Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Smilax china L. leaf extracts

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Smilax china L. leaf extracts obtained with methanol, ethanol, acetone, and water were investigated. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by determining the DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activities, total phenol content (TPC), and reducing power (RP). The highest DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging activity, and RP were found in the ethanol extract, which also showed the highest TPC (105.81±0.48 μg gallic acid equivalents/mL). The antimicrobial activity of all the extracts against foodborne microorganisms was determined by paper disc method. All the extracts inhibited the growth of Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella Typhimurium, however, no antimicrobial activity was observed against Escherichia coli O157:H7. The results indicated that Smilax china L. possessed antioxidant and antimicrobial substances, and suggested that the ethanol extract can be applied into food and cosmetic industry.     

番石榴不同部位乙醇提取物的抗氧化、降血糖及酪氨酸酶抑制活性

目的:比较研究番石榴不同部位(根、茎、叶、果实)乙醇提取物抗氧化、降血糖和抑制酪氨酸酶活性.方法:分别采用ABTS法和DPPH法、pNPG法和DNS法、L-DOPA法评价番石榴不同部位抗氧化活性、降血糖活性和酪氨酸酶抑制活性.结果:番石榴不同部位乙醇提取物均具有一定的体外抗氧化、降血糖和酪氨酸酶抑制活性,并呈现一定的量...     

Total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of extracts obtained from six important fruit residues

The extracts from kinnow peel, kinnow seeds, litchi pericarp, litchi seeds, grape seeds, and banana peel were screened for total phenolic content (TPC), trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), 1,1 diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, as well as reducing power. Kinnow peel extract exhibited the highest reducing power, TEAC, and DPPH free radical scavenging activity, whereas, the phenolic content of 37.4 mg GAE/g-dw was highest for grape seed extract. Banana peel extract with a low TPC showed the lowest reducing power, TEAC as well as DPPH free radical scavenging activity among the fruit residue extracts examined in the present study. Correlation analysis between the reducing power and DPPH radical scavenging ability; reducing power and ABTS radical scavenging activity; and ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging abilities showed a high degree of correlation (r² = 0.85-0.91). However, r² of 0.36, 0.66, and 0.49 between TPC and DPPH radical scavenging activity; TPC and reducing power; and TPC and ABTS radical scavenging ability, respectively, indicated that some non-phenolic compounds also contributed to the total antioxidant activity in fruit residue extracts examined in this study. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper presenting comprehensive data on TPC, reducing power, and antioxidant activity for the six fruit residues. This study demonstrated that kinnow peel, litchi pericarp, litchi seeds, and grape seeds, can serve as potential sources of antioxidants for use in food and pharmaceutical industry.     

Antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of different parts of oriental cherry (Prunus serrulata var. spontanea)

Six different parts (branch, flesh, flower, fruit, leaf, and seed) of oriental cherry (Prunus serrulata var. spontanea) were extracted with ethanol or water, then total phenol content (TPC), antioxidant activity, and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the extracts were evaluated. The ethanol extracts showed higher TPC and antioxidant activity than the water extracts regardless of parts. The ethanol extracts of leaf as well as branch possessed superior TPC and antioxidant activity. The highest tyrosinase inhibitory activity was found in ethanol extract of leaf. There was no dramatic difference of tyrosinase inhibitory activities according to parts of cherry. The results suggest that leaf and branch of oriental cherry could be a candidate for antioxidant and anti-whitening materials in food or cosmetic industries.     

In vitro evaluation of the antioxidant activities in the differentially processed seeds from underutilized legume, Bauhinia vahlii Wight & Arn

Antioxidant potential and total phenolics content of 70% acetone extracts of the raw and processed seeds of Bauhinia vahlii were evaluated. The extract of raw seeds contained higher levels of total phenolics (30.8 g/100 g) and tannins (19.6 g/100 g) compared to dry heated and soaking followed by autoclaving seed extracts. Extracts were screened for antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities using various chemical and in vitro model systems. In all the models, except DPPH radical scavenging activity, the extract from raw seeds manifested the strongest antioxidant activity than that from processed seeds. In β-carotene/linoleic acid emulsion system and superoxide scavenging activity, the raw seed extract registered more activity when compared to the standards (butylated hydroxyanisole and α-tocopherol). Whereas, the extract from dry heated seed exhibited higher DPPH^· scavenging activity (IC₅₀ 70.77 μg/mL) than the raw seeds (IC₅₀ 74.4 μg/mL). This study has to some extent validated the antioxidant potential of the seeds of B. vahlii.     

水生蔬菜提取物的抗氧化活性分析及其对菜籽油的抗氧化作用

研究七种常见水生蔬菜不同部位提取物的抗氧化活性以及对油脂抗氧化的效果。采用ABTS自由基清除法、DPPH自由基清除法检测菱角、芡实、莲藕、水芋头、茭白、荸荠和慈姑不同部位的醇提物、水提物的抗氧化活性,烘箱法测定对菜籽油过氧化值的影响。在30种提取物中DPPH自由基清除能力较强的三种提取物IC50值分别为:芡实壳醇提物(0.03 mg/mL)芡实壳水提物(0.04mg/m L)=菱角壳醇提物(0.04mg/m L);ABTS自由基清除能力较强的三种提取物Trolox含量分别为芡实壳醇提物(1.42g/g)芡实壳水提物(1.41 g/g)菱角壳醇提物(1.15 g/g);添加0.1%浓度的五种提取物第7 d的POV值分别为23.86 meq/kg、24.06 meq/kg、23.53meq/kg、24.43 meq/kg、22.40 meq/kg,五种提取物的油脂抗氧化效果均不如0.1%浓度的BHA。30种水生蔬菜提取物中,芡实壳和菱角壳的醇提物、水提物DPPH自由基清除能力最强,芡实壳醇提物、水提物ABTS自由基清除能力最强;芡实壳水提物、芡实壳醇提物、菱角壳水提物、菱角壳醇提物以及藕节醇提物对菜籽油有一定抗氧化的效果,但效果弱于相同剂量的BHA。     

Antioxidant activity and β-glucan contents of hydrothermal extracts from maitake (Grifola frondosa)

Maitake (Grifola frondosa) was hydrothermally extracted at 4 different temperatures (121, 130, 140, and 150°C) for 30 and 60 min, and the total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity, and β-glucan content of the extracts was evaluated. The highest TPC was detected in the extract at 150°C treated for 60 min with 13.61 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g. The antioxidant activity of the maitake extracts, evaluated by determining DPPH radical scavenging activity (RSA), ABTS RSA, reducing power, and tyrosinase inhibitory activity increased with increasing treatment temperature and time. The content of β-glucan was the highest (5.13%) in the extract prepared at 140°C for 30min. These results suggest that hydrothermal extraction could be used as a tool to increase the antioxidant activity of maitake extracts.     

Antioxidant Activities of Polyphenolic Compounds Isolated from Antidesma thwaitesianum Müll. Arg. Seeds and Marcs

ABSTRACT: Antidesma thwaitesianum Müll. Arg. or mao is widely used as commercial products of juice and wine in Thailand. As a result, waste products from the mao plant, such as mao seeds (MS) and mao marcs (MM), are plentiful. We aimed to purify and analyze polyphenolic content in both MS and MM and to investigate the radical scavenging activities of these polyphenolics against 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picryl‐hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′‐Azinobis (3‐ethylbenzothiazoline 6‐sulphonate) (ABTS) radicals and thiobarbituric acid reactive products (TBARP). The results showed MS and MM to be an abundant source of polyphenols (97.32 to 130 mg gallic acid equivalents [GAE]/g) and proanthocyanidins. The radical scavenging activities of MS/MM against DPPH and ABTS radicals (IC₅₀ of 0.85 to 1.21 μg/mL) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of standard trolox (IC₅₀ of 5.05 μg/mL). Activity of MS/MM extracts were 3.74 and 3.80 μg/mL trolox eq/g f.w. for the DPPH and ABTS assays, respectively. The oxidation of erythrocyte membranes using 2‐thiobarbituric acid demonstrated that the protective effect of MS/MM on lipid peroxidation is as strong as grape seed proanthocyanidin extract. These findings suggest that polyphenolic compounds and proanthocyanidins isolated from these mao extracts had much higher antioxidant activities than those of standard trolox and exhibited similar antioxidant potential to grape seed proanthocyanidin extract. These findings may also increase value of mao waste products and allow development of commercial health products.     

在线抗氧化分析和超滤亲和液质联用技术快速筛选桂花抗氧化及抑制酪氨酸酶的活性成分

目的:研究桂花水提物的抗氧化活性及酪氨酸酶抑制活性,并初步研究其活性化学成分.方法:以DPPH·清除能力、ABTS+·清除能力和FRAP这3种抗氧化活性评价指标来衡量桂花水提物及其化合物的抗氧化能力;采用超高效液相-ABTS+·-质谱(UPLC-PDA-QDa-ABTS+·)在线法对桂花中的抗氧化活性成分进行定性鉴别,...     

Antioxidant activity of 4 cultivars of persimmon fruit

In this study, the antioxidant activity of persimmon fruit of 4 different persimmon cultivars cultured at Korea was evaluated. There were 3 astringent persimmon cultivars [‘Bongok’ (BO), Japanese Hatchiya; ‘Cheongdobansi’ (CB); and ‘Dogeunjosaeng’ (DJ), Japanese Tonewase] a 1 non-astringent persimmon cultivar [‘Seochonjosaeng’ (SJ), Japanese Nishimurawase] fruits. After preparing extracts of fruits according to parts (calyx, pulp, and peel) with 4 different solvents (acetone, ethanol, methanol, and water), total phenolic contents (TPC) and antioxidant activity were determined. The extracts of calyx showed significantly higher TPC and antioxidant properties than those of the other persimmon parts. The highest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (IC₅₀=43.36±1.78 μg/mL) and reducing power (IC₅₀=81.93±1.18 μg/mL) were found at acetone extract of SJ calyx, while SJ pulp extracts showed relatively lower antioxidant activities. Astringent persimmons showed relatively higher antioxidant activity than non-astringent persimmons in peel and pulp parts. These results indicated that persimmons have different antioxidant activity depending on cultivars and parts.     

Antioxidant effects of solvent extracts from the dried jujube (Zizyphus jujube) sarcocarp,seed, and leaf via sonication

Antioxidant effects of extracts from sarcocarp, seed, and leaf of dried jujube (Zizyphus jujube) were investigated. The highest amount of flavonoids and polyphenol was found in 80% methanol leaf extract at value of 43.04±0.34 and 324.75±6.01 mg/g, respectively. For 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity analysis at a concentration of 1,000 μg/mL, 70% ethanol seed extract (94.76±0.23%), and 80% methanol leaf extract (95.46±0.14%) were observed to have higher activity than those of controls, such as butylated hydroxyl anisole (BHA) (89.60±0.00%), butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) (84.07±0.50%), vitamin C (89.27±0.12%), and vitamin E (88.53±0.12%). All solvent extracts from leaf showed higher ABTS radical scavenging activity (over 98%) than those of controls with their activity values around 94% (500 g/mL). All extracts from sarcocarp and seed showed superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity of 24.46–34.84% on the concentrations (100–1,000 g/mL), and 80% methanol leaf extract showed the highest activity (43.66±0.37%) among samples. These results indicate that sarcocarp, seed of dried jujube are all excellent antioxidants, and especially leaf showed higher antioxidant effect than those of vitamin C and E.     

Antioxidant, tyrosinase inhibitory, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) seed and its pericarp

The present study evaluates antioxidant, tyrosinase inhibitory, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities of seed and its pericarp of tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.). Water and methanol extracts of tea seed and pericarp were prepared in a shaking incubator overnight at room temperature. The highest total phenolic contents, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, reducing power, β-carotene bleaching inhibition activity, highest tyrosinase inhibitory activity, and AChE inhibitiory activity were found in the methanol extracts of pericarp. Caffeine, gallic acid, several phenolic compounds, hydroxymethyl furfural, and fatty acid derived compounds were detected in the extract of tea seed and pericarp. The results indicate that seed and pericarp could be utilized as the potential resources for antioxidant ingredients in food industry. In addition, these compounds may protect Alzheimer’s disease as they had inhibitory activity of acetylcholine esterase.     

箭叶淫羊藿提取物活性成分、抗氧化及酶抑制活性分析

目的:研究评价箭叶淫羊藿提取物的活性成分、含量及体外生物活性。方法:通过分光光度法测定箭叶淫羊藿提取物总多酚、总黄酮、总多糖及原花青素含量;利用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定提取物5种黄酮类化合物含量;通过清除DPPH、OH、ABTS+自由基法评价了箭叶淫羊藿提取物的抗氧化活性,并测定了对胰脂肪酶、酪氨酸酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶和丁酰胆碱酯酶的抑制作用。结果:箭叶淫羊藿提取物中总多酚、总黄酮、总多糖及原花青素含量分别为105.60±0.92、70.09±0.75、18.45±1.27、8.79±0.13 mg/g;HPLC测定5种黄酮类成分中淫羊藿苷含量最高、朝藿定C次之,分别为266.16±4.22和43.35±0.67 mg/g,宝藿苷I含量最少,为2.54±0.07 mg/g;箭叶淫羊藿提取物对DPPH·、·OH、ABTS+·半数清除浓度（IC₅₀）分别为4.43±0.40、2.83±0.09、2.04±0.08 mg/mL,清除能力呈一定的浓度依赖性;同时,箭叶淫羊藿提取物对脂肪酶、酪氨酸酶、乙酰/丁酰胆碱酯酶的半数抑制浓度（IC₅₀）分别为5.97±0.04、2.27±0.23、9.27±0.07、7.41±0.26 mg/mL。结论:箭叶淫羊藿提取物活性物质丰富,对DPPH、OH、ABTS+自由基具有较好的清除作用,对胰脂肪酶、酪氨酸酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶和丁酰胆碱酯酶有一定的抑制作用。     

5种天然植物提取物抗氧化性和酪氨酸酶抑制作用的比较

本研究检测了5种天然植物提取物体外抗氧化及酪氨酸酶活性抑制作用,并分析其黄酮和总酚含量,探讨提取物美白与抗氧化之间的关联。研究表明通过ABTS+、DPPH+、羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基的清除能力测定得5种提取物的抗氧化能力强弱顺序虽有所差异,但四种抗氧化方法均表明提取物具有一定的抗氧化能力。同时酪氨酸酶活性抑制检测也表明它们均对酶活有一定抑制作用。5种植物提取物抗氧化及酪氨酸酶活性抑制能力均随样品浓度增加而增大,这些结果提示提取物抗氧化能力与其对酪氨酸酶活抑制作用相关联,可能是与提取物中黄酮和总酚物质有关。当采用ABTS+、DPPH+方法时,5种提取物的抗氧化性与酪氨酸酶抑制作用相关性更大,这可能与黄酮和酚类物质对酪氨酸酶活性抑制机理有关,研究结果可为天然美白植物原料的筛选和研发提供一定理论依据与借鉴。     

Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Capacity of Extensively Used Medicinal Plants in Sri Lanka

The burden of chronic diseases is rapidly increasing worldwide. Diet and nutrition are important factors in the promotion and maintenance of good health throughout the entire life course. Physiological and biochemical alterations in the human body may result in overproduction of free radicals leading to oxidative damage to biomolecules (e.g. lipids, proteins, DNA). Use of medicinal plant based products has increased recently because of their exerted beneficial properties such as antioxidant, anticancer, hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic activities. The present study was designed to assess the in vitro antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging capacity of ten medicinal plants which are extensively used in the Ayurvedic treatment systems in Sri Lanka. Water extracts were prepared and evaluated for their free-radical scavenging capacity and antioxidant activity using a number of chemical assays; DPPH, ABTS and FRAP. The total Phenolic (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) were also assessed. The TPC and TFC values of the extracts varied from 295.94±3.65 – 5.22±0.08 (mg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/g dry weight) and 115.01±1.69 – 0.97±0.002 (mg Catechin Equivalent (CE)/g dry weight) respectively. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were higher for the Nelli (Phyllanthus emblica) extract while the least activity was observed in Venivel (Cosciniumfenestratum) extract. The FRAP activity of the extracts was well proved with the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. A positive, significant linear relationship between antioxidant activity and TPC and TFC content showed that phenolic compounds and flavonoids were the dominant antioxidant components in the medicinal herbs studied.     

香榧不同部位提取物的抗氧化和酶抑制活性比较分析

通过分析香榧的叶、茎、假种皮、种壳和种仁提取液中总酚、总黄酮和缩合单宁的含量,及其自由基清除能力、α-葡萄糖苷酶和黄嘌呤氧化酶活性抑制能力,比较香榧不同部位活性成分含量和抗氧化能力的差异,间接证明其在降血糖和预防痛风中的应用潜力。结果表明：香榧不同部位提取液的主要活性成分、抗氧化和α-葡萄糖苷酶活性抑制能力存在显著差异（P＜0.05）。香榧仁和香榧叶分别含有最高的总酚和缩合单宁含量,分别为25.28?mg?GAE/g和1.10?mg?CE/g,而香榧茎和香榧假种皮中的黄酮含量最高（P＞0.05）。生物活性分析显示,香榧仁具有最高的DPPH自由基清除能力、ABTS＋·清除能力、α-葡萄糖苷酶活性抑制能力和黄嘌呤氧化酶活性抑制能力,且其α-葡萄糖苷酶活性抑制能力（IC50=0.14?mg/mL）高于阳性对照品阿卡波糖（IC50=1.29?mg/mL）。因此,香榧仁是优于香榧叶、茎、假种皮和种壳的天然抗氧化剂、α-葡萄糖苷酶和黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制剂资源。     

拐枣不同提取物的体外抗氧化作用

对拐枣子、拐枣和拐枣枝体积分数为80%的乙醇溶液浸提物抗氧化性进行比较,再选取拐枣为试验材料,经体积分数为80%的乙醇浸提浸膏分别用石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇、甲醇萃取,福林酚法测定不同极性部位多酚含量,通过测定DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基的清除率,研究拐枣萃取物的抗氧化作用。结果表明,拐枣对DPPH和ABTS自由基清除率分别为87.07%和95.67%,其抗氧化性高于拐枣子及拐枣枝;拐枣乙醇提取物浸膏不同极性萃取物中,乙酸乙酯萃取物的抗氧化能力最强,其多酚含量为202.8 mg/g,对DPPH和ABTS自由基清除作用的IC50分别为182 μg/mL和60 μg/mL,最大清除效率分别为94.0%和98.57%。试验表明拐枣具有较好的抗氧化能力,具有开发利用的价值。     

辐照红景天乙醇提取物的抗氧化作用及美白作用研究

目的:探讨60Co-γ射线辐照处理对红景天乙醇提取物抗氧化及美白作用的影响。方法:本试验所用红景天经不同剂量(5、10、20、30 kGy)的60Co-γ射线辐照处理后,采用1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基清除率、2,2'-联氨-(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二氨盐(ABTS)自由基清除率及铁离子还原能力(FRAP)、酪氨酸酶抑制实验、小鼠B16黑色素瘤细胞实验,评价辐照红景天提取物的抗氧化活性及美白活性。结果:与未辐照组相比,辐照组红景天提取物的抗氧化活性及美白活性均增加,其中20 kGy辐照组红景天提取物效果最佳,清除DPPH自由基的IC₅₀值为3.75 μg/mL、清除ABTS自由基的IC₅₀值为44.88 μg/mL、铁离子还原能力FRAP值为(1.90±0.05) mmol/mg、抑制酪氨酸酶的IC₅₀值为244.10 μg/mL、能够有效降低小鼠黑色素瘤细胞中黑色素的合成,并在浓度为0.50%以下时无细胞毒性。结论:20 kGy的60Co-γ射线辐照处理红景天乙醇提取物的抗氧化活性最强,并具有良好的美白功效。     

Antioxidant activity of the differentially processed seeds of Jack bean (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Canavalia ensiformis</Emphasis> L. DC)

Antioxidant activity of 70% acetone extracts of raw and processed seeds of Jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis L. DC) was evaluated by various in vitro antioxidant assays, including total antioxidant, free radical scavenging, reducing power, metal ion chelating, β-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching, and antihemolytic activities. The total phenolics and tannin contents were higher in the extract of seeds processed by autoclaving with 1% ash solution (3.2 and 1.6 g/100 g extract, respectively). In general, all the extracts of processed seeds exhibited higher activity in various antioxidant systems, when compared to raw seeds but significant differences were noticed between processing methods. The extract of seeds autoclaved with 1% sugar solution showed higher DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC₅₀ 10.6 mg/mL). Interestingly, the extract of dry heated seeds registered higher inhibition of hemolysis (76.1%) compared to standards butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) (66.2%) and α-tocopherol (59.3%) at the concentration of 500 μg/mL.     

Inhibitory effects of chestnut inner skin extracts on melanogenesis

Antioxidant capacities (ABTS radical scavenging assay and ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay), mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory effect, and α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) induced melanogenesis inhibitory effect of 60% methanol extracts and ethylacetate fractions from chestnut inner skin in B16F10 cells were investigated to inspect whitening effect. Above research showed that 60% methanol extracts and ethylacetate fractions from chestnut inner skin resulted in a dose-dependent manner on in vitro antioxidant effects. Especially, the ethylacetate fractions inhibited enzyme activity of mushroom tyrosinases with an IC₅₀ value of 160 μg/mL. Ethylacetate fractions from chestnut inner skin also decreased cellular melanin synthesis in B16F10 melanoma cells. Expression of tyrosinase showed that ethylacetate fractions from chestnut inner skin significantly decreased cellular melanogenesis. Consequently, these results suggest that chestnut inner skin extracts can be considered for a whitening agent of human skin.