数是温度的函数,因此温度梯度导致的电性能参数改变同样会影响绝缘结构在极性反转过程中的瞬态电场分布。基于此,为了较准确地模拟复合绝缘结构在考虑温度分布条件下的极性反转瞬态电场,提出应用非线性有限元法对以上2种瞬态电场影响因素进行耦合分析。首先研究了油浸纸复合绝缘体系电性能参数与温度的关系;然后详细介绍了基于非线性有限元法的瞬态电场计算流程,并通过双层同轴复合绝缘结构模型验证了其有效性;最后对实际换流变压器出线装置的油纸-环氧浸渍典型复合绝缘结构建立了二维轴对称仿真计算模型,在考虑材料非线性的条件下对其极性反转瞬态电场变化过程进行了仿真分析。计算结果表明传统模拟方法与考虑材料非线性时的结果存在较大差异,且极性反转过程中复合绝缘结构易出现畸变严重的局部高场强区。     

脉冲电压下聚酰亚胺空间电荷行为及其机理研究

电力电子装备长期处于高重复频率、陡上升时间脉冲电压运行工况,绝缘更容易发生劣化和早期失效。为探究脉冲电压下绝缘失效的微观机理,对ns级别下的脉冲边沿前后空间电荷分布情况进行研究对比,探究了电场强度、硅油对脉冲边沿时刻电荷振动波形的影响。通过分析不同脉冲上升时间下的电荷振动波形及电压波形频谱、电荷积聚特性,阐明了脉冲电压边沿时刻电荷振动机理以及ns脉冲下电荷行为对绝缘劣化影响机理。研究发现,ns脉冲上升沿和下降沿前后电荷分布特性存在差异,在脉冲边沿处发现了特殊的空间电荷迁移行为;电场强度会影响异极性电荷的积累速度及积累量,从而影响电荷振动波形的形状;电极与试样之间涂敷硅油会影响电荷振动波形的极性;5×10⁶~1×10⁷ Hz频段的电压分量对空间电荷振动起主要作用;ns脉冲电压下电荷积聚导致电场畸变更加严重。     

基于Kerr电光效应的冲击电压下液体电介质空间电荷高速CCD测量

空间电荷的存在直接影响液体电介质的绝缘击穿性能,为了更好地研究空间电荷的动态变化过程,建立了基于Kerr电光效应的冲击电压下液体电介质空间电荷的高速电荷耦合器件(CCD)测量系统。运用高精度光电传感器的测量方法,得到了室温下液体碳酸丙烯酯的Kerr常数。进而通过高速CCD的动态光电测量,并结合图像处理技术,求取了冲击电压下平行板铜电极间电场和空间电荷的动态分布曲线。实验研究表明:在平行板铜电极间,当液体介质中电场达到一定程度时会出现空间电荷的注入与输运,使得极间电场呈现出中间高两边低的分布情况。另外还分析了空间电荷的分布和输运对液体绝缘特性的影响,该研究为分析冲击电压作用下液体介质中空间电荷的产生机制及空间电荷对流注放电的影响奠定了基础。     

油纸绝缘沿面放电及发展机理

相对于气体介质放电理论,对工程复合绝缘介质放电物理过程的机理研究甚少。论文对交流耐压下的油纸绝缘沿面放电进行了机理分析和仿真研究。基于气体中沿面放电和液体中流注理论,论文认为沿面放电缺陷模型中的高压电极与油纸绝缘交界面处的三角形区域的高场强将导致初始电子发射。在沿面放电的发展过程中,由于电、热和机械应力的作用下,油纸绝缘系统会产生微小的气泡。在外加电场的作用下,微小气泡导致的电场畸变以及气泡中的电子崩可能是导致沿面放电发展甚至击穿的主要原因。通过COMSOL有限元分析软件,建立了基于真实实验模型的仿真物理模型,对其电场分布进行了计算,并研究了微小气泡等环境因素对于沿面放电发展过程的影响。仿真结果验证了上述机理分析的正确性。     

冲击电压下不同温度油中空间电荷迁移对电场分布影响

冲击电压下油中空间电场分布对于变压器内部绝缘优化设计至关重要,现有设计方法没有考虑温度和空间电荷迁移对电场的影响。为了研究温度对空间电荷迁移特性的影响,搭建温度可控的冲击电压下油中电场测量平台,测量雷电冲击电压下25℃、50℃、60℃均匀电场的油中空间电场分布,分析空间电荷对油中电场的影响。实验结果表明:随着温度的增加,60℃时油中场强峰值比25℃时下降了5.2%;50℃时油中场强分布在0.60μs时提前达到稳定阶段。温度升高后,电子漂移速度最大是25℃下的1.8倍,迁移率最大是25℃下的2.0倍,温度升高引起电子迁移率、漂移速度的增加导致了上述现象。该文研究结果为变压器绝缘优化设计提供了实验依据。     

直流电场下油纸绝缘介质界面处的空间电荷特性

换流变压器是直流输电系统的核心设备,其油纸复合绝缘结构的空间电荷特性复杂,工程实践表明其对绝缘放电的影响不可忽略,因此针对油纸复合绝缘开展空间电荷特性的研究对换流变绝缘结构设计和运行分析有指导意义。为此,应用电声脉冲（PEA）法研究了电场对双层油浸纸介质中空间电荷特性的影响以及界面处的空间电荷特性。指出在双层油浸纸的界...     

温度对油纸绝缘结构的击穿特性影响的研究

本文为了研究油纸复合绝缘在不同电压作用下的电场分布,建立了简化的油纸绝缘结构模型,利用有限元分析法对电场分布进行分析,总结油纸复合绝缘在不同电压作用下的电场分布规律及影响因素,对在不同温度及多种试验电压形式下油纸绝缘结构的击穿特性进行试验.结果表明虽然影响油纸结构击穿特性的因素较多,比较复杂,但也有一定的规律性.油纸绝缘结构的击穿问题是变压器故障的主要原因,该研究可为变压器的绝缘设计制造提供理论根据.     

正极性雷电冲击电压下空间电荷电场测量研究

很多绝缘问题本质上都与电场相关,电场测量是高电压领域的重要研究手段。空间电荷导致电场畸变是流注理论的基础,因此定量测量空间电荷的泊松电场对于研究空气间隙的放电机制有重要意义。利用光电集成电场传感器测量了1m棒–板间隙未发生放电条件下各点的轴向电场,并与数值仿真结果进行对比,验证了电场传感器进行定量测量的可靠性;对3种电极条件下1m棒–板间隙空间电荷区域外部轴线上各点的电场时域波形进行测量,将空间电荷形成的泊松电场与外加电压形成的拉普拉斯电场分开,定量测量了不同电压幅值下、不同空间位置的泊松电场幅值与变化规律。研究结果为建立并验证空间电荷模型奠定了基础。     

Surface charges on alumina in vacuum with varying surface roughness and electric field distribution

We investigated the charging characteristics of alumina in vacuum with varying surface roughness, and the electric field distribution. The charging on the alumina surface in vacuum is, in general, strongly influenced by field electron emission (FEE) and secondary electron emission avalanche (SEEA). We varied the surface roughness and the electric field distribution on the alumina surface in order to control the FEE and the SEEA. Under these conditions, we measured the 2-dimensional distribution of surface charging potential on the alumina surface. From the measurement results, we quantitatively discussed charge polarity and charge density on the surface for various types of electric field distributions. Finally, we successfully propose a concept of a charging control technique on the alumina insulator in vacuum for the improvement of electrical insulation performance on the alumina surface.     

换流变压器电荷赋值型直流电场外推计算方法

直流电场计算校核是换流变压器设计的重要环节。研究表明直流电压下油纸界面电荷积聚分布与传统阻容模型计算结果之间存在很大差异,基于理想模型的电场校核方法失效。该文提出一种基于油纸界面电荷特性、直接在换流变压器实际结构中进行电荷分段赋值的外推方法。首先,对于均匀场区域,用离子迁移模型计算出各个油纸界面的电荷密度,进行均一化赋值。其次,对于非均匀场区域,从均匀场区域向非均匀场区域推算,根据具体赋值部位的界面电荷分布曲线,划分区间并分段赋值。最后,将电荷场与外施电场叠加合成,获得全域内直流电场分布情况。在换流变压器阀侧出线结构模型中的实测验证表明,电荷分段映射叠加外推方法得到的电场计算值与电场实测值之间偏差较小。该方法解决了传统方法依赖材料宏观参数、无法准确计算和反映大尺寸油纸绝缘系统电场分布真实情况的问题。     

低介电常数绝缘纸的制备及其击穿性能

为提高油浸式变压器绕阻中纸-油-纸复合绝缘系统的击穿电压,实验室制备了能降低绝缘纸介电常数的微纳米级SiO2空心微球以及含不同质量分数SiO2(wSiO2)空心微球的实验用绝缘纸手抄片。测量浸油后的含不同质量分数SiO2空心微球绝缘纸的介电常数,wSiO2=5%空心微球的绝缘纸介电常数最低,比未加SiO2空心微球的绝缘纸介电常数低34%。用双层电介质场强公式分析绝缘纸介电常数以及复合绝缘系统中油隙厚度对油、纸中场强分配的影响。设计纸-油-纸复合绝缘系统模型,用COMSOL仿真软件对模型进行计算,得出模型中纸、油中电场为均匀电场,双层电介质场强公式可用于纸-油-纸模型的理论分析。最后,用含不同质量分数SiO2空心微球的绝缘纸组成纸-油-纸复合绝缘系统进行电击穿实验,介电常数越低的绝缘纸组成的纸-油-纸复合绝缘系统击穿电压越高,介电常数最低的wSiO2=5%空心微球的绝缘纸组成的纸-油-纸复合绝缘系统比未加SiO2空心微球的绝缘纸组成的纸-油-纸复合绝缘系统的击穿电压高15.5%。     

绝缘油老化对油纸绝缘介质空间电荷形成及迁移特性的影响

探索绝缘油老化或绝缘纸老化对油纸绝缘介质在老化过程中空间电荷形成及迁移特性的影响,能为有效抑制油纸介质空间电荷的形成提供科学依据。首先在130℃下将绝缘油进行22 d加速热老化,并对其老化状态进行表征;然后通过电声脉冲法测量由不同老化程度绝缘油浸渍的油纸试品,分析在加压、瞬时去压和去压情况下绝缘油老化对油纸试品直流空间电荷动态行为的影响;最后通过计算分析绝缘油老化对油纸试品的空间电荷总量、表面陷阱能级分布和电场畸变率的影响。结果表明:在负极性电源电压下,贴近阳极(铝板)侧绝缘纸层内注入的正电荷密度以及在靠近阳极侧绝缘纸–绝缘纸界面处积聚的负电荷密度均随绝缘油老化程度加深而增大;绝缘油老化越严重,相应绝缘油浸渍油纸试品的空间电荷总量、表面陷阱能级密度和电场畸变率也越大。     

特高压复合绝缘子电场计算及基于神经网络遗传算法的均压环结构优化设计

为了满足超/特高压大容量输电技术的发展需求,研究复合绝缘子的电场分布,寻找合理的电场优化措施已成为影响输电线路安全运行的关键因素。利用有限元法(FEM)建立了工程实际应用情况下特高压(UHV)交流输电线路复合绝缘子的单串、双串和V串电场计算模型,在考虑横担、分裂导线和均压环及其金具连接情况下,对复合绝缘子的电位和沿面电场分布进行了计算。针对特高压复合绝缘子电位分布极不均匀,且最大沿面电场强度大大超过电晕起始场强的情况,分析了不同的均压环配合方式对复合绝缘子沿面电场分布的影响。针对单串绝缘子下的计算结果,引入神经网络遗传算法(BP-GA),对均压环的结构参数进行了优化设计,利用BP神经网络的高度非线性映射能力直接计算遗传算法的适应度函数值,解决了穷举法计算时间冗长的问题。计算结果表明:加装均压环能够大大降低最大沿面电场强度,明显改善复合绝缘子沿面电位和电场的分布;通过遗传算法优化后的均压环结构参数,能使均压环表面场强和绝缘子沿面场强均小于电晕起始场强,为特高压绝缘子均压环的选取提供了一种可靠、实用的设计方法,可为我国特高压输电线路外绝缘优化设计提供新的参考。