热固性树脂基复合材料固化变形和残余应力数值模拟研究综述

固化变形和残余应力给复合材料的应用带来威胁,准确的预测固化变形和残余应力可以为复合材料的结构和工艺设计提供调整依据,减小固化变形和残余应力。数值模拟方法因其简单、预测精度高而被广泛采用。本文主要介绍了复合材料固化变形和残余应力数值模拟流程中包含的热传导-固化模块、流动压实模块和应力变形模块。重点详述了应力变形模块中本构方程和模型-构件之间相互作用力研究的最新发展,为固化变形和残余应力预测提供方向和参考。简要讨论当前复合材料固化变形和残余应力预测的主要发展方向。     

复合材料层合板固化压实过程有限元数值模拟及影响因素分析

根据有效应力准则和达西定律建立了描述复合材料固化压实过程层合板压缩和树脂流动的二维有限元方程, 节点自由度为位移和树脂压力, 采用向后差分方法直接耦合积分求解以提高收敛速度。数值计算结果表明: 随着层合板厚度的增加, 厚度压缩率减小, 固化压实所需时间增加, 树脂在厚度方向的不均匀性逐渐增加。对于厚度较大的层合板, 采用提高固化压力和双面吸胶两种工艺对比情况说明, 后者可以显著提高压实程度并得到相对均匀的树脂含量分布。      

基于树脂流动的变截面复合材料结构固化过程热-流-固多场强耦合数值仿真

在考虑树脂流动对固化温度场影响的基础上,将树脂流动引入经典热-化学模型,并在考虑了固化过程材料性能时变特性条件下,建立了复合材料热-流-固多场强耦合有限元模型。通过对比文献中未考虑树脂流动对温度场的影响,本文所建模型温度场较实际结果的最大温差更低,厚度密实精度更高,模型可靠性更好。基于所建热-流-固强耦合有限元模型,对变截面复合材料结构固化过程进行数值仿真。研究发现,变截面复合材料结构较厚区域存在明显温度场、固化度场及树脂流场分布梯度,纤维体积分数分布不均性较大,这与结构不同区域的厚度、固化过程温度传递滞后及局部树脂流动受固化效应不同步产生的影响有关。变截面复合材料结构厚度由3.52 mm增加至42.24 mm,截面最大温差由0.3℃增加到34.3℃,纤维体积分数分布不均匀性由0.1%增加到1.3%。     

基于材料性能时变特性的复合材料固化过程多场耦合数值模拟

针对热固性树脂基复合材料固化过程中各种复杂的物理化学变化之间的相互影响,建立了基于材料性能时变特性的复合材料固化过程的二维多场耦合计算模型。该模型由已知的3个经典复合材料固化过程子模型构成,包括热-化学模型、树脂黏度模型和树脂流动模型。在此基础上,将固化过程中材料性能的时变特性引入多场耦合计算模型中。通过与文献中实验结果的比较,证明了所建立的模型具有较高的可靠性。对AS4/3501-6复合材料层合平板的固化过程进行了数值模拟,重点研究了固化过程中纤维体积分数变化及材料参数的时变特性对固化过程中温度、固化度和树脂压力等参量的影响。分析结果表明:考虑纤维体积分数变化和材料性能的时变特性后,固化过程中复合材料层合板中心温度峰值明显减小,树脂压力随时间的变化将有所滞后。     

热压工艺热-化学-应力三维数值模型及有限元分析

建立了复合材料热压工艺的三维热-化学-应力耦合数学模型。该模型考虑了整个工艺周期过程中的热-化学应变、材料的黏弹性效应、各向异性及玻璃化转变温度与固化度的关系。其中热-化学模型可采用完全耦合的形式求解,而应力模型则可采用单向耦合的形式求解。对AS4/3501-6层合平板的热压工艺过程用有限元方法进行了数值模拟,得到的层合板翘曲度与实验结果相符。计算结果表明,层合板厚度减小或长度增大,都会使翘曲变形增大,而工艺压强对翘曲变形影响很小。层合板的翘曲变形随着模具与层合板热膨胀系数差距的变小而减小。       

基于黏弹性本构模型的热固性树脂基复合材料固化变形数值仿真模型

针对热固性树脂基复合材料热压罐成型工艺过程,采用广义Maxwell(麦克斯韦)黏弹性本构模型建立了残余应力和固化变形的三维模型。模型考虑了复合材料固化过程中的热-化学效应、材料的热胀冷缩效应、基体树脂黏弹性效应以及材料的各向异性。通过与文献中实验结果的比较,证明了所建立的模型具有较高的可靠性。对复合材料C型制件的固化过程进行了数值模拟和实验对比,比对结果表明该数值模型具有较高的准确性。     

曲率参数对纤维增强树脂基复合材料构件固化压实的影响

根据有效应力准则和达西定律,结合曲线坐标系,构建了曲面复合材料构件固化过程中的树脂流动和纤维压实控制方程;建立了基于AS4/3501-6纤维树脂体系的层合板仿真模型,并将分析结果与实验数据对比,验证了模型的有效性;研究了曲率参数对复合材料构件非等温固化压实的影响规律,比较和分析了曲率参数与厚度和压力参数耦合作用下对树脂流动行为的影响机制。结果表明:构件曲率参数会对树脂分布产生一定影响,曲率越大,树脂分布的非均匀性越大;曲率参数的作用表达受到厚度与压力参数的影响,当厚度与压力较小时,对曲率的影响不明显。      

三维机织复合材料残余应力/应变多尺度分析及工艺参数优化

为预测三维机织复合材料工艺引入的残余应力/应变,提出工艺制度优化方案,建立了一种工艺过程分析的多尺度模型。通过建立纤维尺度及纱线尺度代表体元(RVE),计算了成型过程中纤维纱线及三维机织复合材料的模量演化历程。考虑固化过程中树脂的化学收缩效应,在纱线尺度上开展热-化学-力学耦合分析,预测了细观残余应力-应变及其演化规律。采用三维机织技术,实现了光纤布拉格光栅传感器(FBG)在三维机织预制体中的预埋,并对其树脂传递模塑(RTM)成型过程中的温度、应变历程进行监测,试验结果验证了有限元模型的准确性。采用基于空间信息、误差信息和优化结果的三种序列采样方法,建立了工艺过程分析代理模型,并开展工艺参数优化设计,结果显示采用优化后的工艺参数,残余应变降低了15.4%,工艺周期缩短了10.6%。      

热固性树脂基复合材料热隔膜成型过程数值仿真

为研究制件成型过程中的层间滑移情况及固化后的回弹变形,首先,利用自行开发的热隔膜成型装置制备了热固性树脂基复合材料C型制件。同时,针对热隔膜成型过程建立了三维数值仿真模型;该模型由3个复合材料固化过程子模型构成,包括热-化学模型、层间滑移模型和固化变形模型。然后,在此基础上将固化过程中复合材料性能的时变特性引入到仿真模型中,并将仿真结果与文献中的实验结果进行比较。最后,利用建立的仿真模型对热隔膜成型过程进行了数值模拟,并与实验进行比对,重点研究了成型过程中温度、固化度分布、层间滑移以及固化变形情况。所得结果证明所建立的数值模型对热隔膜成型过程的预测具有较高的可靠性及准确性,可以为后续热隔膜成型参数优化和模具修正提供参考。      

固化度与固化收缩对非对称复合材料 层合板固化变形的影响

采用三维有限元方法研究复合材料非对称层合板在热载荷和固化收缩载荷下的固化变形情况, 建立了材料力学特性、 固化体积收缩量和温度与固化度之间的函数关系, 考察了层合板变形曲率与温度和固化度之间的关系。数值计算结果表明: 非对称层合板变形曲率与固化终止时固化度有密切关系; 固化变形主要发生在降温阶段; 固化收缩对层合板变形曲率影响很小, 主要发生在第二个保温平台的前半段。      

Closed-form solution for process-induced stresses and deformation of a composite part cured on a solid tool: Part II – Curved geometries

In this study, closed-form expressions are developed that provide insight into the mechanisms that lead to the stress development in curved composite parts undergoing autoclave processing. Despite many assumptions that are made in the course of the analytical development, the closed-form predictions agree well with the more sophisticated finite element results. It is shown that stresses in a curved part develop mainly due to the thermo-chemical strain mismatch between the part and the tool in the tangential and radial directions. The unbalanced moment which causes the deformation due to the thermo-chemical strain mismatch in the tangential direction develops mostly at the early stages (heat-up) of the curing process when the part shear modulus is very low compared to its axial modulus. In contrast, the unbalanced moment due to the thermo-chemical strain mismatch in the radial direction develops mostly at the final stages (cool-down) of the cure cycle when the part shear modulus is relatively high.     

Resin Flow of an Advanced Grid-Stiffened Composite Structure in the Co-Curing Process

The soft-mold aided co-curing process which cures the skin part and ribs part simultaneously was introduced for reducing the cost of advanced grid-stiffened composite structure (AGS). The co-curing process for a typical AGS, preformed by the prepreg AS4/3501-6, was simulated by a finite element program incorporated with the user-subroutines ‘thermo-chemical’ module and the ‘chemical-flow’ module. The variations of temperature, cure degree, resin pressure and fiber volume fraction of the AGS were predicted. It shows that the uniform distributions of temperature, cure degree and viscosity in the AGS would be disturbed by the unique geometrical pattern of AGS. There is an alternation in distribution of resin pressure at the interface between ribs and skin, and the duration time of resin flow is sensitive to the thickness of the AGS. To obtain a desired AGS, the process parameters of the co-curing process should be determined by the geometry of an AGS and the kinds of resin.     

Investigation of process induced warpage for pultrusion of a rectangular hollow profile

A novel thermo-chemical–mechanical analysis of the pultrusion process is presented. A process simulation is performed for an industrially pultruded rectangular hollow profile containing both unidirectional (UD) roving and continuous filament mat (CFM) layers. The reinforcements are impregnated with a commercial polyester resin mixture (Atlac 382). The reactivity of the resin is obtained from gel tests performed by the pultruder. The cure kinetics parameters are estimated from a fitting procedure against the measured temperature. The cure hardening instantaneous linear elastic (CHILE) model is adopted for the evolution of the resin elastic modulus using the temperature-dependent elastic response provided by the resin supplier. The numerical model predictions for the warpage trend at the end of the process are found to agree well with the warpage observed in the real pultruded products. In addition, the calculated warpage magnitude is found to be in the measured range of warpage magnitude for the manufactured part.     

树脂传递模塑工艺的模内固化及复合材料脱模变形

开展树脂传递模塑工艺的模内固化及复合材料脱模变形分析,有助于优化材料配方和反应加工条件,进而提高复合材料性能及稳定性。从热-化学模型、固化动力学模型、残余应力模型等方面简述了树脂固化的相关理论模型,综述了树脂固化反应及交联结构、物理力学性能演变的研究进展,以及复合材料内应力形成与发展和脱模变形的研究进展,进而从三个方面讨论了研究发展方向。     

Optimization of the Thermosetting Pultrusion Process by Using Hybrid and Mixed Integer Genetic Algorithms

In this paper thermo-chemical simulation of the pultrusion process of a composite rod is first used as a validation case to ensure that the utilized numerical scheme is stable and converges to results given in literature. Following this validation case, a cylindrical die block with heaters is added to the pultrusion domain of a composite part and thermal contact resistance (TCR) regions at the die-part interface are defined. Two optimization case studies are performed on this new configuration. In the first one, optimal die radius and TCR values are found by using a hybrid genetic algorithm based on a sequential combination of a genetic algorithm (GA) and a local search technique to fit the centerline temperature of the composite with the one calculated in the validation case. In the second optimization study, the productivity of the process is improved by using a mixed integer genetic algorithm (MIGA) such that the total number of heaters is minimized while satisfying the constraints for the maximum composite temperature, the mean of the cure degree at the die exit and the pulling speed.     

基于多场耦合方法的厚截面复合材料固化过程的多目标优化

针对厚截面复合材料固化过程温度峰值过大所引起的材料力学性能降低及残余应力过大等问题,建立了基于多场耦合方法的复合材料固化过程多目标优化模型,用以降低固化温度峰值和缩短固化时间。首先建立包含热化学子模型、树脂黏度子模型和流动压实子模型的固化温度多场耦合模型,用以准确描述固化过程复合材料内部温度及构件厚度的演化规律。通过与文献中已有实验结果比较,证明所建立的多场耦合模型的有效性。在该多场耦合模型基础上,引入径向基(RBF)神经网络作为代理模型,利用多目标优化方法,对固化工艺参数进行最佳组合匹配。研究表明,温度峰值与保温平台温度变化呈明显非线性关联,这与复合材料固化过程的非线性特性有很大关系。在保温温度层面,为了降低温度峰值,需要提高第一阶段的保温温度,降低第二阶段的保温温度,同时在保温平台的时间上进行调整,以缩短固化时长。相比较于原有固化工艺制度,本文提出的优化方法可以显著降低厚截面复合材料层合板的固化时长和温度峰值。      

Autoclave cure simulation of composite structures applying implicit and explicit FE techniques

Simulation of the autoclave manufacturing technique of composites can yield a preliminary estimation of induced residual thermal stresses and deformations that affect component fatigue life, and required tolerances for assembly. In this paper, an approach is proposed to simulate the autoclave manufacturing technique for unidirectional composites. The proposed approach consists of three modules. The first module is a thermo-chemical model to estimate the temperature and the degree of cure distributions in the composite part during the cure cycle. The second and third modules are a sequential stress analysis using FE-implicit and FE-explicit respectively. User-material subroutine is used to model the viscoelastic properties of the material based on theory of micromechanics.     

Modelling of deformations of high strength concrete at elevated temperatures

A constitutive model for the analysis of deformations of concrete subject to transient temperature and pressures is proposed. In these severe conditions concrete structures experience spalling phenomenon, which is the violent or non-violent breaking off of layers or pieces of concrete from the surface of a structural element when it is exposed to high and rapidly rising temperatures. This process can lead to a loss of load-bearing capacity, trough a loss of section and a loss of protection to steel reinforcement. Many different form of spalling exist, but probably the most dangerous is explosive spalling, because it is sudden and capable to result in a general collapse of the structure.The constitutive model includes thermo-chemical and mechanical damage for taking into account the deterioration of the material due to mechanical loads, high temperatures and chemical changes and it is introduced into a general coupled mathematical model of hygro-thermo-chemomechanical behaviour of concrete structures.In this constitutive model the so called free thermal strains, which are the concrete strains during first heating, are decomposed in three main contributions: thermal dilatation strains (treated in a manner usual in thermomechanics), shrinkage strains (modelled by means of the effective stress principle) and thermo-chemical strains (which take into account for the thermo-chemical decomposition of the concrete and which are related to thermo-chemical damage). Thermo-mechanical strains occurring during first heating of concrete under load, known as LITS (Load Induced Thermal Strains), are also included in the framework of thermodynamics of porous media. The proposed model is applied to an illustrative example that demonstrates its capabilities.