Al2O3,TiB2粒子增强铝基复合材料的动态压缩性能和高温蠕变性能

对ＴｉＯ２－Ａｌ－Ｂ和ＴｉＯ２－Ａｌ－Ｂ２Ｏ３体系制备的两种Ａｌ２Ｏ３和ＴｉＢ２原位粒子增强铝基复合材料进行了动态压缩试验和高温拉伸蠕变试验。动态压缩试验表明,随着应变速率的提高,复合材料的强度和初始加工硬化率明显增加。然而,复合材料中含有的条状Ａｌ３Ｔｉ对复合材料的动态机械响应基本没有影响。透射电镜观察表明,在高应变速率下两种复合材料强度和初始加工硬化率的明显提高可由复合材料基体中位错密度的显著     

原位TiB2亚微米颗粒增强铝基复合材料的高温蠕变性能

运用盐-金属反应法制备了亚微米TiB2颗粒增强铝基复合材料（TiB2/AC8A）.TiB2颗粒通过钛盐和硼盐与铝合金反应原位生成.对复合材料进行了显微组织观察和高温蠕变性能实验.原位TiB2颗粒的尺寸约为0.5μm,近似呈球形。TiB2／AC8A复合材料具有优异的高温蠕变性能。10ω／％TiB2原位颗粒（～0．5μm）增强AC8A复合材料的蠕变抗力比10φ／％SiCp（1．7μm）外加颗粒增强AI复合材料至少要高两个数最级。10ω／％TiB2／AC8A复合材料表现出高的名义应力指数（11．7～12．5）和名义激活能（265kJ／mol），其稳态蠕变数据能够用廊力指数为8的亚结构不变模型和门槛应力来解释。TiB2／AC8A复合材料的蠕变断裂行为符合Monkman-Grant关系式。     

Composite weakening and strengthening of Ti/TiB(w) composites during steady-state creep at high temperature in the β-matrix region

We investigated compressive creep behavior of TiB reinforced Ti matrix composites of 10 and 20 vol.% TiB at 1473 K. Ti/20TiB displays higher or lower creep strength than Ti/10TiB depending, respectively, on whether the strain rate is higher or lower than the diffusional-accommodation rate.     

轧制变形对网状结构TiB_w/Ti复合材料组织与力学性能的影响(英文)

通过反应热压技术成功制备出网状结构TiB晶须增强纯钛(TiBw/Ti)复合材料。原位合成的TiB晶须分布在大尺寸Ti基体颗粒周围形成网状结构。这种新型的网状结构TiBw/Ti复合材料表现出优异的综合力学性能。为了进一步改善力学性能及指导后续塑形变形加工,研究这种新型复合材料的轧制变形行为。结果表明:由于基体的形变强化,这种新型TiBw/Ti复合材料的强度可以通过轧制变形得到有效的提高,并且强度水平随着变形量的增加而增加。其中,通过轧制变形,可以使8.5%TiBw/Ti复合材料的强度从842MPa提高到 1030 MPa。需要指出的是,随着变形量的增加,TiB晶须的断裂程度也增加,这一点对复合材料的力学性能是不利的。     

Effects of rolling deformation on microstructure and mechanical properties of network structured TiBw/Ti composites

TiB whiskers reinforced pure Ti (TiB_w/Ti) composites with a novel network microstructure were successfully fabricated by reaction hot pressing (RHP). TiB whiskers are in situ synthesized around the large pure Ti matrix particles, and subsequently formed into TiB_w network structure. The novel TiB_w/Ti composites with a network microstructure exhibit a superior combination of mechanical properties. In order to further improve the mechanical properties and guide the subsequent plastic forming, the rolling deformation behavior of the novel composites was investigated. The results show that the strength of the novel TiB_w/Ti composites can be effectively enhanced by rolling deformation due to the matrix deformation strengthening effect, and increased with increasing the rolling reduction. The strength of 8.5%TiB_w/Ti (volume fraction) composite is significantly increased from 842 MPa to 1030 MPa by rolling deformation. It is certain that the TiB whiskers are gradually broken with increasing the rolling reduction, which is harmful to the mechanical properties of the composites.     

放电等离子烧结TiB/Ti-1.5Fe-2.25Mo复合材料的微观组织与力学性能

采用放电等离子烧结技术原位合成了TiB增强Ti?1.5Fe?2.25Mo复合材料,研究了烧结温度对复合材料微观组织和力学性能的影响规律。结果表明,随着烧结温度的升高,钛合金中 TiB 晶须的长细比迅速减小;然而,复合材料的相对密度及TiB的体积含量随着烧结温度的升高而不断增大。由于TiB晶须长细比的减小会导致复合材料强度的降低,而复合材料的相对密度及TiB体积含量的增大又会带来复合材料强度的增加,因此,在这两种因素的共同作用下,最终导致 TiB/Ti?1.5Fe?2.25Mo复合材料的弯曲强度随着烧结温度的升高而缓慢增大。在烧结温度为1150°C 时,TiB/Ti?1.5Fe?2.25Mo复合材料具有最大的弯曲强度1596 MPa。     

Mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V/TiB composites with randomly oriented and aligned TiB reinforcements

In situ Ti-6Al-4V/TiB discontinuously reinforced composites, containing 20 and 40% of TiB whiskers by volume, were produced by blending Ti, Al/V, and TiB₂ powders. The consolidated powder blends were annealed to transform the TiB₂ particles to TiB. The microstructural evolution of the composite was studied as a function of heat treatment duration at 1100, 1200, 1300 and 1400 °C. The mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V/TiB composites were established in tension and compression at room temperature and 300 °C, and by resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS), for the two volume fractions of TiB, and for randomly oriented and aligned arrays of TiB whiskers. The average Young’s modulus of the composite with 20% of randomly oriented TiB whiskers was 153 GPa, compared to 109 GPa for unreinforced Ti-6Al-4V. The average Young’s modulus of composites with 20 and 40% of aligned TiB whiskers was measured along the extrusion axis as 169 and 205 GPa, respectively. The stiffness of TiB whiskers was determined from bulk measurements with the Halpin-Tsai equation to be 482 GPa. Yield and ultimate strengths near 1200 MPa were measured. The strength and ductility of the materials were limited in the present study by non-optimal matrix microstructure and inadequate particulate distribution, and approaches for properties improvements are provided.     

Densification and compressive strength ofin-situ processed Ti/TiB composites by powder metallurgy

In the present study, the densification of Ti/TiB composites, the growth behavior ofin-situ formed TiB reinforcement, the effects of processing variables — such as reactant powder (TiB₂, B₄C), sintering temperature and time — on the microstructures and the mechanical properties ofin-situ processed Ti/TiB composites have been investigated. Mixtures of TiB₂ or B₄C powder with pure titanium powder were compacted and presintered at 700°C for 1 hr followed by sintering at 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, and 1300°C, respectively, for 3hrs. Some specimens were sintered at 1000°C for various times in order to study the formation behavior of TiB reinforcementin-situ formed within the pure Ti matrix. TiB reinforcements were formed through different mechanisms, such as the formation of fine TiB and the formation of coarse TiB by Ostwald ripening or the coalescence of fine TiB. There was no crystallographic relationship between TiB reinforcement and the matrix. There were voids at the interface between the TiB reinforcement and the Ti matrix due to the preferential growth of coarse TiB without a particular crystallographic relationship with pure Ti matrix and the surface energy between the Ti matrix and TiB reinforcements. Therefore, the densification of Ti/TiB₂ compacts was hindered by the preferential growth of coarse TiB reinforcements. The mechanical properties ofin-situ processed composites were evaluated by measuring the compressive yield strength at ambient and high temperatures. The compressive yield strength of thein situ processed composites was higher than that of the Ti-6A1-4V alloy. It was also found that the compressive yield strength of the composite made from TiB₂ reactant powder was higher than that of the composite made from B₄C at the same volume fraction of reinforcement. A crack path examination suggested that the bonding nature of interface between matrix and reinforcement made from TiB₂ reactant powder was better than that made from B₄C.     

Superplastic behavior of PM SiCp/6061 aluminum alloy composites at high strain rates

The superplastic behavior of a powder-metallurgy processed 6061 Al composite was investigated as a function of SiC content increasing from 0% to 30% at 10% increments over a wide temperature range from 430°C to 610°C. The materials were found to be high-strain-rate superplastic. In the temperature range where grain boundary sliding (GBS) controlled the plastic flow, the strength of the composite was lower than that of the unreinforced matrix alloy even after compensating for grain size and threshold stress. This “particle weakening” was in contrast with the particle strengthening observed in the low temperature range where dislocation climb creep was found to control the plastic flow. In the GBS regime, the strength differential between the materials was a function of SiC content and temperature, which increased with the increase in SiC content and temperature. Strong Mg segregation was detected at interfaces between SiC and Al phases in the composites. Evidence for interfacial reaction reported in the Si₃N₄ reinforced 6061 Al composites could not be detected in the current composites. Extensive formation of whisker-like fibers was observed at the fractured surface of the tensile samples above the critical temperature where particle weakening begins to be exhibited. This result suggests the possibility that partial melting in the solute-enriched region near SiC interfaces is responsible for the particle weakening in the SiC reinforced 6061 Al composite.     

TiBw与TiCp原位增强钛复合材料的高温蠕变特性

分别对增强相体积分数为15%的TiBw/Ti和（TiBw TiCp）/Ti复合材料及相应的基体在798-848K范围内进行了蠕变行为研究，结果表明，两种复合材料的应力因子分别为4.6-4.7和4.3-4.5，激活能为294和343kJ/mol，比纯钛的昌格扩散激活能高，两种复合材料的抗蠕变能力均比基体好，而（TiBw TiCp)/Ti的抗蠕变性能比TiBw/Ti还要好，此外，实验表明在三种材料中都没有门槛应力存在，两种复合材料的蠕变机制均为位错攀移机制。     

原位合成TiC和TiB增强钛基复合材料的微观结构与力学性能

利用钛与Ｂ４Ｃ之间的自蔓延高温合成反应经普通的熔钐工艺原位合成制备了ＴｉＣ、ＴｉＢ增强的钛基复合材料。光学金相、ＥＰＭＡ、ＴＥＭ和Ｘ射线衍射的研究结果表明：存在匠两种不同形状的增强体,即短纤维状ＴｉＢ晶须和等轴、近似等轴状ＴｉＣ粒子。ＴｉＢ、Ｔｉ基体界面洁净,没有明显的界面反应,而ＴｉＣ、Ｔｉ基体界面有非化学配比的ＴｉＣ过度层存在。由于增强体承受载荷,基体合金晶粒细化以及高密度位错的存在,制备钛基     

The fabrication and creep properties of superalloy-zirconia composites

Many high-temperature structural materials applications require mismatch strain compatibility that can be provided by graded composites. Applications such as ceramic thermal-barrier coatings on superalloy substrates require compatibility to minimize interfacial stresses and degradation effects. The interfaces in such cases could be metal-matrix composites containing a graded distribution of the ceramic phase within the superalloy matrix whose creep properties during elevated temperature service are unknown. This article reviews creep properties of a typical superalloy, René95, containing partially stabilized zirconia. These composites were prepared via powder metallurgy, during which zirconia was found to react with γ′ (Ni₃Al) to form Al₂O₃, resulting in the depletion of γ′ from the superalloy matrix. Due to the combined effects of chemical changes and grain refinement, considerable creep strengthening was achieved at low creep rates, but weakening was observed at higher creep rates. A composite load transfer model is used to isolate the effect of particles on strengthening. For more information, contact A.K. Ghosh, University of Michigan, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2300 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2136; (734) 764-3322; fax (734) 763-4788; e-mail akg@engin.umich.edu.     

网状编织TiB纳米线增强具有核壳结构Ti基体的高强度Ti-BN复合材料

为提高Ti基复合材料(TMCs)的强度,以纳米BN粉和Ti粉为原材料,采用火花等离子烧结技术制备一种具有新颖结构的Ti基复合材料,该复合材料由网状编织结构TiB纳米纤维和表面富含N溶质原子内部贫N的核壳结构Ti基体组成.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、电子探针显微分析仪(EPMA)和电子万能材料试验...     

高体积分数TiB2/Al复合材料的动态压缩性能

采用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)研究高体积分数TiB2/Al复合材料(55%-65%)的动态压缩性能,并对其在高应变率下的损伤机制进行分析。结果表明,相比应变率不敏感的基体合金,高体积分数TiB2/Al复合材料表现出明显的应变率敏感性;且随着体积分数的增加,其应变率敏感系数和流动应力值表现出先升后降趋势。在高应变率冲击下,复合材料表现为脆性断裂,增强相含量越高复合材料越易剪切破坏。复合材料断面局部呈现熔融铝团,直径为50～200μm,这与绝热温升效应有关。绝热温升使得基体合金软化,有效缓解高体积分数复合材料的瞬态失稳破坏。     

Hybrid effect of TiBw and TiCp on tensile properties of in situ titanium matrix composites

In order to study the hybrid effect of in situ TiB whisker (TiBw) and TiC particle (TiCp) on the tensile properties of titanium matrix composites (TMCs), TMCs with various TiBw/TiCp volume ratios of 4:1, 1:1 and 1:4 were prepared by reactive hot pressing of blended powders of Ti, B₄C, and graphite. Room tensile testing results exhibited that the composite with TiBw/TiCp volume ratio of 1:1 experienced an increase in the ultimate tensile strength of 25 and 50%, respectively, over the composite with ratio of 4:1 (based on Ti–B₄C) and pure Ti. The hybrid strengthening effect still existed at elevated temperature but it was not as obvious as that of room-temperature. Meanwhile, the ductility of the composites was decreased with decreasing TiBw content. The results suggest that the hybrid effect exists both at room and at elevated temperatures and it should be taken into account to prepare TMCs with good mechanical properties.     

原位热压反应制备Ti3AlC2／TiB2复合材料

Ti3AlC2综合了陶瓷和金属的诸多优点，有着潜在的广泛应用前景。然而，单相Ti3AlC2的硬度和强度偏低，限制了它的广泛应用。引入第二相形成复合材料是解决上述问题的一个有效方法。以Ti粉、Al粉、石墨和B4C粉为原料采用原位热压方法成功地合成了Ti3AlC2/TiB2复合材料。利用DSC和XRD对其反应路径作了详细研究，并利用SEM和TEM对复合材料的微观结构进行了表征，最后测试了复合材料的硬度和强度。结果表明用B4C-Ti-Al-C体系，可以在较低温度下合成致密的无杂质Ti3AlC2／TiB2复合材料；引入的TiB2明显提高了Ti3AlC2的硬度和强度。     

热压烧结反应生成TiB／Ti-4．0Fe-7．3Mo复合材料的组织与性能

采用机械合金化(MA)的方法将B和FeMo粉末与金属Ti的粉末混合均匀，球磨10h后，真空热压烧结制备原位生成TiB增强Ti-4．0Fe-7．3Mo复合材料。在金相显微镜(OM)下观察，复合材料由TiB增强区与不含TiB的基体所组成。TEM研究表明：增强区足由反应生成的TiB增强的α和β-Ti2相共同组成，在α和β-Ti相交界处分布的TiB不仅尺寸较人，而且数量也较两相内部的TiB多。在α钛中观察到少量的平行于α相板条的特殊TiB的存在。反应生成的TiB呈截面为六边形的针状，与基体的界面清洁、平直匹配良好。复合材料的三点弯曲强度和杨氏模量均随反应生成TiB体积含量的增加而降低。     

Time-dependent micromechanical behavior in graphite/epoxy composites under constant load: a combined experimental and theoretical study

We present an integrated theoretical and experimental study on the localized creep behavior around fiber breaks in model unidirectional graphite fiber/epoxy matrix composites under constant axial stress at room temperature. Micro Raman spectroscopy (MRS) and classic composite shear-lag models were coupled to examine the time evolution of fiber and matrix strain/stress distributions around a single fiber break in planar low volume fraction graphite fiber–epoxy matrix composites. In-situ MRS micro-scale measurements show that strain redistribution around the fiber fracture is time-dependent and localized. We observe decreases in peak interfacial shear stress and concomitant increases in load recovery length and interfacial inelastic zones from the fiber fracture point. These results showing the time dependence of load transfer are related to creep tests on the monolithic matrix material at various stress levels. The translation of monolithic to in-situ matrix creep is achieved using two viscoelastic matrix composite models, a multi-fiber and a single fiber model. MRS results show that the load recovery length increases at the rate of (T/T_c)^α/2 and the maximum interfacial shear stress relaxes at the rate of (T/T_c)^−α/2, where T is time, T_c and α are parameters obtained from matrix creep tests. These results are in good agreement with the multi-fiber model predictions. The single fiber model gives similar results for these samples where the fiber spacing is relatively large (5∼7 fiber diameters).     

Role of interfacial and matrix creep during thermal cycling of continuous fiber reinforced metal–matrix composites

A uni-dimensional micro-mechanical model for thermal cycling of continuous fiber reinforced metal–matrix composites is developed. The model treats the fiber and matrix as thermo-elastic and thermo-elasto-plastic-creeping solids, respectively, and allows the operation of multiple matrix creep mechanisms at various stages of deformation through the use of unified creep laws. It also incorporates the effect of interfacial sliding by an interface-diffusion-controlled diffusional creep mechanism proposed earlier (Funn and Dutta, Acta mater., 1999, 47, 149). The results of thermal cycling simulations based on a graphite fiber reinforced pure aluminum–matrix composite were compared with experimental data on a P100 graphite–6061 Al composite. The model successfully captured all the important features of the observed strain responses of the composite for different experimental conditions, such as the observed heating/cooling rate dependence, strain hysteresis, residual permanent strain at the end of a cycle, as well as both intrusion and protrusion of the fiber-ends relative to the matrix at the completion of cycling. The analysis showed that the dominant deformation mechanism operative in the matrix changes continually during thermal cycling due to continuous stress and temperature revision. Based on these results, a framework for the construction of a transient deformation mechanism map for thermal excursions of continuous fiber composites is proposed.     

原位自生(TiC+TiB)/Ti6Al4V复合材料摩擦磨损性能研究

本文用原位反应法制备了不同TiC和TiB增强相含量的(TiC+TiB)/Ti6Al4V复合材料(简记为TMC),用HT-1000型摩擦磨损试验机研究了外加载荷对原位本文用原位反应法制备了不同TiC和TiB增强相含量的（TiC+TiB）/Ti6Al4V复合材料（简记为TMC）,用HT-1000型摩擦磨损试验机研究了外加载荷对原位（TiC+TiB）/Ti6Al4V复合材料干滑动摩擦磨损性能的影响,并利用扫描电镜及布鲁克三维形貌仪观察分析其磨损行为。结果显示,与Ti6Al4V基体相比,TiC+TiB增强相的生成提高了复合材料的耐磨性。对于含不同体积分数增强相的复合材料,随着外加载荷的增加,材料的磨损率和磨损深度增加,摩擦系数减小且在小范围内波动。在小负载下,磨损的表面覆盖有一些沟槽和少量磨屑;在大负载下,磨损的表面覆盖有一些浅沟槽和大量磨屑。磨损机制为磨粒磨损和氧化磨损。随着负荷增加,碎屑的尺寸增加,磨损加剧。