泄水建筑物推移质冲磨破坏修复技术

磨损冲击破坏是水工泄水建筑物常见的问题之一,尤其是当水流流速较高,水流中挟带砂石等推移质时,这种破坏现象更为严重。通过对原材料优选及配合比试验,研制了具有高弹性及良好抗冲击性能的高弹性抗冲磨砂浆,该材料与混凝土粘接强度高。针对推移质冲磨的破坏机理,提出了"以柔克刚"的复合式方案,通过吸收跳跃式推移质沙石的冲击能量,达到解决抗推移质冲磨破损的目的。在柳洪水电站3号孔闸室底板进行的冲磨破坏修复试验表明,环氧砂浆+高弹性抗冲磨砂浆+抗冲磨型SK手刮聚脲复合式方案经受住了一个汛期多次泄洪的考验,抗推移质冲磨效果良好。     

水工泄水建筑物抗冲耐磨高分子护面材料综述

水工泄水建筑物受高速夹沙水流冲刷及推移质撞击冲磨,是水利水电建设中有待解决的重大问题。结合实例阐述了现有高分子护面材料在水工泄水建筑物抗冲耐磨保护中的应用及研究动态,分析了聚合物砂浆、喷涂弹性体、耐磨涂料各自的优缺点。指出新型纳米耐磨涂料是抗冲耐磨护面材料的一个重要发展方向,讨论了其在水工泄水建筑物上应用需要解决的关键技术问题。介绍了一种能经受40 m/s流速的新型纳米抗冲磨面层涂料的制备方法,经高速圆环法试验表明,具有优异的抗冲磨性能。     

CW弹性环氧砂浆抗冲磨性能及工程应用

环氧砂浆涂层防护是提高水工建筑物抗冲磨性的有效途径之一。为改善普通环氧砂浆的抗冲磨性能,选用高韧性环氧树脂、低放热固化剂、级配填料等原料,制备出CW弹性环氧砂浆。比较了弹性环氧砂浆与其他环氧砂浆的力学性能,采用SEM分析弹性环氧砂浆的结构特点,并介绍了该材料的工程应用实例。研究结果表明:在冲磨72 h后,CW弹性环氧砂浆磨损较普通环氧砂浆降低40.5%,较改性环氧砂浆降低38.4%,抗冲磨强度提高72.4%;冲磨216 h后质量损失率仅为0.08%,216 h抗冲磨强度可达82.05 h/(kg/m²),远远大于普通环氧砂浆。冲磨前涂层较为光滑平整,冲磨后结构发生形变,出现较多褶皱界面与少量凹坑,但整体仍紧密结合,呈现较为完整的连续相,说明CW弹性环氧砂浆具有较好的抗冲磨性能,能够很好地抵御冲磨破坏。实践证明,CW弹性环氧砂浆在消力池、水垫塘等大流量、高水头建筑物的抗冲磨防护方面表现优异,具有良好的应用前景。     

水性环氧砂浆抗冲磨特性研究

水性环氧砂浆在水工建筑领域得到了越来越多的关注和应用,其物理力学特性尤其是抗冲磨特性是决定是否应用于排沙隧洞、溢流坝面等泄水建筑物的关键因素。针对水性环氧砂浆的抗冲磨性能,采用高速水下钢球冲磨仪模拟推移质对水性环氧砂浆的抗冲磨破坏,分析在不同转速、不同级配冲磨钢球下砂浆的抗冲磨特性,探索了适合于水性环氧砂浆的水下钢球法试验参数,提出了水性环氧砂浆抗冲磨寿命预测方法。     

高弹性修补砂浆的试验研究

水利水电工程泄水建筑物混凝土表面经常遭受高速含沙水流或携带推移质水流的冲刷,经过一段时间的运行,往往会出现不同程度的磨损及气蚀破坏,采用性能优越的抗冲磨材料修补缺陷尤为重要。通过对高弹性砂浆的配合比设计及其性能的试验,揭示了该材料的特点及优势,通过室外工艺性试验,总结了高弹性砂浆的现场施工工艺,为修补混凝土冲刷磨蚀破坏提供了一种新的材料选择。     

多沙河流闸门过流面抗冲磨防护环氧砂浆的研制及性能研究

研制一种适用于多沙河流闸门过流面抗冲耐磨防护的环氧砂浆,通过环氧树脂体系的工作性能初选配方,选用正交试验研究不同因素对环氧砂浆抗压强度和抗折强度影响的显著性,分析胶砂比和水泥掺量对砂浆力学性能的影响,通过核磁共振技术研究不同配比环氧砂浆内部孔径大小和分布情况,并通过高速水下钢球冲磨机测试不同配比环氧砂浆抵抗推移质冲磨的性能。结果表明：胶砂比对环氧砂浆的抗压强度和抗折强度影响显著,随着胶砂比的增加,环氧砂浆的抗压强度和抗折强度先快速增加后有一定程度的回落,当石英砂∶水泥∶环氧树脂为5∶1∶3时,环氧砂浆流动性好,养护7 d后内部孔隙分布均匀,抗压强度为119.0 MPa,抗折强度为42.24 MPa, 216 h高速水下钢球法冲磨厚度损失为0.063 mm。结合数据分析,高强高韧环氧砂浆粘结强度高、施工难度小、抗冲磨效果较好,适用于闸门过流面防护。     

超高性能混凝土抗冲磨性能试验研究

针对新疆水利工程抗冲磨部位应用的抗冲磨混凝土冲磨破坏问题,采用混凝土抗压强度试验及水下钢球法对超高性能混凝土(UHPC)的抗冲磨性能等进行试验研究,同时与普通硅粉混凝土、HF抗冲耐磨混凝土的抗冲磨性能进行对比研究,结果表明:UHPC具有极高的力学性能,28 d抗压强度可以达到130.59 MPa,抗冲磨性能明显提高,抗冲磨强度是普通硅粉混凝土的4倍以上;UHPC具有极高的流动性,具有自流平效果,兼备良好的施工性能。     

CW改性环氧砂浆在西藏地区抗冲磨防护中的应用

针对西藏地区水工建筑物劣化问题,根据溢流坝段闸墩部位水流冲磨破坏特性及高海拔地区强紫外辐射的气候特点,采用2种不同性能的环氧砂浆对闸墩混凝土缺陷部位进行修补及抗冲磨防护,其中深度缺陷修补采用高黏度环氧砂浆补平,面层防护采用自主研发的CW高耐候改性环氧砂浆,该砂浆适用于强紫外辐照条件下高速过流区混凝土表面防护.经过蓄水后半年时间的水流冲磨及强辐射考验,表明改性环氧砂浆对闸墩混凝土抗冲磨及耐久性防护具有良好效果.     

水利工程抗冲磨混凝土的实验研究及其应用

高速水流对水工建筑物的冲磨破坏极大,这就对水工混凝土的抗冲磨性能提出了很高的要求。合理选用混凝土的组成材料,能够提高混凝土的抗冲磨强度,避免冲磨破坏,保证工程正常运行就有着极其重要的意义。通过对混凝土拌合料中加入适当的橡胶粉材料进行试验,研究了胶粉材料对混凝土抗冲磨性能的影响,并对其原理进行了分析。     

泄水建筑物抗冲磨防空蚀设计

以长江葛洲坝水利枢纽为例，分析挟沙水流对混凝土的冲磨特征，总结出泄流建筑物表面抗冲磨的经验关系式，认为对于抗悬沙中磨，表面抗冲磨层厚度与水流流速，水中挟沙量，１年内冲磨天数，检修年限成正比，与混凝土材料抗压强度成反比。根据已建工程经验，提出泄流底表面抗悬沙冲磨层厚度不应小于０．４－０．５ｍ；对于抗石碴，推移质冲磨，其表面抗冲磨层厚度以０．５－０．６ｍ为宜，抗冲磨层材料强度在Ｃ５０左右。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.