水下冲击载荷下波纹夹层结构动态响应特性分析

为了探讨波纹芯层夹层结构在水下爆炸冲击波作用下的动态响应特性和抗冲击防护能力,首先基于非药式水下冲击波加载试验,结合显示动力学软件对水下结构抗冲击解耦算法的有效性进行了验证。进而利用该算法对波纹夹层板在水下冲击作用下的动态响应进行了研究,得到了波纹夹层结构气背面板塑性变形与冲击波强度间的关系,同时比较分析了波纹夹层板与格栅夹层板及单层板的抗冲击性能。研究结果表明:具有相同面密度的夹层板抗冲击能力高于单层板,其中波纹型夹层板的抗冲击防护能力优于格栅夹层板,抗冲击性能相对于单层板提高了82.45%。     

铝合金三角形波纹夹芯板抗平头弹冲击的损伤特性研究

为研究铝合金三角形波纹夹芯板受到平头弹冲击后的损伤形式与抗冲击性能,利用一级气炮对铝合金三角形波纹夹芯板的两种冲击位置进行冲击试验。根据试验数据,对比分析三角形波纹夹芯板及等面密度单层板的弹道极限速度与耗能,并结合有限元仿真分析夹芯板的动态损伤过程、动态载荷响应及损伤机理。研究结果表明,三角形波纹夹芯板损伤形式为剪切破坏、撕裂破坏与弯曲变形。波纹板的抗冲击性能低于等面密度的单层板,并且波纹板节点位置的抗冲击性能高于基座位置。当弹体冲击速度较低时,波纹板的耗能低于单层板,随着冲击速度增加,波纹板节点位置的耗能高于单层板,基座位置的耗能与单层板相近。此外,波纹板的动态载荷响应与失效机理均受到冲击位置与弹体冲击速度的影响。     

敷设不同覆盖层圆板结构水下抗爆响应特性

在舰船壳体湿表面敷设柔性覆盖层是一种能有效提高其抗冲击性能的方法。多孔蜂窝覆盖层受爆炸冲击波载荷作用后胞元孔壁易于压溃,有效地分散冲击波能量,大幅度减少响应前期阶段的入射冲量,屈曲变形会吸收大量能量。水下爆炸试对于揭示模型的抗冲击机理起着重要的作用。总结对敷设不同覆盖层-圆板结构的水下爆炸响应特性的试验研究。考察有无柔性覆盖层对结构响应的影响,同时解释水下冲击波、气泡对柔性覆盖层的作用过程及覆盖层的抗冲机理。     

水下爆炸载荷下圆管夹心板的抗冲击性能研究

防护板在舰船上的应用非常广泛，它对于提高舰船抵抗水下爆炸冲击波载荷性能、抗碰撞冲击性能等都具有重要作用。利用薄壁圆管的吸能特性设计离散型和紧密型圆管夹心板，使用大型非线性有限元软件MSC.Dytran建立水域、炸药及防护板的三维有限元模型，并进行水下爆炸数值仿真计算，从板的吸能能力、加速度响应、变形量三个方面分析两种夹心板和普通平板在水下爆炸载荷作用下的抗冲击性能，仿真计算结果表明离散型夹心板的抗爆性能优于紧密型夹心板和普通平板。     

铝蜂窝夹层板低速冲击响应及损伤模式的参数化影响

以铝蜂窝夹层板为对象，通过低速落锤试验及包含面板、胶层及蜂窝的细节仿真模型，探究了蜂窝胞元直径、蜂窝壁厚、面板厚度及冲头半径参数影响下低速冲击响应曲线及损伤模式的变化情况，确定在试验工况下的3种损伤模式：芯层屈曲、芯层剪切及夹层板穿透，其中芯层剪切模式具有更好的吸能分布。结果表明：蜂窝胞元直径与蜂窝壁厚对冲击响应与损伤模式具有类似的影响，面板厚度增加可以较大程度地提升抗冲击性能，冲头半径的大小会显著影响损伤模式。在此基础上建立与上述参数相关的损伤模式极限载荷公式，绘制相应的损伤模式图，为铝蜂窝夹层板的抗冲击设计提供参考。     

泡沫芯层夹层结构水下爆炸冲击特性研究

研究分析了用于提高水下结构抗冲击性能的泡沫芯层夹层结构受水下爆炸作用时的冲击响应及其流固耦合问题。着重讨论了芯层相对密度不同时,夹层结构的前面板壁压、夹层结构入射冲量、前后面板的速度和加速度、后面板支撑反力等参量的变化规律,并讨论了前面板材料对夹层结构冲击响应的影响规律。     

远场水下爆炸结构动态响应的数值模拟方法研究

远场水下爆炸载荷作用下结构动态响应的数值模拟方法的研究一直是国内外专家关注的热点。针对远场爆炸中冲击波传播的消散过程,将爆炸冲击波载荷直接加载于结构附近的水域面,基于DAA和Taylor板理论,提出简化的改进数值计算方法。采用有限元软件模拟水下爆炸的冲击波传播,通过与经验公式对比,表明只有当水域网格较小时,才能比较真实的模拟冲击波传播过程。最后通过文献中的实验验证了改进方法的准确性,该方法可有效的分析远场水下爆炸下结构的非线性动力高频响应。     

水下非接触性爆炸下分层圆孔覆盖层动响应及抗冲击性能研究

在舰船湿表面敷设橡胶材料防护覆盖层是应用广泛且能有效提高水下非接触性爆炸抗冲击性能的方法。以舰艇的水下抗冲击防护为背景,借鉴功能梯度材料的概念,对四种分层圆孔蜂窝覆盖层在水下非接触性爆炸作用下的动响应及抗冲击性能做了研究。先利用不同的超弹性本构模型对材料试验数据进行拟合,在此基础上选择合适的模型,讨论冲击波压力幅值、胞元大小、排布对响应特点和抗冲击性能的影响。研究结果对水下非接触性爆炸下该覆盖层的抗冲击性能和机理认识有一定指导作用,为新型防护覆盖层的选用和进一步优化设计提供参考。     

水下爆炸气泡载荷在加筋板塑性变形中的作用

水下爆炸产生的冲击波载荷和气泡载荷都会对水中结构产生毁伤作用。为研究水下爆炸气泡载荷在加筋板塑性变形挠度中所占的比例,利用通用有限元软件Abaqus/Explicit对加筋板模型在水下爆炸载荷作用下的动态响应进行了一系列数值仿真。载荷计算采用了Geers-Hunter模型,材料本构采用了Johnson-Cook模型,将部分计算工况与试验结果比较,两者吻合较好。通过分析计算结果可以看出在气泡载荷在加筋板塑性变形中的比重主要受爆距影响,爆距越小,所起的作用越大。所以,在水下近场爆炸计算中,气泡载荷引起的塑性变形不容忽视。     

潜艇典型舱段水下爆炸动态响应分析

基于显式动力学分析程序ANSYS-LSDYNA,对潜艇典型舱段受到水下近场爆炸冲击作用下的非线性动态响应进行了研究。根据水下爆炸理论和数值计算结果,详细探讨了单壳体潜艇水下近场爆炸现象的持续过程,并讨论了冲击波、局部孔穴、气泡运动造成的滞后流等在单壳体潜艇受到水下近场爆炸不同阶段所起的作用。计算了单壳体潜艇受到水下近场爆炸冲击波作用下的响应并与双壳体潜艇的结果进行了对比。本研究对正确理解水下爆炸现象和潜艇的水下爆炸抗冲击设计有重要意义。     

Wet-sand impulse loading of metallic plates and corrugated core sandwich panels

We have utilized a combination of experimental and modeling methods to investigate the mechanical response of edge-clamped sandwich panels subject to the impact of explosively driven wet sand. A porthole extrusion process followed by friction stir welding was utilized to fabricate 6061-T6 aluminum sandwich panels with corrugated cores. The panels were edge clamped and subjected to localized high intensity dynamic loading by the detonation of spherical explosive charges encased by a concentric shell of wet sand placed at different standoff distances. Monolithic plates of the same alloy and mass per unit area were also tested in an identical manner and found to suffer 15-20% larger permanent deflections. A decoupled wet sand loading model was developed and incorporated into a parallel finite-element simulation capability. The loading model was calibrated to one of the experiments. The model predictions for the remaining tests were found to be in close agreement with experimental observations for both sandwich panels and monolithic plates. The simulation tool was then utilized to explore sandwich panel designs with improved performance. It was found that the performance of the sandwich panel to wet sand blast loading can be varied by redistributing the mass among the core webs and the face sheets. Sandwich panel designs that suffer 30% smaller deflections than equivalent solid plates have been identified.     

Large inelastic response of unbonded metallic foam and honeycomb core sandwich panels to blast loading

Sandwich panels constructed from metallic face sheets with the core composed of an energy absorbing material, have shown potential as an effective blast resistant structure. In the present study, air-blast tests are conducted on sandwich panels composed steel face sheets with unbonded aluminium foam (Alporas, Cymat) or hexagonal honeycomb cores. Honeycomb cores with small and large aspect ratios are investigated. For all core materials, tests are conducted using two different face sheet thicknesses. The results show that face sheet thickness has a significant effect on the performance of the panels relative to an equivalent monolithic plate. The Alporas and honeycomb cores are found to give higher relative performance with a thicker face sheet. Under the majority of the loading conditions investigated, the thick core honeycomb panels show the greatest increase in blast resistance of the core materials. The Cymat core panels do not show any significant increase in performance over monolithic plates.     

Some theoretical considerations on the dynamic response of sandwich structures under impulsive loading

A theoretical solution is obtained to predict the dynamic response of peripherally clamped square metallic sandwich panels with either honeycomb core or aluminium foam core under blast loading. In the theoretical analysis, the deformation of sandwich structures is separated into three phases, corresponding to the transfer of impulse to the front face velocity, core crushing and overall structural bending/stretching, respectively. The cellular core is assumed to have a progressive crushing deformation mode in the out-of-plane direction, with a dynamically enhanced plateau stress (for honeycombs). The in-plane strength of the cellular core is assumed unaffected by the out-of-plane compression. By adopting an energy dissipation rate balance approach developed by earlier researchers for monolithic square plates, but incorporating a newly developed yield condition for the sandwich panels in terms of bending moment and membrane force, “upper” and “lower” bounds are obtained for the maximum permanent deflections and response time. Finally, comparative studies are carried out to investigate: (1) influence of the change in the in-plane strength of the core after the out-of-plane compression; (2) performances of a square monolith panel and a square sandwich panel with the same mass per unit area; and (3) analytical models of sandwich beams and circular and square sandwich plates.     

Behaviour of sandwich panels subject to intense air blasts – Part 2: Numerical simulation

Finite element simulation is employed to analyse the behaviour of clamped sandwich panels comprising equal thicknesses mild steel plates sandwiching an aluminium honeycomb core when subject to blast loadings. Pressure-time histories representative of blast loadings are applied to the front plate of the sandwich panel. The FE model is verified using the experimental test results for uniform and localised blast loading in the presence of a honeycomb core and with only an air gap between the sandwich plates. It is observed that for the particular core material, the load transfer to the back plate of the panel depends on the load intensity, core thickness and flexibility of the sandwich panels.     

The influence of core height and face plate thickness on the response of honeycomb sandwich panels subjected to blast loading

This paper reports on an investigation into the behaviour of circular sandwich panels with aluminium honeycomb cores subjected to air blast loading. Explosive tests were performed on sandwich panels consisting of mild steel face plates and aluminium honeycomb cores. The loading was generated by detonating plastic explosives at a pre-determined stand-off distance. Core height and face plate thickness were varied and the results are compared with previous experiments. It was observed that the panels exhibited permanent face plate deflection and tearing, and the honeycomb core exhibited crushing and densification. It was found that increasing the core thickness delayed the onset of core densification and decreased back plate deflection. Increasing the plate thickness was also found to decrease back plate deflection, although the panels then had a substantially higher overall mass.     

Impact response of sandwich plates with a pyramidal lattice core

The ballistic performance edge clamped 304 stainless-steel sandwich panels has been measured by impacting the plates at mid-span with a spherical steel projectile whose impact velocity ranged from 250 to 1300 m s⁻¹. The sandwich plates comprised two identical face sheets and a pyramidal truss core: the diameter of the impacting spherical projectile was approximately half the 25 mm truss core cell size. The ballistic behavior has been compared with monolithic 304 stainless-steel plates of approximately equal areal mass and with high-strength aluminum alloy (6061-T6) sandwich panels of identical geometry. The ballistic performance is quantified in terms of the entry and exit projectile velocities while high-speed photography is used to investigate the dynamic deformation and failure mechanisms. The stainless-steel sandwich panels were found to have a much higher ballistic resistance than the 6061-T6 aluminum alloy panels on a per volume basis but the ballistic energy absorption of the aluminum structures was slightly higher on a per unit mass basis. The ballistic performance of the monolithic and sandwich panels is almost identical though the failure mechanics of these two types of structures are rather different. At high impact velocities, the monolithic plates fail by ductile hole enlargement. By contrast, only the proximal face sheet of the sandwich plate undergoes this type of failure. The distal face sheet fails by a petalling mode over the entire velocity range investigated here. Given the substantially higher blast resistance of sandwich plates compared to monolithic plates of equal mass, we conclude that sandwich plates display a potential to outperform monolithic plates in multi-functional applications that combine blast resistance and ballistic performance.     

Behaviour of sandwich panels subjected to intense air blast – Part 1: Experiments

Tests that investigate the inelastic response of blast-loaded sandwich structures, comprising mild steel plates and aluminium alloy honeycomb cores, are reported. The “uniform” loading was generated by detonating a disc of explosive and directing the blast through a tube towards the target. Localised blast loading was generated by detonating discs of explosive in very close proximity to the test structure. The sandwich panels responded in a more efficient manner to the uniformly distributed loading, and hence the majority of the paper is concentrated on uniform loading response. The honeycomb sandwich results are compared to test results on structures with air as the core. The failure modes and interaction between the components are discussed. Three phases of interaction are identified for each sandwich structure, based upon deformation, contact, crushing and tearing responses of the sandwich components. The compromise between load transfer through the core and improved energy absorption is discussed.     

Analysis and interpretation of a test for characterizing the response of sandwich panels to water blast

Metallic sandwich panels are more effective at resisting underwater blast than monolithic plates at equivalent mass/area. The present assessment of this benefit is based on a recent experimental study of the water blast loading of a sandwich panel with a multilayered core, using a Dyno-crusher test. The tests affirm that the transmitted pressure and impulse are significantly reduced when a solid cylinder is replaced by the sandwich panel. In order to fully understand the observations and measurements, a dynamic finite element analysis of the experiment has been conducted. The simulations reveal that the apparatus has strong influence on the measurements. Analytic representations of the test have been developed, based on a modified-Taylor fluid/structure interaction model. Good agreement with the finite element results and the measurements indicates that the analytic model has acceptable fidelity, enabling it to be used to understand trends in the response of multilayer cores to water blast.     

Response of flexible sandwich-type panels to blast loading

This paper reports on experimental and numerical investigations into the response of flexible sandwich-type panels when subjected to blast loading. The response of sandwich-type panels with steel plates and polystyrene cores are compared to panels with steel face plates and aluminium honeycomb cores. Panels are loaded by detonating plastic explosive discs in close proximity to the front face of the panel. The numerical model is used to explain the stress attenuation and enhancement of the panels with different cores when subjected to blast induced dynamic loading. The permanent deflection of the back plate is determined by the velocity attenuation properties (and hence the transmitted stress pulse) of the core. Core efficiency in terms of energy absorption is an important factor for thicker cores. For panels of comparable mass, those with aluminium honeycomb cores perform “better” than those with polystyrene cores.     

Mechanical response of metallic honeycomb sandwich panel structures to high-intensity dynamic loading

Explosive tests were performed in air to study the dynamic mechanical response of square honeycomb core sandwich panels made from a super-austenitic stainless steel alloy. Tests were conducted at three levels of impulse load on the sandwich panels and solid plates with the same areal density. Impulse was varied by changing the charge weight of the explosive at a constant standoff distance. At the lowest intensity load, significant front face bending and progressive cell wall buckling were observed at the center of the panel closest to the explosion source. Cell wall buckling and core densification increased as the impulse increased. An air blast simulation code was used to determine the blast loads at the front surfaces of the test panels, and these were used as inputs to finite element calculations of the dynamic response of the sandwich structure. Very good agreement was observed between the finite element model predictions of the sandwich panel front and back face displacements and the experimental observations. The model also captured many of the phenomenological details of the core deformation behavior. The honeycomb sandwich panels suffered significantly smaller back face deflections than solid plates of identical mass even though their design was far from optimal for such an application.