热变形双相不锈钢的微区取向及组织分析

 在变形温度为1000和1100℃,应变速率为01s-1的条件下,利用MMS-200热模拟试验机,对S32750超级双相不锈钢进行了高温压缩试验。利用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)分析了其晶体取向和微观组织。研究结果表明,铁素体在两种试验条件下均可形成<001>和<111>∥压缩轴织构,在变形温度为1100℃时,<001>织构要强一些;奥氏体在两种变形温度下均形成了<001>织构,强度很弱。在变形温度为1100℃条件下,奥氏体中存在的以Σ3为主的CSL特殊晶界数量更多。两种试验条件下,S32750超级双相不锈钢中铁素体和奥氏体均发生了动态再结晶,降低变形温度有利于细化晶粒。在铁素体向奥氏体转变过程中,奥氏体可以在铁素体晶界处生成,也可以在铁素体晶粒内部形成。     

00Cr25Ni7Mo4N超级双相不锈钢的高温变形行为

采用热/力模拟实验方法研究了00Cr25Ni7Mo4N超级双相不锈钢(SDSS)在900～1 200℃、应变速率为0.1～10 s-1条件下的热变形及组织变化,讨论了热变形参数对流变应力和显微组织的影响.结果表明,在上述变形条件下,00Cr25Ni7Mo4N超级双相不锈钢中铁素体的软化机制与Z参数有关,且随着Z参数减小,铁素体软化机制由动态回复向动态再结晶转变;该钢的表观应力指数为3.51,热变形表观激活能为492 kJ/mol.     

油气工业中氢对双相不锈钢腐蚀行为的影响

随着双相不锈钢在海洋油气田和酸性服役工况下的应用越来越多,临氢环境下双相不锈钢的失效风险逐步提高.目前海洋油气田双相不锈钢管道面临的氢损伤失效主要出现在海水过阴极保护环境和含H₂S的酸性服役环境.氢的引入除了引起双相不锈钢腐蚀性能和组织的改变外,还不可避免遭受氢损伤,包括氢脆、氢致开裂等.本文综述了氢进入双相不锈钢后引起的氢损伤问题、腐蚀性能的改变和组织的改变,旨在为双相不锈钢油气工业临氢环境下的应用提供指导;总结了氢在双相不锈钢中扩散和分布的研究现状：氢在双相不锈钢中的扩散路径是曲折的,倾向于在晶界处聚集,随后向铁素体扩散;介绍了与氢相关的现代分析技术与方法,同时展望了临氢环境双相不锈钢研究的发展趋势：氢损伤理论机制仍不完善,需要将现代分析技术和理论计算模拟相结合完善和发展新的氢损伤理论模型.     

热处理工艺对SAF2205和SAF2304不锈钢晶间腐蚀和孔蚀的影响

双相不锈钢是铁、铬、镍的合金，其室温组织通常为50％的奥氏体和50％的铁素体。双相不锈钢同时具有高强度和耐腐蚀性能，而这是普通单相奥氏体或铁素体不锈钢所不具备的。与奥氏体不锈钢相比，双相不锈钢具有更好的耐局部和应力腐蚀的性能，尤其是在含氯离子的热腐蚀环境中。与铁素体不锈钢相比，双相不锈钢具有更好的成型性能、焊接性能及韧性。正是由于这些优良性能，双相不锈钢被越来越多地应用于海洋环境、石化工业和石油提炼业。尽管双相不锈钢早在20世纪30年代就已被开发出来，但直到高合金双相不锈钢的出现才使其得到广泛应用。这是因为早期的双相不锈钢难于进行热加工并且经焊接和热处理后易发生晶间腐蚀。     

Cu-P-Cr-Ni-Mo耐候钢双相区多道次轧制模拟的组织演变

 为了实现Cu-P-Cr-Ni-Mo耐候钢的铁素体晶粒细化从而充分提高其强塑性,通过热模拟压缩试验,利用金相、SEM、EBSD等微观组织分析方法研究了其在双相区的多道次压缩变形过程中的组织演变。结果表明,试验钢在变形过程中,第二相（马氏体、贝氏体）呈条带状分布于铁素体基体上,随着道次增加,铁素体晶粒逐步细化,第5道次变形后得到1.8 μm左右的超细晶铁素体。前期铁素体晶粒细化的主要机制是形变强化铁素体相变,即多道次的累积大变形使组织内畸变能增大,铁素体形核点增多,促进铁素体快速析出,形成细小铁素体晶粒;后面几道次变形中,随着应变量继续增大,在铁素体晶粒内形成大量亚晶界,且亚晶界逐步累积扭转成大角度晶界,分割原来的粗大晶粒,发生铁素体连续动态再结晶细化。     

双相不锈钢2205的热加工性能研究

研究了双相不锈钢2205在1 000~1 200℃温度、应变速率0.01~30 s-1下压缩变形的热加工行为。讨论了该条件下的应力应变曲线的特征并根据sinh-Arrhenius方程计算了其形变激活能为519 KJ/mol。通过对试样的金相及TEM观察,讨论了双相不锈钢中的奥氏体相和铁素体相在热变形中的回复、再结晶机制。     

奥氏体变形及冷却速率对低碳贝氏体组织中大角晶界分布的影响

使用电子背散射衍射技术研究了低C高Mn高Nb成分设计下,非再结晶奥氏体变形及加速冷却速率对低碳贝氏体组织取向差特征和大角晶界分布的影响.结果表明,与原奥氏体晶粒内部的相变组织相比,原奥氏体晶界附近具有更高的大角晶界密度,非再结晶区奥氏体变形及快速冷却都有利于提高共格相变的驱动力、弱化变体选择以及有效增加大角晶界密度.此外,非再结晶区的大变形除了可充分压扁奥氏体晶粒和增加单位面积的奥氏体晶界密度外,还导致奥氏体晶界上细小的非共格转变铁素体晶粒生成,且这些铁素体晶粒与相邻组织表现出大取向差.      

铸态超级双相不锈钢S32750热加工性能

 为研究热变形参数对铸态超级双相不锈钢S32750热变形行为和显微组织的影响,运用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机对S32750进行不同温度和应变速率下的高温拉伸和压缩试验。结果表明,S32750在1000~1200℃范围内具有较好的热塑性。在变形温度较低、应变速率较低时,流变曲线表现出不同于单相不锈钢的“类屈服平台”特征;当应变速率较高或变形温度较高、应变速率较低时,流变曲线为典型的动态再结晶特征。微观组织演变显示,铁素体和奥氏体两相都发生动态再结晶,且铁素体的再结晶先于奥氏体。降低应变速率,提高变形温度,可促进动态再结晶发生。基于热变形动力学模型建立了本构方程,表观应力指数为3.99,热变形激活能为393.75kJ/mol。S32750的高温软化机制与Zener-Hollomon(Z)参数有关,随Z参数增加,热变形峰值应力增加。     

双相不锈钢高温微观变形行为

 利用共聚焦激光扫描高温显微镜(CSLM)等设备对双相不锈钢的高温拉伸变形行为进行了研究,分析了双相不锈钢的热塑性变形机理,得出影响双相不锈钢热塑性的主要因素有：相界结合力、组织形貌和两相力学性能的差异。指出在双相不锈钢热加工时,增强相界结合力、优化组织形貌或减小两相力学性能差异,可有效改善双相不锈钢的热塑性。     

X60钢大压下变形后的微观组织

X60钢单道次和双道次大压下模拟变形分别在φ130二辊实验轧机和Gleeble-1500热模拟机上进行.变形后,对热模拟试样的组织进行分析发现:变形试样的组织主要是多边形的铁素体和微量的类珠光体,在铁素体晶粒边界和晶粒内部以及位错线上有许多较细小的碳氮化物弥散析出,尺寸约为十几纳米,呈不规则分布或点列状分布.     

Microstructural and mechanical behavior of a duplex stainless steel under hot working conditions

In the hot deformation of the duplex stainless steels, the complexity of the microstructure evolution and mechanical response is increased as compared with those of single-phase ferritic or austenitic stainless steels. In the present work, plane strain compression and torsion deformation modes have been used to analyze the microstructural evolution and the mechanical behavior of a duplex stainless steel in as-cast and wrought conditions, as a function of spatial phase distribution, the nature of interface, and the relative mechanical properties of both phases. The law of mixtures has been used to explain the different flow curves obtained when changing the phase distribution and/or the deformation mode. On deforming as-cast microstructures, the deformation partitions vary heterogeneously between both phases and some austenite areas act as hard nondeforming particles. Cracks have been observed to occur at the interface of such regions, from relatively low strains, for which the initial Kurdjumov-Sachs orientation relationship between ferrite and austenite is still present.     

Micro‐scale Strain Distribution in Hot‐worked Duplex Stainless Steel

A modified microgrid technique has been applied to a laboratory‐made duplex stainless steel, to experimentally simulate the local state of deformation of the austenite‐ferrite microstructure of low‐alloy steels subject to intercritical deformation. A sample containing such a microgrid was deformed by plane strain compression at high temperature under conditions representative of hot rolling processes. The distortion of the microgrid after hot deformation revealed, in a quantifiable manner, the plastic flow of both phases and different deformation features. The micro‐strain distributions measured can be used to validate the models predicting the hot deformation of low alloyed C‐Mn steels during intercritical rolling.     

NaCl+HCl溶液中Ce对双相不锈钢腐蚀行为的影响

为了研究酸性NaCl溶液中双相不锈钢的耐腐蚀性能,以含微量稀土Ce的UNS S31803双相不锈钢为研究对象,采用电化学阳极极化和交流阻抗相结合的方法测试其在NaCl + HCl混合溶液中的耐腐蚀性能。利用扫描电镜(SEM)观测腐蚀后的形貌特征,采用电子探针(EPMA)检测合金元素与杂质元素的分布特征,分析Ce元素的加入对双相不锈钢电化学腐蚀行为的影响机制。结果表明,钢中存在两相的选择性腐蚀并伴有局部点蚀,其中铁素体相是腐蚀较严重的相;阳极极化测试与交流阻抗测试结果相吻合,Ce拓宽了试验钢的钝化区间;Ce通过净化钢液、降低S和P元素在相界的偏聚及使Cr、Ni和Mo等合金元素在两相中的分布更均匀等作用,提高了钢的耐腐蚀性能。     

Constitutive Flow Equation for Cast Austenite–Ferrite Stainless Steels

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A - Cast duplex (austenite–ferrite) stainless steels are important materials in many domains. Their mechanical properties are altered by thermal...     

核电站设备制造中双相不锈钢的应用

奥氏体-铁素体双相不锈钢中稳定存在奥氏体相和铁素体相,该钢具有较高的机械性能和优异的耐点蚀、晶间腐蚀和应力腐蚀性能,在核电站设备制备中被广泛应用。一般双相不锈钢铸件中铁素体相的体积分数≤20%,服役温度≤425℃,双相不锈钢锻件中铁素体相约占50%,服役温度≤250℃。文中介绍了核电站设备中应用的双相不锈钢铸、锻件的化学成分、制造和焊接工艺要求及组织和性能。     

Comparison of Friction Stir and Gas Tungsten Arc Weldments of Modified 12 wt.% Cr Ferritic Stainless Steel

This paper presents the comparative evaluation of microstructural features and mechanical properties of a friction stir welded (solid‐state) and gas tungsten arc welded (fusion weld) 409 M grade ferritic stainless steel joints. Optical microscopy, microhardness, transverse tensile and impact tests were performed. The coarser ferrite grains in the base material are changed to very fine grains consisting of a duplex structure of ferrite and martensite due to the rapid cooling rate and high strain induced by severe plastic deformation caused by frictional stirring. On the other hand, grain growth was observed in the fusion zone as well as heat affected zone of the gas tungsten arc welded joint resulting in deterioration of mechanical properties.     

Determination of stacking fault energy of austenite in a duplex stainless steel

A determination of stacking fault energy (SFE) of the austenite phase of a duplex stainless steel, material no. 1.4462, has been carried out using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, cold rolling tests and microstructural analysis have been realized in order to allow a detailed discussion of the obtained SFE-values. The results of this Investigation indicate that the stacking fault energy of the austenite phase within the duplex stainless steel Is lower than those of single-phase austenitic stainless steels. This is justified by the chemical composition; mainly by the Cr and Ni alloying contents. Nevertheless, work hardening of the austenite during cold deformation is not as accentuated as expected by the low SFE-values, because at higher deformation levels the deformation mainly occurs within the ferrite phase.     

Role of nitrogen in the cyclic deformation behavior of duplex stainless steels

The role of nitrogen in the cyclic deformation behavior of duplex stainless steels (DSS) has been studied under fully reversed total-strain amplitude. The cyclic hardening-softening curves show that cyclic stress levels become lower with increasing nitrogen content. The cyclic softening becomes more evident with increasing nitrogen content. It can be attributed to the greater strength of austenite than that of ferrite as plastic strain is accumulated beyond the critical strain. This is achieved by a higher strain hardening of austenite than that of ferrite with increasing nitrogen content. In this regard, the higher austenite volume fraction is also responsible for higher cyclic softening, resulting from much stronger strain partitioning in ferrite. Dislocation-structure observations reveal that severe strain localization in ferrite causes greater cyclic softening in the alloys with higher nitrogen content. The cyclic stress-strain response can be described in terms of two regimes with low and high plastic-strain amplitudes. In the former regime, the cyclic strain-hardening rates (CSHRs) become higher with increasing nitrogen content because austenite dominantly takes part in plastic deformation, being more strain hardened due to the higher nitrogen content in austenite. On the contrary, those in the high-plastic-strain-amplitude regime hardly change because ferrite, more dominantly accommodating plastic strain, rarely shows a change of strain-hardening behavior due to the similar nitrogen content in ferrite.