大流量工况下离心泵非定常空化流动特性分析

为了研究在大流量工况下离心泵的空化现象,以及该工况下的空化与压力脉动关系,通过实验测试,在蜗壳内建立监测点进行数值分析,研究了大流量工况下,不同空化阶段离心泵的压力脉动情况,并且对离心泵的非定常空化流动特性进行了分析。首先,通过搭建离心泵闭式管路实验台,对离心泵外特性及不同程度空化情况进行了测试;然后,应用RNG k-ε湍流模型和全空化模型,对一台单级单吸悬臂式离心泵进行了数值计算,得到了空化流场和蜗壳上监测点P1～P5的压力脉动时域和频域特征;最后,基于数值计算结果,分别对叶轮内不同空化状态下,蒸汽体积分数、中间截面速度矢量分布以及监测点的压力脉动进行了分析。研究结果表明：随着空化的加剧,叶片吸力面的空泡区域不断扩大,对流道进口的堵塞作用逐渐增强,而蜗壳上各压力脉动监测点的主频也随之发生显著变化;因此,对泵蜗壳上压力脉动的监测和分析可为空化现象的判断提供参考。     

汽车冷却水泵小流量工况下非定常空化特性研究

针对汽车冷却水泵的空化问题,对小流量工况下非定常空化特性及其对压力脉动的影响进行了研究。采用SST k-ω湍流模型和Zwart-Gerber-Belamri (ZGB)空化模型,对水泵在典型空化状态下的流场进行了数值模拟研究,得到了小流量工况下叶轮内的非定常空化流动特征和空泡的时空演变规律;对蜗壳上的压力脉动进行了频谱分析,得到了不同空化条件对压力脉动的影响;通过泵的空化实验,对数值模拟结果进行了验证。研究结果表明:随着空化余量的减小,各监测点压力脉动峰的峰值和主频幅值逐渐增大,特别是隔舌位置处的压力脉动变化最为显著;泵内的空泡表现为不对称分布,主要集中在叶片前缘位置以及后盖板靠近叶轮进口位置,并随着空化的加剧,空泡体积分数逐渐增大。     

离心泵叶轮区瞬态流动及压力脉动特性

目前离心泵过流部件的瞬态流动分析主要集中在蜗壳内,对旋转叶轮区内的流动特性研究较少。基于RNG k-ε湍流模型和滑移网格,对不同工况下离心泵内部瞬态流场进行数值模拟,计算得到的离心泵扬程和效率曲线与试验结果吻合较好。在离心泵叶片正背面分别设置3个监测点,分析叶轮区压力脉动特性。结果表明,设计工况下叶片正背面压力脉动的主频为叶轮转频或2倍叶轮转频,非设计工况下其主频均为叶轮转频。从叶轮进口到出口,叶片正背面的压力脉动最大幅值都逐渐增大。同一监测点上压力脉动最大幅值在小流量时最大,约为设计工况下5倍。分析小流量工况下叶轮内部相对速度分布,叶轮出口处附近随时间变化的旋涡是内部流动不均匀的主要原因,使得离心泵在该工况下运行效率低、压力脉动强度大。     

基于CFD的离心泵内部流场分析

建立离心泵模型并对其进行网格划分,采用CFD方法对离心泵模型进行了定常流动数值模拟分析和非定常流动数值模拟分析,在定常流动数值模拟分析中得到扬程-流量曲线、效率-流量曲线、中间截面压力分布图和速度分布图,从中间截面压力分布图中得到叶片设计的启示;在非定常流动数值模拟分析中得到不同工况下蜗壳外圈和内圈监测点压力脉动均值和峰值表,通过分析表中数据,得出蜗壳外圈和内圈的压力分布情况。     

隔舌形状对离心泵水力性能的影响

为了探讨蜗壳隔舌形状对离心泵水力性能的影响,本文以一台中比转速离心泵为研究对象,采用数值模拟的方法得到离心泵定常时的内外特性以及非定常时的压力脉动特性。研究结果表明,隔舌安放角在大流量下对离心泵的外特性影响较大,小流量及设计工况下影响较小,在设计工况下存在一个最佳的隔舌安放角使其效率最佳。随着隔舌安放角的增大,离心泵的蜗壳隔舌和出口处的压力增大,湍动能分布更为均匀,靠近隔舌处的高速区面积增加,同时蜗壳出口处的低速区范围加宽。非定常情况下的压力脉动呈周期性变化,且压力脉动随隔舌安放角的增加而减小,当隔舌安放角越大时变化的差异越小,说明适当增大隔舌安放角有助于改善离心泵的内部流动情况以及减小离心泵的压力脉动,提高其水力性能。     

离心泵非定常空化流动特性的数值研究

采用压力边界条件对一单级单吸蜗壳离心泵进行了三维空化非定常相变流动的数值计算,模拟过程通过定常计算、基于滑移网格技术的非定常计算、以及结合混合项模型和Schneer-Sauer方程的空化演变计算,成功捕捉了泵内非定常空化流动特性。计算结果表明:设计工况叶轮前缘空化率在0.92%～1.12%范围内以叶片旋转频率做周期性变化;当叶片靠近蜗舌时空化加剧,而泵流量略有降低;当叶片远离蜗舌时空化减轻,流量有所增加。     

吸水室隔板对低比转速离心泵非定常特性影响

为了研究离心泵吸水室内置隔板对低比速离心泵内部非定常特性的影响。采用数值模拟与试验研究相结合的方法,基于标准k-ε湍流模型和滑移网格模型,分别对吸水室有无内置隔板的低比转速离心泵进行三维全流场非定常数值计算,得到了不同工况下低比转速离心泵的外特性,并对叶轮径向力和轴向力的瞬态特性以及蜗壳流道内不同位置的压力脉动特性进行了分析。结果表明,采用吸水室内置隔板对外特性的影响不显著;无论吸水室有无内置隔板,低比转速离心泵蜗壳各断面压力和叶轮径向力均呈周期性波动,脉动频率为叶频。此外,径向力大小和方向时刻都在变化,且整体变化趋势基本呈六角星形分布;与无内置隔板相比,吸水室有内置隔板时蜗壳各断面压力脉动幅值均有所减弱,作用在叶轮上的径向力幅值减小,轴向力明显减小。研究结果可为低比转速离心泵的优化设计和稳定运行提供依据。     

基于DES的离心泵内部瞬态流动数值研究

为了阐明变工况运行条件下离心泵内部瞬态流动特性,评价其瞬态水力性能及其压力脉动特性,提高离心泵的运行稳定性,基于DES分离涡模型,在小流量、额定流量和大流量工况下对泵进行了性能预测和数值模拟。与试验结果比较发现,性能预测结果和试验结果吻合较好,额定工况下泵内部流动参数梯度变化均匀。在此基础上,在泵内部设置p1～p9压力脉动监测点,通过对监测点的压力脉动时频分析,表明进口流道p1压力脉动频率与叶频的倍频保持一致,以低频脉动为主;受隔舌结构影响,出口流道p6压力脉动频率的脉动幅值较大,以高频脉动为主。比较叶轮旋转第1～第6圈静压分布和涡量分布规律,第3圈后叶轮内部流动趋于稳定,第6圈后蜗壳内部流动达到稳定,表明离心泵叶轮和蜗壳内部涡团的演化过程非同步。     

基于CFD/CA声比拟分析的两级离心泵流动诱导噪声数值模拟

针对两级离心泵的流体诱发噪声产生的复杂机理,基于Lighthill声比拟理论,采用了计算流体力学(CFD)与计算声学(CA)结合的数值模拟分析方法,研究了两级离心泵变工况下的流场特性及诱发的辐射噪声。采用SST k-ω模型计算分析了不同工况下两级离心泵内部非稳态流场及关键区域压力脉动特性,进而采用声学有限元法(AFEM)计算离心泵内场辐射噪声的声压级变化。研究结果表明,两级离心泵压力脉动幅值从吸水室进口到叶轮出口逐渐增大,叶轮出口处的压力脉动强度最大、声压级最高,且不同工况下压力脉动的主频保持为叶频及其倍频,叶轮和蜗壳之间的动静干涉是流动诱导噪声产生的主要原因;总体声压级在低流量工况下较高,随流量增大逐渐减小,在设计工况处最小;越接近压力脉动主频,声压级的分布越离散,宽频特性越明显,压力脉动强度为流动诱导噪声产生的主要影响因素。研究结果对两级离心泵的低噪设计和水力性能改善提供理论依据和参考。     

叶片厚度分布对离心泵流动结构及性能的影响

为研究叶片厚度分布对离心泵性能的影响,在保证蜗壳和叶轮其他参数不变的情况下,设计了3种不同叶片厚度分布的模型,采用定常和非定常数值计算方法分别获取不同模型的外特性和压力脉动情况,并结合内部流动结构进行对比分析。结果表明：采用抛物线型非均匀叶片厚度分布方式能够显著提高离心泵性能,在设计工况下厚度较大的模型相比初始模型扬程提高0.38 m,效率提高3.07%;非均匀叶片厚度分布能够改善泵内流场,通过减小叶轮中部叶片载荷变化梯度,从而有效减少叶片间轴向旋涡,但在一定程度上加剧了尾缘流动分离;泵内非定常压力脉动主频集中在叶频上,采用非均匀叶片厚度分布能够显著降低泵内不同位置处的压力脉动幅值,相比初始模型,2个厚度优化模型在叶轮出口各监测点处的平均叶频脉动幅值分别降低了21.7%和33.5%,一定程度减弱了泵运行过程中的流致振动。     

Effects of Blade Number on Characteristics of Centrifugal Pumps

The blade number of impeller is an important design parameter of pumps,which affects the characteristics of pump heavily.At present,the investigation focuses mostly on the performance characteristics of axis flow pumps,the influence of blade number on inner flow filed and characteristics of centrifugal pump has not been understood completely.Therefore,the methods of numerical simulation and experimental verification are used to investigate the effects of blade number on flow field and characteristics of a centrifugal pump.The model pump has a design specific speed of 92.7 and an impeller with 5 blades.The blade number is varied to 4,6,7 with the casing and other geometric parameters keep constant.The inner flow fields and characteristics of the centrifugal pumps with different blade number are simulated and predicted in non-cavitation and cavitation conditions by using commercial code FLUENT.The impellers with different blade number are made by using rapid prototyping,and their characteristics are tested in an open loop.The comparison between prediction values and experimental results indicates that the prediction results are satisfied.The maximum discrepancy of prediction results for head,efficiency and required net positive suction head are 4.83%,3.9% and 0.36 m,respectively.The flow analysis displays that blade number change has an important effect on the area of low pressure region behind the blade inlet and jet-wake structure in impellers.With the increase of blade number,the head of the model pumps increases too,the variable regulation of efficiency and cavitation characteristics are complicated,but there are optimum values of blade number for each one.The research results are helpful for hydraulic design of centrifugal pump.     

Comparison of cavitation prediction for a centrifugal pump with or without volute casing

Cavitation may not only cause head and efficiency breakdown of hydraulic machines but also generate other unfavorable phenomena such as noise and vibration. Therefore, the accurate prediction of cavitation development is important for various pump applications. In this paper, two numerical models, namely, models A and B, are applied to simulate the turbulent cavitating flows inside a centrifugal pump to investigate the effect of calculation domain on the prediction accuracy of cavitation performance for hydraulic machines. Model A has a calculation domain with volute casing, whereas model B has a single blade-to-blade flow passage without volute casing. Steady simulations of cavitating flow in the pump have been conducted based on the shear stress transport k-ω turbulence model and the homogeneous cavitation model. Both models A and B predicted that the pump performance decreases with decreasing cavitation number. Experimental results show that model B can predict better the critical cavitation number at the best efficiency point compared with model A, which is the full flow passage model. Internal flow investigations indicate that an asymmetrical feature of cavitating flow exists when the calculation domain with volute casing is applied. The asymmetrical cavitation development in different blade-to-blade flow passages for model A results in an over-estimation of the decrease in pump performance because of the interaction between the impeller blade and the tongue of the volute casing. A simple calculation domain without volute casing is preferred for steady cavitation prediction in pumps rather than the full flow passage with volute casing because the former has better convergence, less resource requirements, and lower time consumption.     

滑阀V形阀口漩涡空化数值仿真分析

使用大涡模拟法(LES)模型、Mixture多相流模型及Schnerr-Sauer空化模型对滑阀V形阀口空化流场进行了数值仿真模拟。分析了V形滑阀在不同出口压力下的速度云图、压力云图和空穴形状,讨论了其中空化产生机制。结果表明:V形滑阀中空化主要分布在阀口上半部分和阀口后的阀腔中,阀口中的空化由流体漩涡运动的低压引起,阀腔中的空化由流体漩涡运动造成的压力脉动引起;无空化时阀腔中各处压力脉动主频一致,主频随入口压力降低而增大,空化出现后会破坏压力脉动的周期性。     

双向轴流泵装置性能预测与内部流动分析

对一采用S形叶片的双向轴流泵装置进行数值研究,在不同流量工况条件下分析泵的正、反向运转性能,对该泵的瞬时启动过程进行了监测并对泵内的非定常空化现象进行了分析。研究表明,正、反向运转时,泵的性能存在明显的差异,反向的扬程和效率均高于正向;在泵正向启动过程中,叶轮背面进口边产生空化区,反向运转时未发生明显的空化现象;两种运转模式下,叶轮进出口断面上压力脉动特征频率分布相似,但叶轮进口的压力脉动幅值较高。     

Analysis of inner flow in low specific speed centrifugal pump based on LES

To investigate unsteady flow in the low specific speed centrifugal pump, a three-dimensional model of a pump that n _s is equal to 50 is modeled with the software Pro/E. With standard k-?, SST k-ω and RNG k-? turbulence model, the testing performance of pump is compared with the simulated results. Based on the result of steady flow, the unsteady flow of RNG k-? turbulence model and large eddy simulation (LES) are calculated at both design and off-design conditions. The time domain of pressure fluctuation value of indicator points, which are located interfaces between volute and impeller, has been investigated numerically. The unsteady flow characteristic of pump with RNG k-? turbulence model is compared with LES. The distribution of vortex in the volute is discovered. The results show that in steady flow, an error of 2.6% of RNG k-? is the lowest, SST k-ω of 3.65% is second and the worst is standard k-? of 4.78% at design condition. The calculated precision using RNG k-? model is highest in steady condition. Because of the interaction of relative movement between volute and impeller, the pressure fluctuation can clearly be observed. The flow separation of the blade pressure surface and the stall channels in off-designed condition is the reason that the efficiency of pump operating under off-design condition is low. The vortex intensity is obviously different in the eight sections of the volute and is gradually increasing from first section to eighth section. Large eddy simulation can discover the unsteady flow of the centrifugal pump effectively.     

不同叶片数下管道泵内部流动及振动特性的数值与试验研究

为研究不同叶片数下管道泵内部的流动特性及振动特性,采用标准k-ε湍流模型和滑移网格技术,在CFX数值计算软件中,分别对6叶片和7叶片的管道泵内部全流场进行三维非定常数值模拟,计算得到不同流量下叶轮内部流动特性、蜗壳内部静压特性以及叶轮转矩波动特性。对比0.1qV工况下两种叶片数下的数值计算结果,发现6叶片下的“射流-尾迹”效应及静压变化梯度均大于7叶片,6叶片下的转矩波动强度大于7叶片;不同叶片数下,叶轮内部的相对速度变化规律、静压变化规律以及蜗舌附近低压区的发展变化规律与蜗舌和叶轮的相对位置有关。采用振动试验测量不同叶片数下管道泵的振动水平,分析振动试验结果和数值计算结果表明,在不同流量下,6叶片的振动水平高于7叶片,主要在于6叶片具有较强的压力脉动和不稳定流体力的作用;叶频及其倍频是管道泵产生振动的主要激励频率。因此,可以通过优化叶片设计参数(Z,β2,β1)来改善管道泵内部的不稳定流动状态,进而降低振动水平。     

轴流泵叶轮汽蚀两相流的数值模拟与分析

为了分析某型号轴流泵叶轮汽蚀状态下汽液两相流特征,本文基于均相流模型、RNG k-ε湍流模型与SIM-PLEC算法,分别从外特性和内部流场两方面分析了轴流泵叶轮的空化过程,通过定量分析不同NPSH下轴流泵的扬程下降和空泡分布的对应关系,讨论了不同空化状态下叶轮内部速度场和压力场的分布,寻找出轴流泵空化发生破坏的位置和发展趋势。数值模拟结果表明,空化初生时空泡产生于叶片背面进口轮缘处,随着轴流泵进口压力的不断降低,叶片背面外缘处空泡逐渐向轮毂侧发展,且外缘侧空泡不断向前推进,在装置汽蚀余量NPSH为6.62m时,空泡基本覆盖叶片的背面,此时叶片丧失了部分做功能力,且扬程下降明显。计算模型泵进行了现场运行试验,试验结果表明,数值模拟的空泡分布与实际破坏位置一致,验证了数值计算的准确性,也为解决轴流泵汽蚀破坏问题提供了内流流场参考。     

The characteristics investigation under the unsteady cavitation condition in a centrifugal pump

Numerical simulation and experimental method are combined to investigate the pump inlet and outlet pressure fluctuations, the vibration characteristics and the internal flow instabilities under the unsteady cavitation condition in a centrifugal pump. It is found that the unsteady cavitation starts to generate as the NPSHa is lower than 5.93 m. Apparent asymmetric and uneven cavity volume distribution on each blade and in the impeller can be observed as the NPSHa decreases from 4.39 m to 1.44 m, which includes the cavitation develops from cavitation surge, rotating cavitation to asymmetric cavitation. The flow vortexes in each blade channel are produced in the cavity trailing edges by the shedding and collapse of cavitation, which interfere with each other and aggravate the flow instabilities. The dominant frequencies of the pump inlet and outlet pressure fluctuations are the shaft frequency and blade passing frequency under the unsteady cavitation conditions, respectively. Broadband pulses are obtained from both the pump inlet and outlet pressure pulsations, which results from the random shedding and collapse of unsteady cavitation bubbles. Obvious corresponding relationship between the root mean squares of the vibration measured in different positions and the suction performance curve is found under both the non-cavitation and unsteady cavitation conditions.

     

不同锥角V形球阀流动特性分析

V形球阀是一种性能优良的调节阀,但在一定条件下会发生空化,从而对管路造成损害。为了研究截流面积对V形球阀内部流动的影响,通过数值模拟的方法,对V形球阀在空化与非空化工况下的内部流场进行了研究,同时对比分析了不同锥角和不同开度下V形球阀流量特性、阻力特性、空化特性的变化规律。结果表明:V形球阀的流量系数随开度和锥角的增大而增大,且阻力系数随着开度和锥角的增大而减小;V形球阀的能量损失随着锥角的增大而减小;随着开度的增大,V形球阀流道内的空化程度减小。研究为V形球阀的应用与设计优化提供了理论依据。     

双流道泵输送固液介质的水力性能及磨损试验研究

为分析固液混合物对双流道输送泵性能的影响,采用平均粒径为10 mm和36 mm的固体颗粒对双流道泵在不同浓度和流量下开展输送固液两相介质的水力性能试验,并对泵的磨损进行分析。水力试验结果表明,在一定的流量下,随着输送混合物中固体颗粒浓度的增加,入口表压、出口表压、扬程及效率呈递减趋势。 与输送清水时比较,当输送固液两相介质时,随着流量的增大,轴功率上升较快,扬程的下降量在不同流量下几乎相同;效率曲线在不同流量下比输送清水时效率要低,差值随着流量的增大而增大。在同流量同浓度比工况下,泵的进出口压力、扬程和汽蚀性能在输送较大直径固体颗粒时,明显下降。通过对双流道泵磨损的分析表明,叶轮磨损部位主要在前盖板外缘、流道内偏前盖板的流道表面、压力面进口边,压力面的磨损区域呈三角形;泵体的磨损部位主要在周壁、隔舌及泵体口环处。本研究可为固液两相双流道离心泵的理论研究与设计应用提供试验依据。