中温时效对022Cr21Ni2Mn5N钢析出行为及冲击韧性的影响

采用Thermo-Calc软件对022Cr21Ni2Mn5N双相不锈钢的近平衡态析出相进行了计算分析。采用光学显微镜、透射电镜、物理化学相分析方法对经中温时效处理后试验钢第二相的析出温度、种类、数量和位置进行了观察和研究,并分析了第二相析出行为对钢的冲击韧性的影响机理。结果表明:022Cr21Ni2Mn5N双相不锈钢在600~700℃中温时效时的析出相主要为六方结构的Cr_2N相和面心立方结构的M_(23)C_6相,未见σ相析出。中温时效时,受制于该钢较低的C含量,M_(23)C_6相析出位置仅局限于相界、晶界处。该钢较高的N含量促进钢中Cr_2N相析出,并在相界、晶界和铁素体晶内均有发现。时效初期M_(23)C_6和Cr_2N均具有较高的析出速度,时效时间继续延长析出量增长放缓。时效处理时间和温度直接影响钢的冲击性能:时效初期第二相的快速析出导致钢的冲击功急剧下降;时效足够长时间,第二相析出量达到饱和,钢的冲击功趋于稳定值;并且600℃长时时效时,钢的冲击功值达到最小。     

时效处理对Cr20Ni32AlTi合金室温冲击性能的影响

 研究了铁镍基耐热耐蚀合金Cr20Ni32AlTi在1150℃、15min固溶处理并经450~850℃、05~5h的时效处理后室温冲击性能的变化规律。结果表明,450℃时效冲击性能最好。随时效温度升高,时效时间延长,冲击性能下降。450~850℃时效时,在合金晶界上有碳化物M23C6析出,且随温度增加和时间延长,析出增加。850℃时冲击功最低,此时碳化物M23C6析出相呈连续颗粒状析出,布满整个晶界。且观察到一些部位碳化物M23C6析出相形成薄膜,冲击时因基体变形而脆断成条块状。     

铌、钛对汽车排气系统热端用铁素体不锈钢高温力学性能的影响

对含铌及Nb-Ti铁素体不锈钢进行固溶和高温时效处理,采用高温拉伸试验对其进行高温力学测试.结果表明:随着时效时间的延长,铌钢高温屈服强度降低较快,而Nb-Ti钢高温屈服强度变化不大.采用相分析、扫描电镜、透射电镜对固溶铌及微观结构进行分析,发现时效过程中固溶铌含量均降低,含铌及Nb-Ti钢500h时效后固溶铌相差不大,铌钢中析出相主要是NbN相和M6C相(Fe3Nb3C),Ti-Nb钢主要析出相是NbTi(C,N)相和Laves相(Fe2Nb).长时间时效后,M6C相和Laves相严重粗化且分布变化明显.M6C相粗化后观察不到沿晶界连续分布,而Laves相粗化后主要在晶界连续分布,起到强化晶界的作用.     

时效条件下2205双相不锈钢中的析出相分析及其对冲击性能的影响

研究采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)和透射电镜(TEM)等试验技术,分别对2205双相不锈钢在700、750℃时效处理0.5、12、h后组织中的析出相进行分析。结果表明:在700℃时效处理的条件下,2205双相不锈钢的析出相主要是Cr2N和χ相;750℃时效处理的条件下,析出相主要由Cr2N、χ相以及σ相组成。结合室温冲击功的测量结果,随着时效时间的延长,该钢的冲击功明显降低;在相同时效时间条件下,与700℃时效处理相比,经750℃时效处理后的2205双相不锈钢冲击功较低,这主要是由于组织中σ相的析出造成的。     

Tempaloy AA-1钢时效组织结构及力学性能分析

 通过进行650 ℃高温时效试验,研究了Tempaloy AA-1钢在时效过程中M23C6合金相的析出与室温力学性能和冲击韧性的关系,并利用扫描电镜和透射电镜对材料在不同时间时效后Tempaloy AA-1的组织结构和室温冲击断口进行观察。结果表明：随着Tempaloy AA-1钢时效时间的增加,逐渐析出M23C6合金相,并稳定地分布在晶界处。Tempaloy AA-1时效500 h后,由于晶界处M23C6碳化物强化作用,屈服强度与抗拉强度达到最大值;时效8 000 h后,晶界处M23C6碳化物颗粒聚集增大,晶界强化作用弱化, Tempaloy AA-1钢的强度略有降低。长期时效后M23C6 型碳化物没有发现其过度团聚,因此,Tempaloy AA-1钢仍具有良好的时效冲击韧性。Tempaloy AA-1时效后具有良好的力学性能和冲击韧性是由于材料在长期高温时效后具有良好的组织稳定性。     

2209双相不锈钢焊缝的析出及对冲击性能的影响

 对2209双相不锈钢焊缝在690℃进行不同时间时效处理,采用了透射(TEM)、相分析、冲击测试等手段,研究了析出相的形貌、分布及其类型和含量以及析出相对冲击功的影响。结果表明,析出相为M23C6和σ相,主要在铁素体和奥氏体晶界和铁素体内析出。随着时效时间的延长,析出相逐渐长大并增多,冲击功逐渐降低。在扫描电镜下观察冲击断口形貌为韧窝和准解理,断裂类型由韧性到脆性断裂。     

P92耐热钢物理化学相分析

采用物理化学相分析方法研究了P92耐热钢的回火及时效后碳化物和金属间化合物的析出行为,并通过实验确定了P92钢中析出相的萃取和分离方法、钢中析出相的类型、含量及组成结构式等。研究结果表明,回火态试样中含有M₂₃C₆与M(CN)两种析出相,时效100 h后,X-ray分析结果出现Laves相。随着时效时间的增加,Laves相也明显增加,且W、Mo含量高的试样在时效后Laves相析出量增加较多, M₂₃C₆的析出量增加较少, M(CN)析出相含量变化不大。P92钢在短时间内析出的 Laves相有显著的强化效果,在1 000 h内增加Laves相析出量能有效提高P92钢室温及600 ℃下强度。     

固溶温度对新型无钻马氏体时效钢00Nil4Cr3Mo3Ti 冲击性能的影响

研究了固溶温度750～1050℃对00Ni14Cr3Mo3Ti新型马氏体时效钢冲击性能和硬度的影响,并用扫描电镜观察试验钢冲击断口的形貌和固溶态显微组织。试验结果表明,钢的固溶温度低于900℃时,随着固溶温度的升高,基体中未溶的Laves相逐渐溶解,固溶态和510℃ 5 h时效态的冲击性能均随着固溶温度的上升而提高;固溶温度高于900℃,固溶态冲击性能随着固溶温度的上升而提高,该钢固溶态冲击功由900℃的215J增加至1050℃固溶的226J,但时效态冲击性能随着固溶温度上升而降低,510 5h时效钢的冲击功由900℃最大值62J降至1050℃固溶的25J。     

固溶温度对新型无钴马氏体时效钢00Ni14Cr3Mo3Ti冲击性能的影响

研究了固溶温度750～1 050℃对00Ni14Cr3Mo3Ti新型马氏体时效钢冲击性能和硬度的影响,并用扫描电镜观察试验钢冲击断口的形貌和固溶态显微组织。试验结果表明,钢的固溶温度低于900℃时,随着固溶温度的升高,基体中未溶的Laves相逐渐溶解,固溶态和510℃5 h时效态的冲击性能均随着固溶温度的上升而提高;固溶温度高于900℃,固溶态冲击性能随着固溶温度的上升而提高,该钢固溶态冲击功由900℃的215 J增加至1 050℃固溶的226 J,但时效态冲击性能随着固溶温度上升而降低,510 5 h时效钢的冲击功由900℃最大值62 J降至1050℃固溶的25 J。     

固溶温度对UNS N07718合金组织及冲击性能的影响

研究了固溶处理对固溶-时效UNS N07718合金[/%:0.03C, 52.50Ni, 18.0Cr, 3.0Mo, 5.0(Nb+Ta), 0.90Ti, 0.50Al]显微组织及冲击性能的影响。960℃+时效处理后,针状δ相弥散分布于晶内和晶界,晶粒尺寸均匀细小,冲击功17 J;1 000℃+960℃+时效处理后,δ相尺寸增大呈针片状分布于晶界处,数量减少,晶粒尺寸增大;1 010℃+960℃+时效处理后,δ相由针状转变为颗粒状,断续分布于晶界,晶粒明显长大;1 020℃+960℃+时效处理后,颗粒状δ相全部溶解。1 010℃+ 960℃+时效处理后,样品冲击功为43 J,相较于960℃+时效,冲击功提升150%,且冲击断口呈现明显的韧窝结构。     

等温时效对节约型双相不锈钢2101析出行为的影响

研究了700~850℃等温时效对节约型双相不锈钢LDX 2101析出行为的影响。研究结果表明经等温时效处理,颗粒状析出物主要在奥氏体和铁素体相界处形核长大,从而恶化材料的冲击韧性。700℃是影响该材料冲击韧性最敏感脆化温度。在700℃等温时效处理120 min后,冲击韧性值降低到33 J,仅为固溶处理后冲击韧性值的31%。经过TEM观察分析,颗粒状析出物主要是Cr2N型氮化物以及少量Cr23C6型碳化物。     

C700R-1耐热合金700℃时效组织和性能演变

研究了新型汽轮机转子用C700R-1耐热合金700℃长期时效组织和性能的演变.研究表明：合金的主要析出相为 M23 C6、MC、γ′.C700R-1合金长期时效组织结构稳定,时效5000 h 晶界处 M23 C6碳化物平均宽度从190 nm增加至240 nm,呈不连续状态分布;时效5000 h球形γ′平均直径从22．0 nm粗化至49.8 nm,粗化速率缓慢.合金拉伸强度和硬度随时效时间延长先快速升高,后缓慢降低,并逐渐趋于稳定;理论计算 C700R-1合金中γ′临界尺寸为29.8 nm;长期时效后合金的冲击值在50 J 以上.     

ZG1Cr10MoWVNbN钢中碳化物的计算和分析

利用Thermo-Calc热力学软件,对ZG1Cr10MoWVNbN耐热钢在400～1600℃间存在的平衡相进行计算,并通过电化学萃取的方法制取钢中的碳化物粉末,进行XRD分析和形貌观察。结果表明：ZG1Cr10MoWVNbN耐热钢在400～1600℃间的主要平衡析出相为MX、M23C6和Laves相,它们所对应的开始...     

Effect of heat treatment process on precipitation behavior and mechanical properties of 1Cr11Co3W3NiMoVNbNB

The precipitation phase and properties of 1Cr11Co3W3NiMoVNbNB martensitic heat- resistant steel under different tempering processes were investigated using SEM, TEM and chemical phase analysis. The results of thermodynamic calculation show that for materials serviced at 620??, the precipitation behaviors of M23C6 occur during the preliminary stage resulting from the lower energy M23C6 compared with Laves phase. However, large quantities of Laves phase precipitate with longer servicing time, and the total amount exceed that of M23C6. After quenching and high- temperature tempering processes, the microstructure of this steel consists of lath martensite and precipitates comprising M23C6, Nb(C,N) and a small amount of Laves phase, while higher tempering temperature leads to larger amount of M23C6 particles. Moreover, the impact toughness can be further improved after tempering treatment at 570??+690??.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Martensitic Stainless Steel 6Crl5MoV

 Martensitic stainless steel containing Cr of 12% to 18% (mass percent) are common utilized in quenching and tempering processes for knife and cutlery steel. The properties obtained in these materials are significantly influenced by matrix composition after heat treatment, especially as Cr and C content. Comprehensive considered the hardness and corrosion resistance, a new type martensitic stainless steel 6Cr15MoV has been developed. The effect of heat treatment processes on microstructure and mechanical properties of 6Cr15MoV martensitic stainless steel is emphatically researched. Thermo-Calc software has been carried out to thermodynamic calculation; OM, SEM and TEM have been carried out to microstructure observation; hardness and impact toughness test have been carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties. Results show that the equilibrium carbide in 6Cr15MoV steel is M23C6 carbide, and the M23C6 carbides finely distributed in annealed microstructure. 6Cr15MoV martensitic stainless steel has a wider quenching temperature range, the hardness value of steel 6Cr15MoV can reach to HRC 608 to HRC 616 when quenched at 1060 to 1100 ℃. Finely distributed carbides will exist in quenched microstructure, and effectively inhabit the growth of austenite grain. With the increasing of quenching temperature, the volume fraction of undissolved carbides will decrease. The excellent comprehensive mechanical properties can be obtained by quenched at 1060 to 1100 ℃ with tempered at 100 to 150 ℃, and it is mainly due to the high carbon martensite and fine grain size. At these temperature ranges, the hardness will retain about HRC 592 to HRC 616 and the Charpy U-notch impact toughness will retain about 173 to 20 J. A lot of M23C6 carbides precipitated from martensite matrix, at the same time along the boundaries of martensite lathes which leading to the decrease of impact toughness when tempered at 500 to 540 ℃. The M3C precipitants also existed in the martensite matrix of test steel after tempered at 500 ℃, and the mean size of M3C precipitates is bigger than that of M23C6 precipitates.     

Simulation of effect of Nb and V on precipitated phases in 1Cr16Co5Ni2Mo1WVNbN steel

Thermo- Calc software was used to simulate the equilibrium precipitates in the 1Cr16Co5Ni2Mo1WVNbN steel at 650??, and the effect of Nb and V contents on precipitated phases in the steel was investigated. The calculation results show that the main equilibrium precipitates in steel are Laves phase, M23C6, MX and Z phase. With the increase of Nb content, the precipitation of MX phase increases significantly, while the amount of M23C6 carbids decreases, Laves phase increases slightly, the precipitation of Z phase decreases slightly. With the increase of V content, the precipitation of MX phase increases slowly, the amount of M23C6 carbides reduces slightly. There is no V element contained in Laves phase, and the increase of V content has little effect on the precipitation of Laves phase, precipitation of Z phase decreases slightly. The Nb and V contents have little effect on the precipitation temperature of M23C6, MX and Laves phase, and the starting precipitation temperature of Z phase decreases with the increase of Nb content, but increases with the increase of V content.     

2 200 MPa级二次硬化型超高强度钢析出相及力学性能

 采用SEM、TEM、HRTEM、物理化学相分析法研究了回火温度对Fe-Co-Ni-Cr-Mo-W系2 200 MPa级二次硬化型超高强度钢的析出相及力学性能的影响。结果表明,试验钢在回火过程中具有明显二次硬化现象;抗拉强度、屈服强度在490、530 ℃达到峰值,峰值强度分别为2 243、1 859 MPa;试验钢在510 ℃具有较好的综合力学性能,抗拉强度为2 185 MPa,屈服强度为1 859 MPa,冲击功为35 J;在400～440 ℃回火时,马氏体板条内和板条界处析出大量粗大的层片状渗碳体;回火温度高于470 ℃时,板条内析出大量均匀弥散分布的细小M2C碳化物及少量的laves相Fe2W,这是产生二次硬化现象的原因;随着回火温度的升高,M2C型碳化物中的钼、钨元素质量分数增加,铁、铬质量分数降低。     

Evolution and Coarsening of Carbides in 2.25Cr-1Mo Steel Weld Metal During High Temperature Tempering

Transformation and coarsening of carbides in 2.25Cr-1Mo steel weld metal during tempering at 700 ℃ for different time intervals ranging from 1 to 150 h were examined by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. M3C carbides were observed in the as-welded specimens and when tempered, the precipitates were mainly composed of M3C, M7C3, and M23C6 carbides. A sequence for corresponding carbide transformation during tempering with initial precipitation of M3C and the subsequent precipitation of M7C3 and M23C6 was proposed. The precipitation of M7C3 with higher chromium content was the main factor contributing to the decrease in coarsening rate of precipitates after prolonged tempering. The decrease in hardness of the tempered specimens agreed well with the prediction of the weakening of precipitation strengthening owing to the coarsening of carbides.