碱减量印染废水处理及回用工程北大核心

采用混凝气浮/初沉池/水解酸化/好氧生化/混凝气浮组合工艺处理含碱减量废水的印染废水,工程运行结果表明:进水CODCr≤3 500 mg/L,SS≤500 mg/L,色度≤600倍,处理后出水CODCr≤150 mg/L,SS≤30 mg/L,色度≤40倍;出水再经浸没式超滤(MCR)+反渗透(RO)组合工艺处理,产水水质优于工业水水质,浓水达到绍兴滨海工业园区的纳管标准,实现了污水50%回用的要求。     

碱减量印染废水处理及回用工程

采用混凝气浮/初沉池/水解酸化/好氧生化/混凝气浮组合工艺处理含碱减量废水的印染废水,工程运行结果表明:进水CODCr≤3 500 mg/L,SS≤500 mg/L,色度≤600倍,处理后出水CODCr≤150 mg/L,SS≤30 mg/L,色度≤40倍;出水再经浸没式超滤(MCR)+反渗透(RO)组合工艺处理,产水水质优于工业水水质,浓水达到绍兴滨海工业园区的纳管标准,实现了污水50%回用的要求。     

混凝-A/O法处理废纸造纸废水的工程设计与效果分析

某造纸企业采用混凝-A／O生化工艺处理废纸造纸废水,经过近120天的运行,出水达到DB4426-1989一级排放标准。运行结果表明,物化处理单元对于SS的去除率保持在90％以上,对废水中CODCr的平均去除率基本稳定在50％左右,生化处理单元对SS的去除率保持在50％左右;对CODCr的去除率保持在90％以上;每去除1kgCOD的运行费用约为0．21元。因此,采用物化-A／O生化工艺处理废纸造纸废水具有技术合理性和经济可行性。     

OCC制浆造纸废水封闭循环应用研究

采用物化法及絮凝-生化一体化法处理OCC制浆造纸废水，并对比了几种方法的处理效果和循环使用情况。研究结果表明：絮凝沉淀法和气浮法处理OCC制浆造纸废水，其CODCr、BOD5和SS的去除率分别为63．4％、66．7％、83．8％和66．2％、71．9％、87．8％，且都难以去除可溶性的CODCr。而采用絮凝-生化一体化处理技术，可使废水中的CODCr、BOD5和SS的去除率分别达到76．1％、80．0％、91．1％，尤其对可溶性CODCr的去除率达到20％左右。经一体化技术处理的废水进一步生化处理，可使CODCr降低到50mg／L。     

印染废水回用的连续微滤/反渗透技术

采用连续微滤(CMF)+反渗透(RO)技术对印染废水进行深度处理,研究CMF+RO集成工艺的处理效果。试验结果表明,CMF+RO处理系统运行稳定,对CODCr、色度、浊度、电导率的去除率均达98%以上,RO出水水质优于自来水,各项水质指标均满足印染工艺回用水的要求。     

碱减量印染废水处理工程实例

采用厌氧水解/好氧生化/混凝沉淀法的组合工艺处理碱减量印染废水,工程运行结果表明:进水CODCr为2 263 mg/L,SS(悬浮物)为183 mg/L,色度为683倍时,处理后出水CODCr为166 mg/L,SS为7 mg/L,色度为76倍,可达到GB4287—2012《染织纺整工业水污染物排放标准》的现有企业间接排放标准要求。     

MF-RO深度处理印染废水的效果和回用

采用预处理+微滤(MF)+反渗透(RO)双膜技术深度处理印染废水。通过改变废水的温度、pH值、回用率和反渗透操作压力,分析相关因素对CODCr去除率和脱盐效果的影响。试验表明,优化的运行工况为:操作压力1.8 MPa,水温35℃,pH值6.0～10.0,回收率80%;此双膜法深度处理废水对CODCr的去除率和脱盐率分别达到97.4%和97.0%,浊度去除率接近100%,出水水质满足印染工艺回用要求。     

印染废水处理及回用工程实例

采用截留池/水解酸化/好氧生化/混凝沉淀/无阀滤池的组合工艺处理印染水洗废水,工程运行结果表明:进水CODCr≤800 mg/L,SS≤200 mg/L,色度≤200倍,电导率≤3 000μS/cm,处理后出水CODCr≤150 mg/L,SS≤10 mg/L,色度≤15倍,电导率≤3 000μS/cm,系统出水可简单回用于印染前处理(退浆或碱减量)和深色布染色工艺。     

A／O—气浮法处理印染废水

采用A/O（厌氧水解/好氧生化）-气浮工艺处理丝绸印染废水，竣工监测结果表明，CODCr、BOD5、色度、SS、NH3-N等各项指标均能达到国家行业排放标准。     

无碳复写纸涂料废水处理工程设计

以广西某无碳复写纸生产企业为例,对该企业的无碳复写纸涂料废水采用一级物化(高效废水净化器)、生化(塔式生物滤池)和深度氧化(Fenton氧化法)相结合的处理工艺.结果表明,该工艺对无碳复写纸涂料废水的CODCr去除率达97.8％、BOD5去除率达98.3％、SS去除率达95.9％,处理后的废水水质指标均达到了 GB 3...     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.