喷墨打印次数对SnO2气敏薄膜性能的影响

利用溶胶-凝胶法配制了SnO2前驱溶液墨水,采用喷墨打印技术在金叉指氧化铝基片上制备了不同打印次数的SnO2气敏薄膜元件,通过XRD,SEM对薄膜进行结构分析和形貌观察,研究了喷墨打印次数的改变对薄膜电阻及其气敏性能的影响.实验表明,增加薄膜喷墨打印次数可降低薄膜电阻,提高SnO2薄膜对乙醇、丙酮气体的灵敏度,但会降低对NOx的灵敏性.     

用纳米WO3制作NOx气敏元件

在主体材料WO3中掺入适量的SiO2可制得平均粒径为37nm的敏感材料，用该材料制作的气敏元件对NOx具有较高的灵敏度和较好的选择性，响应／恢复时间较快。     

掺杂纳米NiO粉体材料的气敏性能研究

采用固相研磨法对纳米NiO粉体气敏材料进行掺杂,用静态配气法测试了掺杂后材料对还原性气体的气敏性能.结果表明:掺杂WO3可以明显地提高纳米NiO的检测灵敏度,且随着掺杂量的增加,灵敏度提高显著.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备的SnO2薄膜气敏特性研究

以SnCl4·5H2O为原料、用Sol-gel法制备出了SnO2薄膜,并对该薄膜的气敏特性进行了测试.结果表明,SnO2薄膜低温下对乙醇气体有较高的灵敏度和较快的响应恢复时间,且长期稳定性较好.     

过渡金属氧化物掺杂r-Fe_2O_3气敏材料研究

采用化学方法合成了气体灵敏度和选择性良好的r-Fe_2O_3 微细粉末,并且利用化学共沉淀的方法合成了具有不同气敏性能的过渡金属氧化物(MnO,NiO,ZnO)掺杂的r-Fe_2O_3气敏材料,这些材料的颗粒≤0.1um.过渡金属氧化物掺杂可以改变r-Fe_2O_3气敏材料的陶瓷微结构,但不宜用来改善r-Fe_2O_3的相稳定性.通过掺杂可以改变r-Fe_2O_3气敏材料的选择性和灵敏度.r-Fe_2O_3是以体控制型为主的气敏机制.过渡金属氧化物掺杂的r-Fe_2O_3对C_2H_5OH,C_2H_2和LPG具有良好的选择性和较高的灵敏度.     

粉末溅射SnO2/CeO2薄膜气敏元件的性能

通过对粉末溅射SnO2/CeO2薄膜气敏元件性能的测试和探讨,总结出反应升温△trea与气体浓度C存在关系△trea=(ACn)/(1+BCm)(其中A,B＞0,n＞m＞0),同时发现湿度对灵敏度的影响很大而对相对灵敏度影响不大;为确保测量的可靠性应避免用于测量高浓度气体,同时注意稳定测试电压,如用相对灵敏度进行测量,则可以减小湿度对测量结果(测量值)的干扰.     

WO3-SnO2薄膜的溶胶-凝胶制备及其气敏特性研究

以无机盐ＳnCl2.2H2O为主体原料、Ｈ２ＷＯ４为掺杂剂、无水乙醇为溶剂,采用溶胶－凝胶工艺制备了nw:nsn=1:1000的ＷＯ３－ＳnO2薄膜,并对共气敏性能进行了研究,实验表明,掺杂量为１％的ＷＯ３－ＳnO2薄膜在常温下对Ｈ２Ｓ,ＮＯx气体具有较好的气敏性能,对Ｈ２Ｓ气体的敏感温度为１００℃,对ＮＯx气体的最佳敏感温度为７０℃。     

SnO_2－SiO_2双层薄膜氢敏元件的特性研究

采用溶液－凝胶浸渍涂布工艺在Ａｌ＿２Ｏ＿３陶瓷管上制备了掺杂ＳｎＯ＿２气敏薄膜；利用高温热解法在ＳｎＯ＿２薄膜表面覆盖ＳｉＯ＿２气体分离膜后制得双层薄膜气敏元件。分别测试并比较单层和双层薄膜元件的气敏特性，结果表明：单层薄膜元件对可燃性气体无选择性、响应和恢复时间短；而双层薄膜元件对氢气表现出极高的灵敏度和优越的选择性，其响应和恢复时间都比单层薄膜元件有所延长，结合实验结果，从理论上阐述了双层薄膜元件对氢气的敏感机理。     

用PECVD制备的SnO_2薄膜气敏特性研究

ＳｎＯ２薄膜制备及其应用日益受到人们的重视。本文阐述了用低温等离子体化学气相沉积法制备ＳｎＯ２薄膜的工艺，并研究了所制得的纯净及掺杂Ａｇ，Ｐｄ的ＳｎＯ２薄膜的气敏特性。此法制得的元件对还原性气体，尤其是低浓度Ｈ２Ｓ，Ｃ２Ｈ５ＯＨ具有很高的灵敏度及快速的响应．     

掺杂SO2-4对In2O3电导和气敏性能的影响

用超声分散浸渍法制备了掺杂SO2-4的In2O3半导体气敏材料, 并对其电导和气敏性能进行了研究.结果表明: SO2-4的掺入改变了N型半导体In2O3材料的导电性能;少量SO2-4(w(SO2-4)≈2%)的存在,能提高材料的比表面积和表面吸附氧On-2量,187 ℃下对乙醇有较好的选择性和灵敏度.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.