白龙港水质净化厂BIOS系统的调试运行分析

为确保出水水质的稳定达标并实现节能降耗的目的,在白龙港水质净化厂生物池的调试运行中,采用了基于活性污泥模型的生物工艺过程优化控制系统(BIOS),通过数学模型计算并以前馈控制方式对各廊道的溶解氧及内回流比控制值进行优化。结果表明,采用BIOS系统后出水水质稳定且节能效果显著。针对PID方式对于生物池溶解氧进行实时控制的不足,提出采用生物池曝气控制系统(BACS)、以前馈方式根据耗氧速率(OUR)来实时控制曝气量,使溶解氧控制符合生物工艺过程优化控制的要求。通过总结现有曝气管路布置情况下存在的问题,对扩建工程中的供气系统进行了设计改进和优化,确保在二期建设项目中B IOS系统能达到控制目标。     

生物反应池工艺过程控制技术的设计及应用

在安徽芜湖城南污水处理厂(10 ×104 m3/d)的设计中,采用了先进的生物反应池工艺过程控制技术,包括智能优化系统(BIOS)、曝气控制系统(MASC)及在线监测仪表.该控制技术采用前馈控制理念,通过安装在生物池前段的在线仪表并结合工艺数学模型实时优化和控制生物反应池的工艺运行参数(如溶解氧、内回流比或排泥量等).对生物反应池进行工艺过程控制,可提高生物处理效率,在保证污水处理厂出水稳定达标排放(GB 18918-2002一级B标准)的基础上还能节省曝气量,预计该技术的应用可节省20%～40%的曝气能耗.     

模糊控制方法在污水处理厂曝气控制系统中的应用

生物池曝气系统的精细化控制对整个污水处理厂的运行具有重大意义。基于活性污泥法污水处理工艺技术原理,采用模糊控制方法,设计以DO目标值和实测值的偏差及偏差率为输入、以曝气量为输出的污水处理生物池曝气控制系统,并在上海某污水处理厂进行实例应用。结果表明,该控制系统具有较好的容错性和控制精度,可对污水处理生物池DO进行精细化控制,溶解氧目标值和实测值误差在±0.2 mg/L范围内波动,具有良好的控制效果;该控制系统能够为污水处理厂生物曝气过程高效、稳定运行提供指导。     

低负荷城市污水厂的运行问题与对策

针对南方城市污水厂普遍存在的进水水质偏低的问题,结合A2/O工艺处理低浓度污水的实际运行情况,具体分析了低负荷形成的原因和运行中存在的问题,提出了优化运行的方案。实际运行中好氧池MLSS由设计值的3.5 g/L下调至2.5 g/L,采用曝气链间隔运行(按4 h周期启闭曝气链)和关闭内回流系统的运行模式后,实际污泥负荷为0.07 kgBOD/(kgMLSS.d),污泥性状得到有效改善。优化后的运行结果表明,好氧池的溶解氧变化幅度由4.78 mg/L降至0.82mg/L,活性污泥中有机物含量由48%提高至63%,出水水质优于《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)的一级B标准,综合处理电耗节省0.05 kW.h/m3。     

传统活性污泥工艺升级改造的设计优化研究

应用系统分析方法和ASM2d活性污泥模型模拟技术,对包头市北郊水质净化厂传统活性污泥工艺的升级改造方案进行了优化设计。通过系统分析进水和出水水质、运行参数及活性污泥降解性能来寻求升级改造中的关键因素,并在此基础上选定改良A2/O与深度处理(高密度沉淀池/微滤)组合工艺作为该厂的升级改造工艺,同时建立改良A2/O工艺模型,对不利温度(12℃)下的不同运行工况进行了模拟预测,并最终确定了最佳的污泥浓度、污泥回流量、内回流比、生物池溶解氧浓度等关键性技术参数值,为污水处理厂的升级改造和扩建方案提供了可行性预测和优化设计。     

扬州六圩污水厂智能优化控制系统调试与运行

针对扬州六圩污水处理厂进水中工业废水所占比例较大,且存在较多难降解物质和毒性物质的情况,为确保工艺正常运行和出水水质的稳定达标,在生物池中安装在线监测仪表实时反映进水污染物负荷的变化和工艺的运行状况。在保证出水水质稳定达标的前提下,通过生物智能优化控制系统(BIOS)计算出内回流比和各廊道所需溶解氧,曝气控制系统(BACS)根据生物智能优化控制系统得出的溶解氧设定值,对鼓风机、空气阀门等设备进行调整,使曝气量既能满足生物池的溶解氧需要,又不浪费能源。BACS将追踪溶解氧的响应时间控制在30 min以内;在48 h连续控制周期内,西池第一和第二廊道溶解氧实时值与设定值的偏差在±0.5 mg/L之内的时间分别占88.40%、98.99%。通过两套系统的联动运行,在保证出水水质稳定的前提下为六圩污水处理厂降低了约19.4%的鼓风系统能耗。     

SBR生物池鼓风机自动曝气控制系统改造

某再生水厂利用离心鼓风机为SBR生物池提供曝气,由于历史原因,原自动曝气控制系统无法使用。通过改变控制策略、优化鼓风机设置、更新控制仪表等改造工作,实现了鼓风机自动曝气功能。改造完成后,自动曝气控制系统运行稳定,鼓风机可以根据SBR生物池溶解氧设定值自动调节进出口导叶开度和开启台数,进而调节曝气量,实现SBR生物池DO可控,为脱氮除磷等精细化工艺调控提供技术支撑。与鼓风机手动运行比较,在进水水量和水质相当、出水水质达标条件下,自动曝气时鼓风机耗电量可节约10%左右。     

VACOMASS~曝气控制系统在污水处理厂的应用

VACOMASS~系统是一套污水处理厂生物池曝气控制系统,将生物池的溶解氧控制和鼓风机的压力控制结合在一起,不但保证了生物池处理效果的稳定,还有效的降低了生物反应对曝气量的需求,从而达到了污水厂稳定达标和节能降耗的统一,在绍兴污水厂的对照应用实验表明,在溶解氧设定值为2.5mg/l的情况下,VACOMASS~气体流量控制系统的应用使生物池的溶解氧在2.2～2.8mg/l变化,平均为2.5mg/l;而未采用VACOMASS~系统的对照组溶解氧在1.5～5.9mg/l变化,平均为3.5mg/l。进一步对曝气量的统计结果表明,VACOMASS~系统控制组的曝气量为163751m~3/d,而对照组的曝气量为206572m~3/d,VACOMASS~系统的应用使曝气量节省了20.7%。     

脉冲曝气在污水处理工艺中的节能应用

详细介绍了两例脉冲曝气在MBR工艺中减少膜擦洗风量的实例以及在采用A/A/O工艺的污水处理厂利用脉冲曝气实现高、低溶解氧浓度的切换来减少生物反应池能耗的实例。两个MBR案例的膜擦洗脉冲曝气改造在减少风量方面效果非常明显;而污水厂通过高、低溶解氧浓度的切换运行,在保证出水水质达标的情况下,实现了生化池曝气的节能降耗。     

双重生化法制取再生水工艺研究

介绍了制取再生水的现状，论述了利用双重生化法（延时曝气活性污泥法加酶促曝气生物虑池）处理污水并制取再生水工艺的原理及其应用。     

污泥制砖存在问题浅析

污泥制砖符合国家的环保政策,但在技术方面还待进一步创新和突破。为此分析了污泥制砖在技术方面、环保方面和社会大众认可方面存在问题及相应的改进措施。     

干旱区绿洲环境下的新疆小城镇建设投资

一、研究区域基本现状新疆地处欧亚大陆腹地,地貌轮廓表现为“三山夹两盆”,山地与平原的面积大致各占50%,镶嵌于戈壁沙漠的绿洲仅有7万平方公里。新疆土地面积166.49万平方公里,占全国总面积的六分之一。气候干旱,荒漠广布,是中国最大的干旱区,是亚洲干旱核心区,也是世界上著名的干旱区之一。水资源短缺,生态极度脆弱。新疆2004年底有1950万人,人均GDP已经超过了1000美元,城镇化进入了快速发展阶段,特别是小城镇的发展速度较快。但新疆特殊的干旱区绿洲环境,使得小城镇的发展存在许多问题。一是城镇规模小而散,基础设施配套差,城镇集散和…     

Levels of manganese in the urine of female farmers in non-polluted regions in Japan

Nearly 1500 urine samples were collected from female farmers in eight regions widely scattered in the islands of Japan in the winter of 1987-1988. The samples were analysed for manganese by wet ashing and flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry under strict quality control. The values observed after adjustment for a specific gravity of 1.016 were distributed log-normally with a geometric mean of 0.65 microgram/l and a geometric standard deviation of 2.47. There was no effect of aging or any effect of smoking on the urinary manganese concentration. The inter-regional difference may be present but not yet conclusive. As no sex difference was observed in a previous study, it may be possible to deduce that the value may possibly stand for the "background" level of both men and women, either smoking or non-smoking, among the general Japanese population. The observed value is discussed in comparison with values reported in the literature.     

Typification of Fires in Buildings in Spain

Although the Dirección de General de Protección Civil (DGPC), an agency of the Spanish government, has been responsible for the collection of data and the statistical analysis of fires since 1985, it has not as yet issued any reports. It is true that a couple of studies have been made, but in neither case did they use a standardized methodology but relied simply on the heterogeneous information provided by the fire brigades which cooperated in the studies. At that time Spanish fire brigades did not have special units for professional fire investigation, nor was the information derived from standardized methodologies suited to research purposes. In addition, information was extremely scarce and basic, focussed only on the fire, the use of the building and personal data of the victims. In this context, the project for a Fire Investigation Unit in the Fire Brigade of Málaga (the sixth largest Spanish province in inhabitants) was set up. Although inspired in the methodologies used in the USA and in the UK, the aim was to create a customized methodology for the first scientific investigation of fires in Spain. Our research was conducted in 2007. Using the methodologies of the USA and the UK, our own methodological approach and the Spanish regulations, we drew up a questionnaire with 110 variables arranged into 6 modules. We studied 96 fires out of the 154 emergency fire calls received in 2007, having omitted some emergency calls for various reasons. Our results revealed that it was necessary to generalize the installation of fire extinguishers in residential buildings, to train the general public in the use of these devices, to promote the use of fire and smoke detectors in residential buildings, to encourage the inspection and control of old electric installations and to monitor the new installations, to generalize the implementation of emergency and evacuation plans and to design new systems and materials for the cabinets where hand-held extinguishers are stored.     

分光光度法测水中余氯

介绍了用双硫腙分光光度法测定水中余氯的新方法，阐述了其测定试验过程，根据试验结果显示，其结论符合国家标准，表明该方法可用于自来水等样品中余氯含量的测定，结果比较准确。     

Intersections of inequality in homeownership in Sweden

Abstract

Inequalities relating to ownership of housing have become a major issue de jour in many Western societies. This article examines how the distribution of homeownership in Sweden relates to two factors widely seen as significant to such inequalities, namely parental tenure status and place of birth. We use longitudinal registry data to examine the bearing of these two factors on individual-level tenure progression since the beginning of the 1990s for persons at different stages of their housing careers. We extend existing understandings of Swedish homeownership patterns by demonstrating that inequalities relating to place of birth and parental tenure intersect with one another in ways that substantially advantage certain subgroups while disadvantaging others, and by demonstrating that experiences of entry into homeownership have in recent years been changing in markedly different ways for these different subgroups. Overall, Swedish homeownership inequalities, far from dissipating, appear to be hardening along existing lines.     

莳花在城市绿化中的应用

目的:花化、香化、彩化已成为城市园林绿化的主要趋势,也是为满足人们对环境要求越来越高的一种心境。方法:选择采用莳花能表现出品种繁多,色彩艳丽等不同的方式,从而能在很大程度上丰富了植物造景的层次感要求。结果:能使其达到美化环境、增添节日气氛、提高绿化品质等方面有着突出的作用。结论:莳花造景对城市的美化可达到立杆见影效果,从而提高城市的形象和品位。     

日本城市浅层地下空间利用的新成就

本文结合日本川崎市站前广场和神户市哈巴兰德地区的立体化再开发，分析介绍当前日本浅层地下空间开发利用的成就和特点。     

遗传算法在边坡稳定系数计算中的应用

边坡稳定性的关键问题是确定最危险滑动面(潜在最危险滑动面)和边坡的稳定系数。国内外一般是采用先假定边坡滑移模式,然后近似确定最危险滑动面,再求近似的边坡稳定系数的方法来分析边坡的稳定性,但假设的边坡滑移模式难以反映边坡滑移的实际状态。因此本文探索利用遗传算法搜索最危险滑动面,并得到最小稳定系数及对应的最危险滑动面曲线,取得了较好的效果。     

建筑设计创作中的地域文化探索——合肥文博苑创作体会

探索地域文化的发展是民族发展的重要课题。合肥文博苑建立在新城区,作者在其建筑与环境的创作中,既保持合肥地域文化传统,又体现现代文化精神。