导流管型鼓泡塔中水和低浓度CMC液体的循环

在装置不同直径导流管的鼓泡塔中采用“颗粒示踪法”测定低浓度ＣＭＣ溶液的流体循环时间ｔｃ值，实验观察到低深度ＣＭＣ溶液的表面张力在０．０４１８－０．０６１２Ｎ．ｍ＾－１对ｔｃ值无影响，ｔｃ值民表观气速、导流管直径、长度和塔径的比值及液体的表观粘度有关，用进气量θｇ和液体循环量为θＬ的比值Ｈ定量表示塔内上述参数对液体循环的影响，关联中心区区充气和环隙区充气塔的实验值，对空气一水、低浓度ＣＭＣ溶液分别建     

缩放型导流筒气升内环流反应器液体循环速度的研究

研究气升式内环流生物反应器液体循环速度,分别采用一种传统圆柱型导流筒和三种不同结构参数缩放型导流筒,试验条件分别为空气－水和空气－ＣＭＣ两相系统以及空气－水－树脂三相系统,试验结果表明,对于空气－水和空气－ＣＭＣ溶液两相系统以及空气－水－树脂三相系统,液体循环速度随能气速度提高而增大;     

隔板式环流反应器研究

研究了不同宽度的隔板式环流反应器中的气含率,循环比和体积传递系数。试验结果显示随着截面结构因素 s_d/s_t 的减小,气含率相应地减少。s_d/s_t 值对液体循环比影响较大,当 s_d/s_t 值减小时,液体循环速度明显增加。同时 s_d/s_t 值减小使总塔体积传质系数也趋於减小。试验数据关联得到总塔体积传递系数(k_La)_t 与气速 u_g 和截面结构因素 s_d/s_t 的关系为:若用单位体积中输入功率为参数代替气速 u_g,则上式可改写成为:本文还对隔板式环流反应器和环隙进气环流反应器的体积传递系数进行了比较。     

三相牛顿流体缩放型导流筒气升式内环流反应器研究

从气相含率、液体循环速度和体积氧传质系数方面研究三相牛顿流体条件下的缩放型导流筒气升式内环流反应器内的流体力学与传质特性。内导流筒分别采用一种传统圆柱型和三种不同结构参数的缩放型， 实验条件为空气 水 树脂三相系统。实验结果表明， 与传统圆柱型导流筒相比较， 缩放型导流筒气相含率和体积氧传质系数分别提高８ ％ 和１０ ％ 以上。圆柱型导流筒反应器的液体循环量（ Ａｒ·ＵＬｒ） 大于各含缩放型导流筒反应器的液体循环量。在固含率分别为０ ％ ，３ ％ ，６ ％ 及９ ％ 条件下， 气相含率和体积氧传质系数随固含率的增大而提高， 液体循环速度随固含率的增大而减少。此外还在Ｈｉｇｂｉｅ 穿透理论和Ｋｏｌｏｍｏｇｏｒｏｆｆ 各向同性理论的基础上建立了体积氧传质系数与操作条件及管结构参数之间的关联式     

组合式生物反应器氧传递性能

研究了组合式圆盘涡轮(CDT)生物反应器在非牛顿流体体系中动力学及传氧特性,采用空气-羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)水溶液体系进行了冷模实验研究,拟合出氧传递系数方程.实验结果表明,该反应器氧传递性能优于传统的六平叶圆盘涡轮(DT),适用于非牛顿体系的生物反应.     

工业规模板波纹填料床层的液体分布

采用φ480mm,高6 m的工业规模有机玻璃填料塔,以空气-水为实验物系,测试了250 Y型金属孔板波纹填料床层的液体分布.空塔气速和液体喷淋密度的测试范围分别为0.677～2.062m/s和27.37～109.2m3/(m2·h).结果表明,液速和气速的改变均不会对床层液流分布造成较大的影响,而壁流量受塔内气液流动的影响较大.     

填料塔液体分布研究

在φ200和φ500塔中,对多种规格的聚丙烯阶梯环、瓷拉西环和φ16聚丙烯鲍尔环进行了液体分布试验,试验采用空气-水系统。结果表明,塔中液体分布具有一定的规律性,模型计算值与试验值吻合良好,相同直径的阶梯环与拉西环相比,扩散系数小20％,壁流也小20％左右,阶梯环中液体分布比鲍尔环好得多,在相同喷淋条件及相同的d_c/d_(?)情况下,大直径填料塔的壁流较小塔为小。 本文通过理论和试验得出大直径填料塔所需喷淋点数的计算式,可供设计参考,气流对液体分布没有明显的影响。     

导流管型鼓泡塔中带泡沫非牛顿型液体的气含率

在塔径０１１２ｍ的三组不同直径导流管装置中，采用液体溢出法测定了带泡沫的非牛顿型液体的气含率分析了表观气速Ｖｇ０和管径比（ＤＲ／Ｄ０）对气含率的影响     

鼓泡反应器中幂律型流体流动与传质特性

很多废水处理装置涉及非牛顿型流体中的多相流动和传质问题,研究其中的气液传质过程有助于实现装置的优化设计和高效节能运行。以鼓泡反应器内清水和不同质量分数的羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC）水溶液为实验对象,分别研究气相表观气速和液相流变特性对气泡尺寸分布、全局气含率和体积氧传质系数的影响。实验结果表明,液相的流变特性对其传质特性参数均有较大影响。与清水相比,CMC水溶液中气泡平均直径和分布范围更大;清水和CMC水溶液的全局气含率均随表观气速的增加而增大;CMC水溶液的体积氧传质系数随CMC水溶液质量分数的增加而减小。基于实验研究,得出修正的体积氧传质系数公式和适用于幂律型非牛顿流体流动体系氧传递过程的无量纲关联式,可很好地实现非牛顿流体流动的废水处理装置中气液传质参数的计算。     

鼓泡反应器中幂律型流体流动与传质特性

很多废水处理装置涉及非牛顿型流体中的多相流动和传质问题,研究其中的气液传质过程有助于实现装置的优化设计和高效节能运行。以鼓泡反应器内清水和不同质量分数的羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)水溶液为实验对象,分别研究气相表观气速和液相流变特性对气泡尺寸分布、全局气含率和体积氧传质系数的影响。实验结果表明,液相的流变特性对其传质特性参数均有较大影响。与清水相比,CMC水溶液中气泡平均直径和分布范围更大;清水和CMC水溶液的全局气含率均随表观气速的增加而增大;CMC水溶液的体积氧传质系数随CMC水溶液质量分数的增加而减小。基于实验研究,得出修正的体积氧传质系数公式和适用于幂律型非牛顿流体流动体系氧传递过程的无量纲关联式,可很好地实现非牛顿流体流动的废水处理装置中气液传质参数的计算。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.