脉冲电流对Al及Al-5.3%Zn合金宏观组织的影响

研究脉冲电流作用下凝固的纯Al及Al-5.3%Zn合金的宏观组织变化.实验表明:脉冲电流能够对纯Al及Al-5.3%Zn合金中晶粒的形状和尺寸产生比较显著的影响.与未施加脉冲电流相比,晶粒得到细化、等轴化.脉冲电流作用下剧烈的强迫对流促进晶粒从型壁上游离,增加金属熔体的形核率,晶粒得到细化.     

脉冲磁致振荡对纯铝熔体电磁力和流场影响的数值模拟

在金属熔体周围的环绕线圈中,通入窄脉宽高频交变脉冲电流可以细化其凝固组织,这种组织细化方法称为脉冲磁致振荡.采用ANSYS有限元软件研究脉冲磁致振荡对纯铝熔体电磁力和流场的影响,主要包括线圈脉冲电流峰值,铸件直径及线圈尺寸位置等参数.模拟结果显示,脉冲电流峰值增加,熔体感应的电磁力也随着增大,振荡效果增强.铸件直径增大,电磁力驱使的内部流动效果会减弱.线圈尺寸增大,感应电磁力和熔体流动均增强.线圈下部的电磁力与流动分布导致晶粒的细化效果会优于上部.     

脉冲电流强度对ZA12合金凝固组织的影响

研究了脉冲电流强度对ZA12合金凝固组织的影响。结果表明，较大强度的脉冲电流在细化合金凝固组织和改善力学性能方面的作用更为显著。较强的脉冲电流通过金属熔体时，一方面，会使金属熔体受到较大的径向压力，振动加剧，加速晶核游离；另一方面，显著促进熔体内部的对流，均匀溶质场和温度场，由此更好地细化了合金的凝固组织。     

脉冲磁场作用下矩形截面宽厚比对K4169高温合金晶粒细化的影响

研究了脉冲磁场作用下K4169高温合金矩形截面试件的凝固组织以及具有不同宽厚比矩形截面试件的晶粒细化效果,计算模拟了脉冲磁场作用下试件熔体中电磁场和流场的分布情况,并对细化机理进行了分析.实验结果表明,施加脉冲磁场后,K4169高温合金矩形试件的凝固组织得到了不同程度的细化,当试件宽厚比为1时,施加脉冲磁场可以使凝固组织晶粒显著细化;随着试件宽厚比增大,脉冲磁场的晶粒细化效果减弱.计算模拟结果表明,脉冲磁场在熔体中产生周期性的压-拉电磁力,导致熔体产生周期性振荡和呈环流形式的对流.在相同磁感应强度的脉冲磁场作用下,试件宽厚比越接近1,试件内的电磁力和流速越大,有利于模壁晶核游离及枝晶臂破碎,从而使晶粒得到细化.     

AlTi5Bl晶粒细化合金的组织及在铝熔体中的溶解

用工业上及实验室生产的ＡｌＴｉ５Ｂｌ晶粒细化合金进行了微观组织分析及其在高纯铝熔体中溶解过程的试验。提出了一种研究方法以研究和观察熔化及溶解过程，它也可用于在一定的凝固条件下测定晶核的类型。研究结果表明，所形成的α－Ａｌ晶粒的尺寸与晶核分布和在成核的熔体中溶解的元素含量这两者有很大关系。     

脉冲电流处理对ZA12合金凝固组织和力学性能的影响

研究了在ZA12合金凝固过程中的脉冲电流处理对合金凝固组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明，凝固过程中的电脉冲处理明显细化了合金的凝固组织，使枝晶尺寸减小，近球状组织增多，试样的抗拉强度也有提高。经分析认为，这与脉冲电流通过金属熔体时促进晶粒游离，均匀熔体的温度场和溶质场有关。     

电磁搅拌和细化剂对Al-Mg-Mn合金组织的影响

研究了电磁搅拌和细化剂对铝合金铸态组织的影响.结果表明,电磁搅拌对晶粒尺寸具有显著细化作用,电磁搅拌作用下,细化剂对Al-Mg-Mn合金晶粒组织仍然具有重要影响,随着细化剂含量的增加晶粒愈加细小.在试验范围内,当细化剂含量为0.1%时,组织最为均匀细小.采用耐火材料铸模制备铸锭并在凝固过程连续测温,探讨了电磁搅拌对组织的细化机理.根据温度测量结果,可以认为电磁搅拌对组织的细化作用主要在于熔体流动使温度场趋于均匀,并促进了晶核的形成和游离.     

脉冲磁致振荡下纯铝凝固磁场与流场分布的数值模拟

脉冲磁致振荡可以细化金属晶粒,为了研究其作用机理,采用ANSYS有限元模拟软件对脉冲磁致振荡下纯铝凝固磁场与流场分布进行了数值模拟.模拟结果显示,由于电磁趋肤效应,线圈中脉冲电流只在熔体表面感应产生电磁力,且随时间出现指向内部的压力与指向外部的拉力交替变化,沿径向有指向熔体顶部与底部交替变化.交变电磁力可以振荡熔体表面率先析出的晶核而使之游离,增大熔体形核率.同时感应电磁力迫使熔体产生流动,会利于晶核的均匀分布与温度场、浓度场的均匀化.     

环缝式电磁搅拌技术对挤压铸造7075铝合金组织和性能的影响

研究了不同熔体处理方法(普通电磁搅拌、化学细化法和环缝式电磁搅拌)对挤压铸造7075铝合金凝固组织及力学性能的影响规律。研究结果表明,环缝式电磁搅拌熔体处理技术显著减弱了普通电磁搅拌所固有的集肤效应对合金凝固组织的影响,增加了熔体所受的平均剪切速率,同时增加了单位体积熔体的散热面积,促使合金熔体的温度场和成分场更加均匀,有利于熔体"凝固初期晶核"瞬间大量生成,有利于获得细小均匀的凝固组织。对合金熔体同时进行环缝式电磁搅拌和添加Al-Ti-B化学细化剂处理,挤压铸造的7075铝合金显微组织变得更加细小、均匀、圆整,晶粒尺寸缩小为69μm,形状因子达到0.62。同时有效地提高了合金的力学性能。     

脉冲电流与Al-5Ti-1B变质剂对7075铝合金铸态组织的影响

研究了低能量脉冲电流对7075铝合金的铸态组织的影响,并探究了Al-5Ti-1B变质剂和脉冲电流共同作用下对铝合金晶粒的作用效果。结果表明,脉冲电流孕育处理能有效减少铸造组织的二次枝晶的数量;Al-5Ti-1B能明显地细化组织晶粒;而7075铝合金熔体在凝固阶段持续通入脉冲电流后,铸造组织形貌明显改善,得到较为均匀的等轴晶和近球形晶粒。     

微量Sc和Zr对Al—Mg合金铸态组织的晶粒细化作用

制备了Ａｌ５Ｍｇ、Ａｌ５Ｍｇ０．２Ｓｃ、Ａｌ５Ｍｇ０．１Ｚｒ和Ａｌ５Ｍｇ０．２Ｓｃ０．１Ｚｒ四种铸态合金，采用金相显微镜和扫描电镜观察分析了微量Ｓｃ和Ｚｒ对ＡｌＭｇ合金铸态组织的晶粒细化作用及其机理。结果发现，０２％的Ｓｃ并未使ＡｌＭｇ合金产生晶粒细化作用，而０２％的Ｓｃ与０１％的Ｚｒ复合添加则使ＡｌＭｇ合金产生了极其强烈的晶粒细化作用。这一作用的产生，是由于Ｓｃ、Ｚｒ与Ａｌ在合金熔体中生成了Ａｌ３Ｓｃ和Ａｌ３Ｚｒ复合粒子，这种粒子在合金凝固过程中，起到了非均质晶核细化晶粒的作用     

Revisiting the role of peritectics in grain refinement of Al alloys

The grain refining effect of four peritectic-forming solutes (Ti, V, Zr and Nb) as well as three eutectic-forming solutes (Cu, Mg and Si) on pure Al was investigated. Significant grain refinement is observed by the addition of peritectic-forming solutes, whereas the addition of eutectic-forming solutes only slightly decreases the grain size. The mechanisms underlying the grain refinement of these alloys were then studied by a new analytical methodology for assessing grain refinement that incorporates the effects of both alloy chemistry and nucleant potency. It is found that the low degree of grain refinement by the addition of eutectic-forming solutes is mainly attributed to the segregating power of solutes, i.e. the constitutional undercooling contribution. However, peritectic-forming solutes do not only cause grain refinement by their segregation power but, more importantly, they introduce copious potent nuclei into the melt and promote significant grain refinement via heterogeneous nucleation.     

Sr对碳质孕育Mg-3%Al合金熔体中Fe致晶核毒化与衰退的抑制作用

利用碳和Sr对Mg-3%Al(质量分数)合金进行复合孕育处理,引入杂质Fe并调整孕育保温时间,研究杂质Fe对孕育细化效果和晶核结构特性的影响。结果表明:碳和Sr复合孕育可有效细化Mg-3%Al合金,杂质Fe添加及添加顺序对孕育效果影响较小,长时间保温后晶粒尺寸略有增大。延长保温时间至80 min,晶粒尺寸最大从560μm一直稳定在100~130μm之间,其细化率保持稳定,变化幅度不大。Sr存在可有效抑制Fe对碳质孕育细化效果的粗化和加速孕育衰退的不利影响。晶核结构观测表明孕育合金中主要存在Al4C3颗粒和Al-Fe相表面包覆Al4C3相的双相颗粒,两者均可以作为α-Mg晶粒的有效形核核心。Sr易于朝颗粒表面偏聚和富集,从而降低颗粒表面能和相间的界面能,促进双相结构颗粒的生成,并可抑制晶核组分和结构变化,提高晶核结构稳定性,从而有效抑制晶核毒化和孕育衰退。     

Kinetic behaviour of TiB2 particles in Al melt and their effect on grain refinement of aluminium alloys

Solidification experiments were carried out to investigate the kinetic behaviour of TiB₂ particles in Al melt and their effect on the grain refinement of commercially-pure Al. A model was proposed to describe the kinetic behaviour of TiB₂ particles during the whole process from the addition of TiB₂ to the melt to the freezing of the melt. The results indicate that TiB₂ particles are not stable in Al melt. They may dissolve and coarsen during the holding period and grow during the cooling period of the melt. The kinetic behaviour of TiB₂ particles in the melt has a great influence on their number density and the grain refinement. Solute Ti addition can suppress the dissolution, Ostwald ripening and growth behaviours of TiB₂ particles.     

稀土元素对AZ91D合金晶粒细化的影响

研究了不同混合稀土添加量对AZ91D合金晶粒细化的影响。试验结果表明混合稀土对AZ91D合金有明显的细化效果。当混合稀土的添加量为0．05％(质量分数)时，混合稀土中的Ce，Nd和Pr等在未形成A1-RE化合物之前，大部分以质点的形式弥散分布在AZ91D合金熔体中，可能起到非均匀形核的作用；随着混合稀土添加量的增多，RE优先与Al生成A1-RE化合物，这些化合物大部分偏聚在晶界上，阻碍了晶粒的长大，从而细化了晶粒。     

Comparison on grain refinement efficiency of peritectic and eutectic alloying elements on pure aluminium

The work investigated the grain refining efficiency of peritectic forming solutes as well as eutectic solutes on pure Al. Significant grain refinement for peritectic and small refinement for the eutectic elements were achieved and the mechanisms of refinement were studied. In order to investigate the grain structure and solidification phenomena for each set of alloys, a TP-1 test, as well as thermal analysis, was performed and back scattered images were used to analyze the phases that may contribute to the grain refinement. It appears that the significant grain refinement of peritectic elements is due to the formation of in-situ properitectic particles and their appropriate constitutional undercooling. The results suggest that the availability of potent nuclei and exogenous particles play major roles in the grain refinement efficiency. However, in the case of eutectic elements only segregation power contributes to refinement whilst the availability of potent nuclei is of paramount importance.     

Performance comparison of AlTiC and AlTiB master alloys in grain refinement of commercial and high purity aluminum

1 Introduction Since AlTiC master alloys were improved greatly as a new type of master alloy used in grain refinement of aluminum and aluminum alloys in the middle of 1980s[1, 2], there were many important progresses in the preparation techniques and the …     

Mechanisms of grain refinement by intensive shearing of AZ91 alloy melt

It has been demonstrated recently that intensive melt shearing can be an effective approach to the grain refinement of both shape casting and continuous casting of Mg alloys. In the present study, the mechanisms of grain refinement by intensive melt shearing were investigated through a combination of both modelling and experimental approaches. The measurement of the cooling curves during solidification, quantification of grain size of the solidified samples, and image analysis of the MgO particle size and size distribution in the pressurized filtration samples were performed for the AZ91 alloy with and without intensive melt shearing. The experimental results were then used as input parameters for the free growth model to investigate the mechanisms of grain refinement by intensive melt shearing. The experimental results showed that, although intensive melt shearing does not change the nucleation starting temperature, it increases the nucleation finishing temperature, giving rise to a reduced nucleation undercooling. The theoretical modelling using the free growth model revealed quantitatively that intensive melt shearing can effectively disperse MgO particles densely populated in the oxide films into more individual particles in the alloy melt, resulting in an increase in the MgO particle density by three orders of magnitude and the density of active nucleating MgO particles by a factor of 20 compared with those of the non-sheared melt. Therefore, the grain refining effect of intensive melt shearing can be confidently attributed to the significantly increased refining efficiency of the naturally occurring MgO particles in the alloy melt as potent nucleation sites.     

Mechanism of Grain Refinement in Aluminum Alloys

The mechanism of grain refinement by the addition of small amounts of titanium, molybdenum, zirconium, tungsten, and chromium to aluminum was investigated. The results indicate that the grain refinement is caused by the peritectic reaction which, by transforming the intermetallic compound into crystals of aluminum solid solution, seeds the melt with nuclei above the freezing point of aluminum.     

Studies on eutectic Al–Si alloy–flyash composites

Abstract

In this investigation, an attempt was made to study the influence of melt treatments like grain refinement and modification on the mechanical properties of cenospheres of flyash–LM6 composites. Stir casting route was employed to disperse the flyash (1–15?wt‐%) in the LM6 alloy matrix. For each percentage of flyash, melts were subjected to grain refinement, modification or combined grain refinement and modification. The results reveal that castings subjected to melt treatments showed increased hardness, ultimate tensile strength and elongation compared with untreated Al–Si base alloy up to 10% flyash. Addition of flyash beyond 10% resulted in decreases in hardness and ultimate tensile strength. Percentage elongation showed a decreasing trend for all the cases studied. Nevertheless, in all the cases studied, mechanical properties were higher than that of the Al–Si base alloy. Among all the composites, the best results were obtained with 10% flyash subjected to modification alone.