超临界CO_2中混合分散染料对涤纶织物的染色研究

为了研究超临界CO2中混合染料对涤纶织物的染色行为,利用自行研制的超临界CO2染色装置,在温度70~130℃,压力16~24MPa,时间15~100min的条件下采用混合分散染料(分散蓝366和分散红343)对涤纶织物进行染色研究,考察染色条件对混合染料上染量的影响并通过对比单种染料染色结果揭示混合染料上染涤纶时两种染料的相互作用关系。实验结果表明,混合染料染色时的总上染量和其中的各单种染料上染量均随着温度和压力的升高及时间的延长而增大;混合染料总上染量大于相同条件下分散染料单独染色时的上染量(是分散红343的146.8%,分散蓝366的131.7%),而混合染料中的单种染料上染量小于其单独染色时的上染量(分散红343的两者比例为56.3%,分散蓝366为81.0%);在混合染料染色过程中,两种染料对涤纶织物染色具有选择性和竞争性;染后涤纶织物的耐摩擦色牢度和耐水洗色牢度均能符合国家标准中合成纤维丝织物的一等品标准。     

聚丙烯纤维的超临界流体染色

以超临界二氧化碳为介质研究了分散染料在聚丙烯及混纺织物上的染色能力．结果表明,选用合适的分散染料可使织物在较短时间内染色,而且产品颜色十分均匀．在16～26MPa和80～120℃范围内,染料在织物上的着色量较高且随温度和压力变化不大．     

期刊文摘

在超临界二氧化碳中分散染料的溶解度与聚酯纤维上的染料保留量的关系E Bach,E Cleve,J Schuttken,E Schollmeyer and J W RuckerColor.Technol,117（2001）,13（5pp） 本文研究了分散染料（C.I.Disperse Red 167:1）在超临界二氧化碳中的溶解度与繁醒纤维上的染料保留量的关系。染色条件力压力:200-300bar,温度:80～120℃,不同的染料用量。在相同的条件下,在水中进行了对比试验。通过扫描电镜     

聚甲醛纤维的染色动力学研究

选用分散染料分散红S-5BL对聚甲醛(POM)纤维和涤纶(PET纤维)进行染色,通过绘制上染速率曲线,计算出分散红染料在纤维上的扩散系数、染色速率常数及半染时间,比较了二者的染色动力学,并探讨了POM纤维结构与其染色性能的关系。结果表明:与PET纤维相比,在相同的染色温度下,POM纤维的扩散系数和染色速率常数较低,半染时间较大,扩散活化能较大;染色温度为80～95℃,POM纤维的上染量明显高于PET纤维,染色温度为100～110℃时,POM纤维和PET纤维的上染量接近;POM纤维的结晶度和取向度均较高,因而分散红染料分子进入POM纤维内部的能阻较大。     

分散橙30和分散橙31在超临界CO_2中的溶解度测定

超临界CO2染色技术是一种新型的无水染色技术,染料在超临界CO2中的溶解度是超临界CO2染色工艺的一个重要基础数据.在压力16～28 MPa、温度343.2～383.2 K范围内,采用静态循环法对分散橙30和分散橙31两种分散染料在超临界CO2中的溶解度进行了测定.两者的溶解度范围分别为2.1×10-5～7.8×10-5和1.4×10-5～3.7×10-5(摩尔分率),均随着压力的升高而升高.由溶解度随温度变化趋势推测,分散橙30在16 MPa附近将出现压力转折点,而分散橙31在实验范围内未出现转折压力.两种染料的溶解度数据比较表明,苯环上引入-Cl,可使溶解度明显提高.分散橙30和分散橙31的溶解度实验数据用Chrastil经验模型拟合,平均相对偏差分别为4.9%和2.46%.     

涤纶织物超临界二氧化碳染色研究

分散染料在120℃、30MPa条件下溶解在超临界二氧化碳中，将涤纶织物在此条件下循环染色50分钟；与水介质中染色的涤纶织物进行结果比较：前者无需清洗即可获得很高的色牢度但染色深度偏低，并需25～30MPa的压力。在实验条件下，超临界二氧化碳流体循环压力、流量、介质均匀程度直接影响染色织物的色深度、牢度和匀染性。     

聚乳酸纤维分散染料染色工艺的研究

本文主要研究了聚乳酸纤维用分散染料的染色工艺染料在高于7n℃时上色，在100～110℃上染率达到最大，上染率随时间延长而增加，30分钟达到平衡；染浴的pH在3～7时对纤维的损伤较小，浴比对上染率影响较小，pH值上升．纤维强度随之降低，选择适合的染色助剂可提高上染率。     

聚醚酯弹性纤维染色动力学和热力学研究

本文用分散染料深蓝RD-2RN 300%对聚醚酯纤维(PBT40,纺速500 m/min)进行染色,通过染色热力学和动力学的探索实验,分析了不同染色工艺条件下染料对聚醚酯弹性纤维的上染历程。发现该型聚醚酯弹性纤维在用分散染料染色时符合能斯特(Nernst)吸附类型,结合上染亲和力、染色热和染色熵的数值,可以得出该型聚醚酯弹性纤维用RD-2RN 300%染色的较适宜染色温度在120℃,这样有利于染色过程的控制和降低染色对纤维物理化学性能的影响。     

仪纶染色动力学研究

根据传统的染色动力学理论,绘制不同颜色分散染料对仪纶的上染速率曲线,研究了三原色染料分散红HFW-4B、分散黄HFW-3R、分散蓝XFJJ对仪纶染色过程的动力学机理。结果表明,分散红染料上染仪纶纤维的染色速率常数最小,半染时间最长,扩散系数最低,但平衡吸附量最大,纤维易深染,而分散黄染料对仪纶的上染速率最快,但平衡吸附量最小,不易对纤维进行深染。     

超临界CO_2中分散红54在涤纶织物中的扩散研究

超临界CO2染色技术是一种新型的绿色环保染色技术,超临界CO2中分散染料在涤纶织物中的扩散性能是超临界CO2染色技术的一个重要基础。为了研究超临界CO2中分散染料在涤纶织物中的扩散性能,研究采用"卷层法",在温度70~110℃,压力16~24 MPa下,选用分散红54在自行研制的超临界CO2染色装置中对涤纶织物进行超临界CO2染色扩散实验。实验结果表明,染料在涤纶织物中的扩散过程是一边上染纤维一边向纤维内部扩散的过程,所建立的染色—扩散模型成功地描述了这一过程。随着温度的升高,染色速率系数与扩散系数之比随之增大,随着压力的升高,两者之比先升后降。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.