Research on porosity of underwater wet FCAW duplex stainless steel

To study the influence laws of welding parameters on weld porosity, underwater wet flux-cored arc welding ( FCAW) duplex stainless steel S32101 was carried out in a hyperbaric chamber, and the second-order multiple regression equation was established. The interactive effects of welding parameters on the porosity were analyzed by the three dimensional response surfaces and the contour plots. The results present that the interaction effect between water depth and voltage on the porosity is the most significant. Theoretically, a non-pores weld bead can be gained by reasonably matching these parameters with water depth less than 10 m. Always, the weld porosity reaches its peak value with a 7 mm/ s welding speed.     

水下湿法焊缝成形的响应曲面法建模及分析

水下湿法焊缝成形是影响水下焊接接头力学性能的重要因素.与空气中焊接相比,影响水下湿法焊缝成形的因素更复杂.在高压舱内进行不同水深湿法药芯焊丝焊接(FCAW)试验,通过响应曲面法(RSM)分别建立水下湿法焊缝的熔宽和余高与焊接参数之间的数学模型,分析了焊接电流、电弧电压和水深及其交互作用对水下湿法焊缝成形的影响.结果表明,水下湿法焊接时增大焊接电流和电弧电压都可以增大焊缝熔宽.熔宽随着水深的增大而减小,但随着水深的增大,水深对减小熔宽的作用逐渐减小.随着电流的增大,焊缝余高增大,且比电弧电压对余高的作用明显.     

水下湿法焊接浅水环境下FCAW电弧静特性

为了研究水下湿法焊接浅水环境下FCAW电弧特性,在自制的能够模拟不同水深的高压舱焊接系统内进行了一系列试验.并用编写的Lab View程序在采集到的电弧电压和焊接电流数据中选取焊接时较稳定的数据绘制电弧静特性曲线,对比分析了在相同的焊接工艺参数下常压空气中平板工件焊接和在浅水环境下水下湿法FCAW的电弧静特性,同时研究...     

磁控Plasma-FCAW水下复合焊工艺焊缝成形分析

磁控等离子-药芯焊丝电弧复合焊（plasma-flux cored arc welding,Plasma-FCAW）作为一种新型水下高效焊接方法被提出,通过特殊焊炬结构设计实现了两种独立焊接工艺的优势互补. 针对复合焊接工艺中由于电源极性不同引起的电弧排斥问题,设计了外部磁场用于调控两个电弧间的耦合程度,并研究了主要工艺参数对Q355B钢水下焊缝成形及其截面几何特征的影响. 结果表明,施加的外部磁场能够有效改善复合焊接过程及焊缝成形的稳定性;药芯焊丝电弧焊（flux cored arc welding,FCAW）电压对水下复合焊接过程稳定性具有显著影响;等离子电流和FCAW电弧电压对焊缝熔深影响较大且等离子电流与熔深间呈近似线性关系;相比于水下FCAW工艺,复合焊工艺焊接熔深提升超过40%,具有更高的焊接效率和焊接稳定性.     

水下湿法药芯焊丝焊接电弧稳定性

利用焊接电弧电压信号的标准差和差异系数的倒数作为评价电弧稳定性的指标,通过试验研究了不同工艺条件下水下湿法药芯焊丝焊接的电弧稳定性．建立了湿法焊接电弧稳定性的敏感度模型,分析了各工艺参数如焊接电流、电弧电压、焊接速度和水深对湿法药芯焊丝焊接电弧稳定性的影响．结果表明,水深增大时,焊接电弧稳定性变差,特别是在浅水区域,增大水深可显著降低电弧稳定性;焊接速度增大,电弧稳定性变差;焊接电压对电弧稳定性影响很大,适当提高焊接电压可提高电弧的稳定性．     

水深环境下湿法焊接声压替代图像信号可行性分析

水深环境下水下湿法药芯焊丝焊接(FCAW)受周围电弧气泡生长的影响,其状态需要通过信号采集. 文中首先搭建水下湿法焊接试验平台,进行湿法药芯焊丝焊接试验,对焊接过程中的气泡声压信号、高速摄像信号、电弧电流电压信号,进行同步采集;然后对比了引弧阶段下浅水和20 m水深的气泡动态演变图像及其声压信号,结合20 m水深稳弧阶段信号,发现气泡脉冲声信号与气泡图像在气泡大小、爆破周期等演变细节上有着很好的对应关系,但随着水深增加,烟尘导致图像信号更加模糊. 最后对水下20,40 m的环境中获取到的电弧从引弧到稳弧阶段的声电信号,进行对照分析. 结果表明,气泡声压信号可以清晰地反映出气泡的变化状态,深水下声压信号替代高速摄像具有可行性.     

Underwater Wet Welding for HSLA Steels: Chemical Composition,Defects, Microstructures,and Mechanical Properties

The effect of water depth on underwater wet welds was investigated by underwater wet shielded metal-arc welding technique. The microstructures, chemical composition, welding defects, and mechanical properties were studied.The contents of alloying elements decrease, while the oxygen content increases with water depth. Within 55 m depth, the carbon monoxide reaction is controlling the oxygen content which will further control the contents of alloying elements.The columnar microstructures in weld metal obtained at shallow water consist of grain boundary ferrite, side-plate ferrite,and acicular ferrite, while those at depth greater than 11 m exhibit more proeutectoid ferrite due to the loss of alloying elements. Mechanical properties are a strong function of depth owing to the increase in oxidation of alloying elements and porosity. Welds obtained within 11 m show preferable strength, ductility, and toughness. The mechanical properties significantly drop from 11 to 25 m because of the increased porosity and oxidation of alloying elements.     

水下湿法自保护药芯焊丝

开发了一种新型水下湿法自保护药芯焊丝,采用模拟压力舱以及自动焊接系统,在30米模拟水深的条件下进行了焊接试验,焊接结果表明焊接过程稳定,成形良好.按照美国焊接协会水下焊接标准（ANSI/AWS D3.6 1999）对获得的焊接接头的抗拉性能、弯曲性能、硬度以及冲击韧性等进行了研究.拉伸试验试件断裂位置位于母材区,弯曲试验试件弯曲180°没有发生断裂,并无明显裂纹产生,0℃冲击韧性达到30.25J/cm2.研究结果表明,自主研发的水下湿法自保护药芯焊丝可满足CCSE36等级钢的水下30米水深的焊接性能要求.     

Role of Welding Parameters Using the Flux Cored Arc Welding Process of Low Alloy Steels on Bead Geometry and Mechanical Properties

Welding parameters have direct effects on the bead geometry, microstructure, and mechanical properties of low alloy steels. A series of experiments have been carried out to examine some of these parameters using the flux cored arc welding process (FCAW). In this article, an experimental study was conducted to investigate the influence of welding parameters in FCAW process particularly welding voltage and travel speed on weld bead dimensions. The study also includes the effects of bead overlap and deposition sequence on the parent material and the heat-affected zone (HAZ) properties. It was found that an increase in the welding voltage leads to an increase in the weld bead width, and the increase in the welding traverse speed leads to a decrease in the weld bead width. When studying the bead overlap percentages, it was found that the 50% bead overlap can be considered to be practically a better option than the higher percentages of bead overlap (i.e., 70-90%). The experimental investigation of studying the deposition sequence showed that there were no significant differences in the microstructure, hardness, and the size of the refined HAZ between the two proposed deposition sequences. However, a significant improvement in the microstructure and the size of the refined HAZ, and a reduction in the hardness were achieved after depositing the second welding bead, irrespective of the depositing sequence.     

DH36钢湿法焊条多层多道焊海试结果分析

通过对潜水员焊工的培训，成功实现了不同接头形式的水下湿法手工多层多道焊，并且在渤海海域的11 ，22 m两个水深分别进行了对接接头平焊、搭接接头横焊及立焊和T形接头立焊及船形位置焊的焊接试验.结果表明，在两种水深的对接接头和搭接接头中都未发现夹渣、气孔及未熔合等缺陷，并且两种水深的对接接头和搭接接头在各项力学性能指标上都满足AWS D3.6 M:2010关于B级接头的要求.与11 m水深的焊缝相比，22 m水深的焊缝柱状晶区的针状铁素体减少，块状铁素体明显增多.两种水深接头的热影响区粗晶区组织差异不大，主要由板条状马氏体组成.     

Study of pores produced in underwater wet welding

0 IntroductionPore is one of the main defects produced in wet weld-ing, especially in deep water. The integrity, ductility,and strength of a wet weld will be reduced by the presenceof pores. It is very necessary to study the pore formation toimprove the quality of underwater wet welds and to ensurethe security and dependability of the welded structures.Underwater wet welding offers advantages such ashigh speed, good versatility, and cost effectiveness. It ischaracterized by lower visibility, …     

Thermodynamic considerations of pore formation and hydrostatic pressure during underwater wet welding

The pore and crack formations in the weld bead during underwater wet welding are the main cause of failure to reach the required mechanical properties of the weld metal. These defects are closely associated with the decomposition of the water molecule under electric arc conditions. In this paper, the thermodynamic calculations of the complex process of the water decomposition under the conditions of high electric arc temperatures at a pressure of 1 atm of steam are discussed. The values of the partial pressures of the five main products of the vaporizations and decomposition of the water (H₂O_(g), H₂, O₂, H and O) are calculated for temperatures between 1870 and 4000 K. Due to the fact that atomic hydrogen is mainly responsible for pore formation in the weld metal, its partial pressure as a function of partial pressures of atomic oxygen and steam (water vapour) is expressed. Hydrogen solubility values in the liquid metal under the conditions of underwater wet welding at depths of 50 and 100 m, and a comparison between the thermodynamic calculation and porosity measurement results at depths of 50 and 100 m, are presented.     

局部干法自动水下焊接系统的研究

为进行远程控制水下焊接,研制了一套局部干法自动水下焊接系统,进行了15 m水深局部干法自动水下焊接工艺试验.结果表明,该水下焊接系统稳定可靠,焊缝成形良好,能够用于特殊环境的远程控制自动水下焊接作业.     

16Mn钢水下湿法焊接冷裂纹的防止措施

研究了两种能应用于水下湿法焊接的缓冷方法。一种是利用焊道两侧和背部紧压橡皮代替粘贴橡皮的方法,两者效果基本相同;另一种是利用一简单装置,通过焊接加热使装置内的水汽化,从而减慢焊道和热影响区与水的热交换,并采用氧化铁型焊条施中基本上防止冷裂纹。     

水下湿法焊接裂纹敏感性试验

潜水焊工在水深2m的水池里,使用水下专用焊条进行EH36和16Mn试板湿法焊接试验。依据GB4675.1-1984斜Y型坡口焊接裂纹实验方法,评价水下湿法焊接接头的冷裂纹敏感性。小铁研实验表明,水下湿法焊接接头的抗裂性很差,裂纹率基本为100%。裂纹是从根部产生,沿着熔合线向焊缝表面或者焊缝表面熔合线区域扩展。同时提出了水下湿法焊接冷裂纹防止的一些建议。     

Sensitivity analysis of submerged arc welding process parameters

Selection of process parameters has great influence on the quality of a welded connection. Mathematical modelling can be utilized in the optimization and control procedure of parameters. Rather than the well-known effects of main process parameters, this study focuses on the sensitivity analysis of parameters and fine tuning requirements of the parameters for optimum weld bead geometry. Changeable process parameters such as welding current, welding voltage and welding speed are used as design variables. The objective function is formed using width, height and penetration of the weld bead. Experimental part of the study is based on three level factorial design of three process parameters. In order to investigate the effects of input (process) parameters on output parameters, which determine the weld bead geometry, a mathematical model is constructed by using multiple curvilinear regression analysis. After carrying out a sensitivity analysis using developed empirical equations, relative effects of input parameters on output parameters are obtained. Effects of all three design parameters on the bead width and bead height show that even small changes in these parameters play an important role in the quality of welding operation. The results also reveal that the penetration is almost non-sensitive to the variations in voltage and speed.     

水下湿法药芯焊丝焊接气泡动态演变与其声脉冲分析

水下湿法药芯焊丝焊接(FCAW)以操作适用性好等优点在海洋设施维修中占有重要地位,焊接区域周围动态变化的气泡生长会影响焊接电弧的稳定性. 文中通过搭建水下湿法焊接试验平台,进行了湿法药芯焊丝焊接试验,利用传感器对焊接过程中的电弧电流电压信号,气泡声信号以及气泡高速图像进行了同步采集;研究了气泡声信号与气泡高速图像的对照关系,并对气泡声信号与电弧电流电压信号进行同步分析,获得了不同电弧燃烧状态下的气泡演变行为,以气泡声信号的变化来反映气泡演变对水下湿法焊接电弧燃烧的稳定状态的影响. 结果表明,气泡声信号可以清晰地反映焊接电弧燃烧的各种状态,能对不同气泡演变模式进行分类,并可从中分析其与电弧燃烧特性的对应关系.     

Prediction of bead geometry in pulsed GMA welding using back propagation neural network

This paper presents the development of a back propagation neural network model for the prediction of weld bead geometry in pulsed gas metal arc welding process. The model is based on experimental data. The thickness of the plate, pulse frequency, wire feed rate, wire feed rate/travel speed ratio, and peak current have been considered as the input parameters and the bead penetration depth and the convexity index of the bead as output parameters to develop the model. The developed model is then compared with experimental results and it is found that the results obtained from neural network model are accurate in predicting the weld bead geometry.     

回火焊道焊接技术中焊接接头几何尺寸影响因素的分析

试验针对核电压力容器用钢SA508-3钢进行,采用TGS-56焊丝和TIG焊,在100 mm厚SA508-3钢板进行单道次堆焊,通过对焊缝断面的宏观金相观察,分析不同焊接工艺参数对回火焊道焊接技术中焊接接头几何尺寸的影响.结果表明.回火焊道焊接技术的实现与焊接电流和送丝速度关系明显,焊接电流对热影响区深度d尺寸影响较大,送丝速度主要起改变焊道余高(b)的作用,焊接电流越小或送丝速度越大,b+h(焊缝熔深)与d的差值越小,越利于回火焊道焊接技术的实现;焊接速度对焊接接头各几何尺寸影响均较大,焊接速度变化不能明显地改变b+h与d的差值.     

超声辅助水下湿法焊接工艺

水下湿法焊接过程电弧不稳定,常存在熄弧、焊缝成形不均匀等问题.针对这一问题,提出了超声辅助水下湿法焊接方法,其原理是将功率超声振动与常规水下湿法焊接相结合,通过超声振动作用改善焊接电弧稳定性、焊缝成形,进而提高水下焊接接头质量.超声辅助水下湿法焊接堆焊对比试验结果表明,超声辅助水下湿法焊接显著改善了焊缝成形,能够获得尺寸均一连续的焊缝;焊接过程稳定性提高,熄弧率明显减小,熔深增大,余高减小,焊缝中心区域的显微硬度减小.