Comparison of molybdenizing and NiCrAlY coating on Ti and Ti-6Al-4V

Two surface treatments, molybdenizing and depositing NiCrAlY coating, were applied to improve the microhardness and the oxidation resistance of titanium and Ti-6Al-4V. Coupons were analyzed using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Vickers hardness and isothermal oxidation tests were carried out to evaluate the effects of these two surface treatments on the microhardness and oxidation resistance of the substrates. The post vacuum heat treatment of the NiCrAlY coating and the molybdenizing parameters were also discussed. It is found that molybdenizing can obviously increase the surface hardness of titanium due to the formation of β, α″, and α′ phases in the diffusion layer. As γ′ phase is formed after vacuum heat treatment, the NiCrAlY coating is effective in improving the surface hardness of Ti-6Al-4V. The NiCrAlY coating can obviously decrease the oxidation rate of Ti-6Al-4V at 700–900°C, which can be attributed to the formation of Al₂O₃ and Cr₂O₃ mixed scale during the oxidation.     

Ti-6Al-4V合金渗氮层的生物腐蚀行为

采用真空感应快速渗氮技术对Ti-6Al-4V合金进行表面渗氮,将渗氮前后的试样置于SBF溶液中探究其耐蚀性。利用维氏硬度计、光学显微镜、电化学工作站、光学3D表面轮廓仪、扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)等技术对渗氮层进行测量和观察。试验结果表明:820 ℃下对Ti-6Al-4V钛合金进行真空感应渗氮处理后,渗氮层厚度达20 μm,其氮化物层硬度得到明显提高。同时,经过感应渗氮处理后样品的表面粗糙度增加。电化学试验表明经感应渗氮后Ti-6Al-4V钛合金的耐蚀性明显增强。     

离心研磨工艺对Ti-6 Al-4 V钛合金表面组织性能的影响

目的改善Ti-6Al-4V钛合金的组织性能。方法使用离心研磨工艺对Ti-6Al-4V钛合金进行表面处理,通过显微硬度计、X射线应力分析仪、金相显微镜,对不同加工时间下试样表层的显微硬度、残余应力、金相组织进行测试。结果离心研磨加工后,Ti-6Al-4V钛合金表面的显微硬度得到提高,试样最表面的显微硬度随加工时间的延长呈现逐渐增大的趋势,加工时间为40 min时,显微硬度达到最大值385HV,比试样基体硬度值提高了55HV;在加工深度方向上,随着深度的增加,显微硬度值逐渐降低,在深度为400μm附近,显微硬度值已与基体硬度值相差不大,并且基本不再下降。加工完成后,试样表面产生了有益的残余压应力,最大残余压应力值为436 MPa。金相组织分析结果表明,试样表层组织形成了剧烈塑性变形层,其深度约40μm,在变形层内,组织的晶粒得到明显细化。结论离心研磨抛光工艺对Ti-6Al-4V钛合金表面组织性能改善效果明显,验证了使用该工艺对Ti-6Al-4V钛合金进行表面强化的可行性。     

Ti-6Al-4V合金表面渗层制备及空蚀性能研究

目的利用化学热处理对钛合金表面进行扩渗处理,制备硬质表面渗层,以提高钛合金抗空蚀能力。方法采用氮气气氛下渗铝工艺对Ti-6Al-4V合金退火试样进行表面处理,获得硬质表面渗层。利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、能谱分析仪和显微硬度计表征分析表面渗层的物相组成、微观结构、元素分布及力学性能。利用超声波振动空蚀试验机,按照ASTM G32标准,测试表面渗层在去离子水中的空蚀性能,并结合空蚀后表面形貌和元素分布,研究分析其空蚀机理。结果扩渗处理在Ti-6Al-4V合金表面生成了具有较高显微硬度的表面渗层,其由最外面的化合物层和内部的扩散层构成。在1023 K温度下处理1 h的试样,其表面渗层均匀、致密、无微裂纹,在去离子水中空蚀12 h的累积质量损失最小,为未处理试样的18%,抗空蚀性能最好。随着处理时间的延长和处理温度的升高,渗层表面变得不平整,且表面凸出的硬质陶瓷颗粒物增多。硬质陶瓷颗粒物虽显著增加试样的显微硬度,但易诱发空泡生成,使抗空蚀性能变差。结论氮气下渗铝处理在Ti-6Al-4V合金表面获得的表面渗层可以改善合金的抗空蚀性能,而表面凸出的大小不均的硬质陶瓷颗粒物使表面渗层的抗空蚀性能减弱。     

Ti-6Al-4V合金表面激光熔覆TiAlSi+xB4C涂层的组织及耐磨性

利用激光熔覆在Ti-6Al-4V合金表面制备了TiAlSi+xB₄C涂层,分析比较不同B₄C含量对于涂层显微组织、显微硬度和耐磨性能的影响。结果表明:B₄C含量不同,涂层中的物相种类差别不大;涂层的微观形貌由颗粒状晶、层状晶、胞状晶和短棒状晶组成;不同B₄C含量涂层的显微硬度分布趋势大致相同,与基材相比均有明显的提高,随着B₄C含量的增高,整体上涂层显微硬度逐渐增大,当B₄C的含量为8%时,涂层的显微硬度最高,达到1216 HV0.1,约为基体的4.2倍;而当B₄C含量过高时,涂层硬度降低,且涂层中出现微裂纹。通过磨损试验表明,不同B₄C含量的涂层耐磨损性能均明显的优于Ti-6Al-4V合金基体,含8%B₄C的涂层磨损量最小。熔覆不同含量B₄C的涂层明显改善了基体Ti-6Al-4V合金的表面性能。     

Mechanical and Microstructural Characterization of Cold-Sprayed Ti-6Al-4V After Heat Treatment

The cold spray of Ti-6Al-4V coatings deposited on Ti-6Al-4V substrates has been investigated. Coatings were produced using nitrogen and helium as propellant gases and subsequently heat treated with various temperature-time conditions. The microstructure was characterized by SEM and optical microscopy while mechanical properties were measured by microhardness and tensile testing. It is shown that coatings sprayed with nitrogen gas were relatively porous in comparison to the nearly completely dense coatings obtained with helium gas. In the as-sprayed condition, coatings displayed high hardness but low tensile strength. Heat treatments at temperatures of 600 °C and higher resulted in a decrease in hardness due to microstructural changes within the particles including recovery, recrystallization, and/or phase transformation. However, an increase in tensile strength was attributed to improved inter-particle bonding due to an observed change from brittle to ductile features on the fracture surface. The highest strength coating produced was a helium-sprayed coating annealed at 600 °C, which featured a tensile strength ~85% of the minimum required bulk value and coating/substrate microstructures similar to the as-received powder/substrate microstructures.     

钛合金与WC-17Co涂层界面结合性能分析

采用超音速火焰喷涂技术在Ti-6Al-4V合金表面制备WC-17Co涂层,从显微形貌、界面氧化行为、裂纹扩展形式等方面系统分析了WC-17Co涂层与Ti-6Al-4V基体界面断裂失效原因,并利用四点弯曲法测量了WC-17Co与Ti-6Al-4V合金的平均断裂能量释放率.结果表明,热喷涂过程使Ti-6Al-4V的表面氧化相含量显著提高.氧化后Ti-6Al-4V的表面显微硬度达到322.4 HV,熔融粒子撞击到Ti-6Al-4V表面很难对基体造成明显的塑性变形,不能形成有效咬合,使得钛合金与WC-17Co涂层的结合性能偏低.     

喷焊工艺对钛基体镍基涂层显微组织和性能的影响

采用常规喷焊工艺和改进喷焊工艺,在Ti-6Al-4V合金表面上制备了镍基耐磨涂层,分析了涂层的形貌和合金元素的扩散,测试了涂层的显微硬度,定性地研究了基体和涂层的结合性能.结果表明:改进工艺所制备的涂层组织和性能均优于常规工艺的,涂层组织的均匀性大大提高,晶粒得到细化;基体和涂层为明显的冶金结合;涂层显微硬度的变化沿层深方向呈连续性和渐变性,其表层显微硬度高达HV933.2.采用合理的喷焊工艺能够在钛合金表面制备出性能优良的耐磨涂层.     

Titanium alloys after surface gas nitriding

Experimental studies using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for nitriding of four titanium-alloys near α Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V, near α Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo, α + β Ti-6Al-4V and near β Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al at different temperatures and for different periods of time are presented. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique was used in order to study the phase transformations that occur during gas nitriding. As a result of the nitrogen interaction, a nitrided layer was formed that consists of titanium nitrides, followed by an interstitial solution of nitrogen in the hcp α titanium phase. The microstructural changes of these alloys in relation to the alloy composition and processing parameters were studied. It was found that the microstructure of alloys nitrided at temperatures below their β transus temperatures for various periods of time is uniform and homogeneous. With the increase of the temperature above their β transus temperatures the microstructure changes to irregular. Microindentation hardness testing using a Knoop indenter was conducted on the nitrided titanium alloys to analyse their hardness evolution in relation to the nitriding processing parameters and alloy composition. It was found that the microhardness increases with the increase of the temperature and time of nitriding. The surface morphology of the Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo alloy in relation to the nitriding processing parameters was analysed.     

EFFECT OF VACUUM HEAT TREATMENT ON OXIDATION BEHAVIOR OF SPUTTERED NiCrA1Y COATING

A bond coat for thermal barrier coating (TBC), NiCrAlY coating, is subjected to vac-uum heat treatment in order to remove internal stress before ceramic top coat is de-posited. The effect of vacuum heat treatment on the oxidation behavior of the sputteredNiCrAlY coating has been investigated. The as-sputtered NiCrAlY coating consists ofγ-Ni and β-NiAl phases. After vacuum heat treatment, the sputtered NiCrAlY coatingmainly consists of γ-Ni3Al, β-NiAl, γ-Ni, and trace of α-Al2O3 phases. The isother-mal oxidation of sputtered NiCrAlY coating with and without vacuum heat treatmenthas been performed at 1000C. It is shown that α-Al2O3 formed during vacuum heattreatment acts as nuclei for the formation of α-Al2O3, and the protective α-Al2O3scale is formed more rapidly on the vacuum heat treated NiCrAlY coating than thatformed on the untreated coating. Also the α-Al2O3 scale has a better adherence to thevacuum heat treated NiCrAlY coating. Therefore the vacuum heat treatment improvesthe oxidation resistance of sputtered NiCrAlY coating.     

用热扩散方法在Ti-6Al-4V合金表面获得铝化物和硅化物涂层

采用固体粉末包装热扩散方法,对Ti-6Al-4V合金分别进行表面渗铝和渗硅处理,以提高该合金的抗高温氧化性能。结果表明:Ti-6Al-4V合金表面形成的铝化物涂层的金相组织为单层结构,其上有少量贯穿裂纹存在;主要相结构是TiAl_3。而硅化物涂层的金相组织则为双层结构,外层较厚,呈柱状晶,由TiSi_2相组成;内层则较薄,由Ti_5Si_4相组成。表面渗铝和渗硅处理都可以大大提高Ti-6Al-4V合金的抗高温氧化性能。     

Ti-6Al-4V钛合金固体渗硼法表面改性

对TC4钛合金(Ti-6Al-4V)进行表面渗硼使其表面硬度显著提高.渗硼温度为1000℃到1050℃,渗硼时间为5 h到20h.文内测量和比较了渗硼后钛合金表面的微结构、形貌、相组成等性质,研究了渗硼过程中Ti,Al,V,B等元素的扩散行为.在低温短时间渗硼时,渗硼层厚度仅0.8μm,而在高温长时间渗硼时,渗硼层厚度可达15 μm.实验证明,渗硼层由TiB和TiB2两相组成,并且它们的含量随渗硼温度提高而增加.渗硼层表面主要含TiB2,其显微硬度可达2200 HV0.01,渗硼层内表层主要含TiB,其显微硬度为1100 HV0.01.渗硼层的硬度远高于TC4钛合金的硬度.     

Electrochemical Behavior of Biomedical Titanium Alloys Coated with Diamond Carbon in Hanks’ Solution

Biomedical implants in the knee and hip are frequent failures because of corrosion and stress on the joints. To solve this important problem, metal implants can be coated with diamond carbon, and this coating plays a critical role in providing an increased resistance to implants toward corrosion. In this study, we have employed diamond carbon coating over Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloys using hot filament chemical vapor deposition method which is well-established coating process that significantly improves the resistance toward corrosion, wears and hardness. The diamond carbon-coated Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloy showed an increased microhardness in the range of 850 HV. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and polarization studies in SBF solution (simulated body fluid solution) were carried out to understand the in vitro behavior of uncoated as well as coated titanium alloys. The experimental results showed that the corrosion resistance of Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloy is relatively higher when compared with diamond carbon-coated Ti-6Al-4V alloys due to the presence of β phase in the Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloy. Electrochemical impedance results showed that the diamond carbon-coated alloys behave as an ideal capacitor in the body fluid solution. Moreover, the stability in mechanical properties during the corrosion process was maintained for diamond carbon-coated titanium alloys.     

Mechanical and electrochemical characterization of Ti-12Mo-5Zr alloy for biomedical application

We have fabricated a new β metastable titanium alloy that comprised of non-toxic elements Mo and Zr. Ingot with composition of Ti-12Mo-5Zr is prepared by melting pure metals in a vacuum non-consumable arc melting furnace. The alloy is then homogenized and solution treated under different temperature. The alloy is characterized by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, tensile tests and found to have an acicular martensitic α″ + β structure and dominant β phase for the 1053 K and 1133 K solution treatment samples, respectively. The elastic modulus of the latter is about 64 GPa, which is much lower than those of pure Ti and Ti-6Al-4V alloy. In addition, it had moderate strength and much higher microhardness as compared with Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The results show better mechanical biocompatibility of this alloy, which will avoid stress shielding and thus prevent bone resorption in orthopedic implants applications. As long-term stability in biological environment is required, we have also evaluated the electrochemical behavior in a simulated body fluid (Hank's solution). Potentiodynamic polarization curves exhibits that the 1133 K solution treatment Ti-12Mo-5Zr sample has better corrosion properties than Ti-6Al-4V and is comparable to the pure titanium. The good corrosion resistance combined with better mechanical biocompatibility makes the Ti-12Mo-5Zr alloy suitable for use as orthopedic implants.     

Characterization of Ti-6Al-4V Tribopairs: Effect of Thermal Oxidation Treatment

This paper deals with the study of the influence of the thermal oxidation (TO) treatment on the tribological properties of Ti-6Al-4V tribopairs. A detailed experimental campaign, including tribological tests, microgeometrical measurements, microhardness tests and phase composition analyses, was carried out on both treated and untreated components. The tribological behavior was studied through the pin-on-disk tests in four different contact conditions: treated disk coupled with untreated pin, untreated disk coupled with treated pin, both treated and both untreated. The effectiveness of the treatment in enhancing the tribological properties of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy sheets was found. In particular, the thermal oxidation treatment, promoting hardness enhancement and the formation of a superficial rutile layer, changed the wear mechanism of the titanium alloy, passing from adhesive wear type, for the untreated case, to abrasive wear, in the treated one.     

钛合金叶尖保护涂层的制备与表征

通过对TC4钛合金基体进行表面活化处理,并采用复合电镀技术,在钛合金基体上制备了结合力良好的Ni-c BN复合镀层。研制的复合镀层能够减少航空发动机钛合金叶片叶尖的摩擦磨损、杜绝"钛火"事故。进行了镀层的高温摩擦磨损试验以及与镍基封严涂层的磨削试验,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等对涂层性能进行表征。结果表明:采用的钛合金基体表面活化处理技术,可保证复合镀层具有良好的结合力;同时,研制的Ni-c BN复合镀层对封严涂层具有良好的磨削能力和较低的摩擦系数,可以有效保护钛合金叶尖。     

The thermomechanical processing of titanium and Ti-6Al-4V thin gage sheet and plate

A new method for producing low-cost titanium powder, the Armstrong Process, has proven to be a scalable process. The process, which reduces TiCl₄ vapor in a molten stream of sodium to produce pure titanium and NaCl, can also be used to in-situ manufacture Ti-6Al-4V alloy powder. Armstrong Process titanium and Ti-6Al-4V powders were used to produce plate by vacuum hot pressing. Also, thin gage sheet was produced by cold rolling solid-phase sintered titanium and Ti-6Al-4V powder compacts. Chemical analysis and mechanical testing revealed that processed Armstrong titanium and Ti-6Al-4V sheet and plate had compositions and properties similar to those of grade 2 titanium and grade 5 Ti-6Al-4V. For more information, contact John D.K. Rivard, Strategic Analysis, 3811 N. Fairfax Drive Suite 700, Arlington VA 22202; e-mail jrivard@sainc.com.     

Relationships Between Abrasive Wear, Hardness, and Grinding Characteristics of Titanium-Based Metal-Matrix Composites

The objective of this work was to support the development of grinding models for titanium metal-matrix composites (MMCs) by investigating possible relationships between their indentation hardness, low-stress belt abrasion, high-stress belt abrasion, and the surface grinding characteristics. Three Ti-based particulate composites were tested and compared with the popular titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V. The three composites were a Ti-6Al-4V-based MMC with 5% TiB₂ particles, a Ti-6Al-4V MMC with 10% TiC particles, and a Ti-6Al-4V/Ti-7.5%W binary alloy matrix that contained 7.5% TiC particles. Two types of belt abrasion tests were used: (a) a modified ASTM G164 low-stress loop abrasion test, and (b) a higher-stress test developed to quantify the grindability of ceramics. Results were correlated with G-ratios (ratio of stock removed to abrasives consumed) obtained from an instrumented surface grinder. Brinell hardness correlated better with abrasion characteristics than microindentation or scratch hardness. Wear volumes from low-stress and high-stress abrasive belt tests were related by a second-degree polynomial. Grindability numbers correlated with hard particle content but were also matrix-dependent.     

激光喷丸对Ti-6Al-4V合金显微组织及疲劳寿命的影响

研究低能量激光喷丸对Ti-6Al-4V合金疲劳寿命的影响。采用残余应力分析、表面粗糙度测量、X射线衍射、光学显微镜、纳米压痕硬度测试、扫描电镜和透射电镜以及疲劳测试对激光喷丸样品进行表征。结果表明,激光喷丸处理导致在合金表面及近表面区域形成纳米晶,并伴随有硬度的增加及残余压应力的产生。由于纳米结构表面的形成及残余压应力的存在而带来的有利影响,与未喷丸处理合金相比,喷丸处理合金的疲劳寿命明显得到延长。     

PCD刀具高速铣削TC4钛合金的工艺参数优化

用PCD铣刀平面精铣TC4(Ti-6Al-4V)钛合金,再用三坐标测量机、表面粗糙度仪、显微维氏硬度计和便携式X射线残余应力分析仪测量钛合金加工后的平面度、平行度、表面粗糙度、表面硬度及表面残余应力,分析不同铣削工艺参数对TC4钛合金质量和表面形貌的影响。结果表明:在主轴转速16 000 r/min,切削深度0.2 mm,每齿进给量0.06 mm/z的最佳铣削工艺参数下,PCD铣刀寿命较长,TC4钛合金工件的表面质量和形貌较好,其平面度为0.26 μm,平行度为0.64 μm,表面粗糙度为0.63 μm,表面显微硬度为3 080 N/mm2,表面残余应力为-250 MPa。