O2/CO2气氛煤粉燃烧特性试验研究

O2/CO2燃烧技术是一种可分离回收CO2的新型燃烧技术，其燃烧机理与常规空气气氛燃烧存在着较大的差异。为此，该文在热重分析仪上进行了模拟空气气氛及不同O2浓度(j(O2)=21%、30%、40%、80%)的O2/CO2气氛下3种不同品质煤粉(龙岩无烟煤、贵州烟煤、元宝山褐煤)的燃烧特性试验，确定了3种煤粉的燃烧特征参数及综合燃烧性能指数。试验结果表明，O2/CO2气氛下煤粉的燃烧分布曲线与O2/N2气氛下有明显不同，相同O2浓度的条件下，O2/CO2气氛下煤粉燃烧速率低，燃尽时间长。在O2/CO2气氛下随着O2浓度的增加，燃烧DTG曲线向低温区偏移，着火温度及燃尽温度降低，燃尽时间缩短，煤粉综合燃烧特性指数增大，表明提高O2浓度可改善O2/CO2气氛下煤粉的燃烧特性。     

O2/CO2和O2/N2气氛下不同煤种的热解与燃烧试验研究

采用热重-质谱联用仪分别研究了3种煤在O2/N2和O2/CO2气氛下的热解和燃烧特性.结果表明,与N2气氛相比,CO2气氛下煤粉的热解过程可分为水分的蒸发、挥发分的释放以及较高温度下煤焦与CO2的气化反应;随燃烧气氛中氧浓度的增加,煤粉的TG-DTG曲线移向低温区,着火温度和燃尽温度降低,煤粉综合燃烧特性指数增大;在相同的燃烧气氛及氧浓度下,PRB次烟煤的着火温度和燃尽温度明显低于Illinois烟煤和Utah烟煤.     

大同烟煤增压富氧燃烧的热重实验研究

利用TherMax500型加压热天平研究了大同烟煤在增压富氧条件下的燃烧行为,主要考察压力对其燃烧特性的影响。实验结果表明,煤粉常压时的非均相着火,在中低压力下转变成均相着火,当压力增加到4 MPa后又逐渐向非均相着火过渡,并在6 MPa时完全转变成非均相着火。在均相燃烧时,随着压力的升高,挥发分燃烧速率逐渐加快,煤粉热解程度逐步加深。由于不同压力下着火方式的改变,煤粉的着火温度及燃尽温度并非随着压力的增加而单调变化,因而导致煤粉的综合燃烧特性指数S随着压力的增加先升高后降低。     

O_2/H_2O气氛下煤粉恒温燃烧特性研究

利用恒温热重实验台,研究了O_2/H_2O气氛下水蒸气、氧气、氧水比、温度等对煤粉燃烧特性的影响。结果表明:相同氧气浓度下,提高水蒸气浓度导致燃尽时刻提前,影响程度随水蒸气浓度的增加而减弱;相同水蒸气浓度下,增大氧气浓度会加快煤粉燃烧,削弱焦炭与水蒸气的气化反应强度。当氧气与水蒸气浓度同时改变时,增大氧水比,燃尽时刻提前;焦炭最大燃烧速率与氧水比存在非单调关系,氧水比小于0.25时两者为负相关,此时焦炭最大燃烧速率出现时刻随氧水比增大而提前,氧水比大于0.25时呈正相关,焦炭最大燃烧速率出现时刻稳定在40s左右。温度升高,水蒸气的气化作用增强,燃烧速率增大;高浓度(80%)的水蒸气对不同煤种均可改善燃烧,煤阶越高改善效果越明显。     

无烟煤与石油焦燃烧特性的对比试验研究

对4种无烟煤和1种石油焦的燃烧特性进行同步热分析试验研究,并对比研究其着火与燃尽特性。根据热分析曲线,分别计算其着火与可燃性指数、燃尽特性指数,推导并计算非等温燃烧过程中其综合燃烧特性指数。试验结果显示,石油焦燃烧特性类似于无烟煤,较低挥发分无烟煤易于着火与燃烧,但燃尽性能差。     

农业生物质稻草与烟煤混烧特性及动力学分析

采用TG-DTG-DSC联用技术对农业生物质稻草、烟煤及其混合燃料进行了热重实验,研究了其可燃特性、着火特性、燃尽特性及综合燃烧特性,分析了混合燃料的燃烧机理,并计算了燃烧动力学参数。结果表明:稻草与烟煤混烧的DTG曲线出现2个峰值,随着稻草在混合燃料中所占比例的增加,在DTG曲线2个峰值之间,DSC曲线逐渐出现向上的吸热峰;混合试样的着火温度大大低于烟煤的着火温度,混合燃料S6(稻草∶烟煤=4∶1)的着火温度及燃尽温度最低,其最大反应速度和平均反应速度均大于其他混合燃料的值;混合燃料的前期主要属于均相着火,后期属于多相着火;混合燃料在低温阶段反应级数约为1.5,高温阶段反应级数约为0.4;混合燃料低温阶段活化能及频率因子均大于高温阶段的活化能及频率因子,体现了活化能与频率因子变化的一致性;在烟煤中适当加入生物质稻草有利于促进烟煤的充分燃烧,提高其燃烧效率,从而降低纯烧煤所带来的环境污染。     

燃烧工况对烘焙木球高温单颗粒燃烧特性的影响

选择直径4mm的原生与260℃烘焙1h后的荷木球作为原料,在模拟工业锅炉实际燃烧条件的单颗粒燃烧器中进行不同工况下的燃烧实验,以研究烟气温度、流速和氧浓度对单颗粒荷木球着火、挥发分燃烧和焦燃烧时间的影响。此外,编写了图像识别程序对工业摄像机拍摄的焦燃烧视频进行识别。研究表明,随着烟气温度、流速及氧气浓度的增加,荷木球的着火、挥发分燃烧和焦燃烧时间都呈下降趋势。编写的MATLAB程序能够准确识别挥发分燃尽时间及焦燃尽时间,从而测出焦颗粒燃烧过程中,每一时刻的面积变化。此外,升高烟气温度和氧浓度均能显著消除烘焙后热解焦燃尽困难的问题,而气体流速的作用类似但不明显。     

石墨燃烧特性热重实验研究及动力学分析

以高温气冷堆燃料球内外层两种石墨为研究对象，利用程序升温的热重分析法研究了其在不同工况下的燃烧特性，并进行了动力学分析。结果表明，在空气气氛下，内层石墨的着火温度为770±10℃，外层石墨的着火温度为780±20℃；随着氧气浓度增加，石墨燃烧的综合燃烧特性指数增大，TG曲线向低温区移动，DTG曲线峰值变大，峰宽变窄；随着升温速率增加，TG曲线向高温区移动，DTG曲线峰值显著增大；计算获得燃烧条件下，内层石墨的表观活化能为190±10 kJ/mol，外层石墨表观活化能为270±20 kJ/mol；所得表观活化能值与指前因子值存在较为明显的补偿效应。     

煤和石油焦混合燃料在循环流化床中的燃烧特性

通过热天平对烟煤、石油焦和3种不同配比的煤和石油焦混合燃料的着火和燃烧特性进行了实验研究,然后在0.6 MW中试规模循环流化床试验台上进行了石油焦及其与煤的混合燃料的着火和燃尽特性研究。结果表明,石油焦并不是一种非常难燃的燃料,它的燃烧特性介于烟煤和无烟煤之间,其着火点温度和燃尽温度也介于烟煤和无烟煤之间,但更接近烟煤。     

O_2/CO_2气氛下烟煤掺烧褐煤燃烧特性

针对电厂混煤掺烧实际情况,在热重分析仪上对某电厂实际用煤分别进行了褐煤和烟煤单烧及不同氧量、掺混比、升温速率下的混烧实验,并根据实验数据对混煤燃烧特性进行了分析。结果表明:不同掺烧比例下混煤燃烧的变化规律相同,为烟煤和褐煤燃烧的叠加,随褐煤掺烧比例增大,着火温度和燃尽温度均降低,综合燃烧指数变大;混煤在20%O_2/80%N_2、20%O_2/80%CO_2气氛下燃烧特性曲线相差不大,20%O_2/80%CO_2气氛下着火温度及燃尽温度比20%O_2/80%N2气氛下高10℃左右,在30%O_2/70%CO_2气氛下,混煤着火温度比20%O_2/80%N2气氛下高3℃;随着升温速率由10℃/min增至40℃/min,混煤的着火温度、燃尽温度和综合燃烧指数均增大。     

氢氧等离子体合成过氧化氢过程的能效研究

为提高氢氧等离子体合成H2O2技术的能量效率,通过分析放电过程的反应器能效及电源能量注入效率,确定了影响合成总能效的主要因素。考察了反应器电极间距、电源放电频率及注入功率对反应器能效和电源能量注入效率的影响。发现减小电极间距、提高放电频率和注入功率有利于提高反应器能效,但不利于提高电源能量注入效率。本研究中可以得到150 gH2O2/kWh的反应器能效,但由于较低的电源能量注入效率,致使合成H2O2的总能效不超过9 gH2O2/kWh。因此,提高等离子体法合成H2O2过程的总能效,不仅需要设计高能效的等离子体反应器,还需为反应器负载开发适配的电源,而后者是提升该技术能量效率的关键。     

Electron-Ion Transport in ZrO2-Y2O3-CeO2 Ceramics

Simultaneous conduction of oxide ions and electrons in solid ceramic systems provides the capability for oxygen transport under a concentration gradient without the need for an externally applied electric field. In the present study, ionic transference numbers have been measured in the ZrO₂-5.8%Y₂O₃-10%CeO₂ system by open circuit Emf measurements involving different metal/metal oxide electrodes. In order to correlate the ionic transference number with grain size, high-density ceramic discs of different grain sizes (50 nm–5 m) were prepared by sintering pressed powders at various temperatures and times. Hydrothermal synthesis was used to prepare nanocrystalline powders of the above material with uniform crystallite size (10 nm) and chemistry. Emf measurements on the samples suggested both ionic and electronic transport, the ionic transference number decreasing with increase in the grain size. This observation was attributed to an increase in the amount of continuous crystalline grain boundary phase in the ceramics as the grain size increased. The presence of crystalline silicate and zirconate phases in the grain boundary region was confirmed by electron microscopic imaging combined with microanalysis. In the large grain (5 m) ceramics, the ionic transference number decreased linearly with temperature. As the grain size decreased, a maximum occurred in the ionic transference number vs. temperature curve. This maximum became more pronounced at smaller grain sizes. Better grain-grain contact and the doping effect of trivalent Ce in the grain boundary core are proposed to explain this observation.     

RuO_2-IrO_2-TiO_2析氧催化剂的制备工艺

以Ti N、RuCl3和H2IrCl6为原料,用真空浸渍-热分解法制备了RuO2-IrO2-Ti O2,研究了煅烧温度和n(Ru+Ir)∶n(Ti)对产物的影响。XRD分析表明:Ti N在高温煅烧时氧化生成金红石型Ti O2,RuO2、IrO2和Ti O2以固溶体的形式存在。CV、阳极极化曲线和EIS测试表明:RuO2-IrO2-Ti O2的最佳煅烧温度为400℃,随着n(Ru+Ir)∶n(Ti)的提高,催化剂的活性增强;在相同电位下,RuO2-IrO2-Ti O2的电流密度大于IrO2,可用作固体聚合物电解质(SPE)水电解催化剂。     

富氧火焰原子吸收光谱法测定铅钙锡合金中的锡

采用富氧火焰 (Air—C2 H2 —O2 )原子吸收光谱法直接测定铅钙锡合金中 0 1%以上的锡。对仪器工作条件、测定体系酸度、共存离子干扰等作了研究。方法准确度高 ,结果重现性好     

Thermoelectricity of p-Fe2O3-SO3-SiO2-others and n-Fe2O3-SiO2-CuO-others

Thermoelectric minerals have been found at Loei Province, in the northeastern part of Thailand. Local mineral specimens were prepared in the powders and bulk solids form by crushing, calcination and annealing, pressure and sintering, cutting and polishing. Mineral samples were used to analyze the composition and phase, determine the thermoelectric property and efficiency, design and construct a thermoelectric generator. Chemical composition and phase identification of powder samples were analyzed by the x-ray fluorescence (XRF) and x-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. XRF and XRD results indicated that the mineral samples comprised the SO₃-CaO-SiO₂-others, Fe₂O₃-SO₃-SiO₂-others, Fe₂O₃-SiO₂-others and Fe₂O₃-SiO₂-CuO-others. From the thermoelectric property and efficiency determinations, the p-SO₃-CaO-SiO₂-others, p-Fe₂O₃-SO₃-SiO₂-others, n-Fe₂O₃-SiO₂-others and n-Fe₂O₃-SiO₂-CuO-others bulks were found to exhibit the thermoelectric figure of merit in orders of 10^?14, 10^?11, 10^?14 and 10^?13 K^?1, respectively. A fabricated thermoelectric generator made from ten pairs of p-Fe₂O₃-SO₃-SiO₂-others and n-Fe₂O₃-SiO₂-CuO-others legs that can be provided the open circuit voltage and short circuit current up to 48.30 mV and 0.14 μA for a temperature difference of 39.80 K at room temperature, respectively. While the internal resistance decreased and reached a value of 665 kΩ.     

Mixed Hydroxide Precursors for La2Ti2O7 and Nd2Ti2O7 by Homogeneous Precipitation

Feasibility of formation of stoichiometric precursors of either M₂ (TiO)₂(C₂O₄)₅ 4H₂O (M = La and Nd) or coprecipitated hydroxides of M(OH)₃+TiO(OH)₂ was investigated by two solution routes at different pH values. Composition of precipitates obtained at pH = 7.0 by coprecipitation method starting from La or Nd nitrates and potassium titanyl oxalate corresponded to a physical mixture of La or Nd(C₂O₄)₃ 9.5H₂O and TiO(OH)₂7·H₂O which on thermal decomposition did not yield phase pure M₂Ti₂O₇. However, precipitation from La or Nd nitrates and titanium tertrachloride by urea hydrolysis yielded homogeneous mixture of hydroxides of La or Nd and Ti, which on pyrolysis at 950°C yielded phase pure La₂Ti₂O₇ and Nd₂Ti₂O₇. Use of potassium titanyl oxalate as precursor for Ti, led to selective precipitation of La or Nd oxalate even at pH as low as 0.1 leading to sequential precipitation of La or Nd oxalate followed by Ti hydroxide at pH = 3.0. The resultant precipitate on pyrolysis underwent typical solid-state reaction.     

Large motors for zone 2 and division 2

The safety of people working in either in division 2 or zone 2 hazardous (classified) locations and the protection of the facility is a prime concern. Worldwide, local authorities having jurisdiction mandate the codes and/or standards necessary to assure safety and protection. Two parallel approaches, North American NEC/CEC and international IEC systems, address the requirements of equipment installed in these locations. While essentially equal, the two systems are not interchangeable, and it is the obligation of the purchaser to advice which code is appropriate for the installation. It is also the responsibility of the purchaser or user to satisfy requirements of the LAHJ. A quick summary is provided in the "Summary of NEC, CEC, and IEC Requirements." NEC/CEC codes allow the manufacturer design leeway in the safe construction of motors and generators. These machines have a documented history of successful, incident free, operation for over 100 years.The machines made to the IEC EX "n" standard have the same consideration for the occurrence of arcing or sparking and include supplementary requirements for design, construction, and validation testing. The machines designed for division 2 hazardous area meeting the North American requirements of NEC/CEC may not be sufficient to comply with the mandates of IEC-regulated zone 2 hazardous area use. The machines designed and authenticated per IEC 60079-15 are suited to meet all the requirements of NEC, CEC, and IEC for zone 2 use.     

Dielectric and Piezoelectric Properties of Nonstoichiometric SrBi2Ta2O9 and SrBi2Nb2O9 Ceramics

Nonstoichiometric SrBi₂Ta₂O₉ (SBT) and SrBi₂Nb₂O₉ (SBN) ceramics were prepared by a solid state reaction method. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that single-phase of Bi-layered perovskite was obtained. With different Sr/Bi content ratios of SBT and SBN, Curie temperature (T_C), electromechanical factor (K_p) and mechanical quality factor (Q_m) were measured. T_C of SBN (SBT) rose from 414C (314C) to 494C (426C) when Sr/Bi content ratio was increased from 0.55/2.3 to 1.2/1.8. In the most Sr-deficient/Bi-excess ratio of 0.55/2.3, the maximum values of Q_m were obtained approximately 1013 and 3325 for SBT and SBN, respectively.     

过氧化氢钝化工艺的改进

传统的过氧化氢钝化工艺较难掌握，钝化条件比较苛刻，钝化效果一般，还容易出现一种褐色不明附着物。经过大量试验研究，对过氧化氢钝化工艺进行了改进，钝化效果明显提高。