Office GIS中图文控制流与数据流的集成设计和表达

通过分析传统软件工程设计方法在城市规划管理类的图文办公信息系统设计应用方面存在的问题及不足,在分析借鉴控制流与数据流集成表达的基础上,针对城市规划管理图文办公信息系统中图形与文本集成处理的具体特点,提出了基于层次结构的图文控制与数据流集成设计及表达的方法。该方法不仅在常州市规划国土管理局图文办公信息系统的设计与集成中得到了成功应用,而且极大地提高了系统的设计水平及开发效率,其应用效果证明了该方法的有效性和实用性。     

基于COM组件技术的GIS空间模型库研究

已有的研究表明 ,空间分析功能是 GIS区别于其他系统的本质特征之一 ,然而当前大多数的 GIS都没有空间模型库 ,这在一定程度上制约了 GIS空间分析能力的实现 ,而对于 GIS中相同或相似的空间分析功能 ,在许多应用系统中则又分别进行了重复或二次开发 .这样的重复工作 ,显然是对人力物力资源的浪费 .通过引入软件工程的 COM组件技术 ,在研究空间模型库构建的基础上 ,设计了空间模型组件库的总体框架 ,探讨了空间模型组件的实现技术 .研究表明 ,基于 COM组件技术的空间模型组件库 ,在增强 GIS组件复用性的同时 ,也有助于 GIS的空间分析功能的实现 .     

一种时空四维数据模型

现有的地理信息系统软件一般没有考虑时间因素,难以处理时态现象。本文在对多种时态数据模型进行分析,对一些时间概念进行讨论之后,提出了一种面向对象的时空数据模型并对它的数据结构进行了描述。     

Modeling structural change in spatial system dynamics: A Daisyworld example

System dynamics (SD) is an effective approach for helping reveal the temporal behavior of complex systems. Although there have been recent developments in expanding SD to include systems’ spatial dependencies, most applications have been restricted to the simulation of diffusion processes; this is especially true for models on structural change (e.g. LULC modeling). To address this shortcoming, a Python program is proposed to tightly couple SD software to a Geographic Information System (GIS). The approach provides the required capacities for handling bidirectional and synchronized interactions of operations between SD and GIS. In order to illustrate the concept and the techniques proposed for simulating structural changes, a fictitious environment called Daisyworld has been recreated in a spatial system dynamics (SSD) environment. The comparison of spatial and non-spatial simulations emphasizes the importance of considering spatio-temporal feedbacks. Finally, practical applications of structural change models in agriculture and disaster management are proposed.     

A GIS tool for historical instability processes data entry: An approach to hazard management in two Italian Alpine river basins

Analysis of instability processes requires historical data over a range of temporal and spatial scales. While historical data offer a wealth of information about when, where and how a flood or a landslide happened or may recur, managing the data remains problematic. Before the data can be entered into historical and geographical databases, they need to be extracted from a vast variety of paper documents and transformed into a standard format. To do this, we developed a Geographical Information System (GIS)-based tool that permits easy data entry for comparing information on different temporal and spatial scales. The GIS tool was combined with a methodology for spatial data analysis to identify main hazardous areas. The historical and geographical databases were then queried with this tool to obtain the frequency of catastrophic events and their spatial recurrence. The GIS tool allowed accurate and rapid data management for establishing a connection between textual and spatial information for new data generation.This paper illustrates a methodology that utilizes the GIS tool for analyzing instability processes in two Italian river basins in the Western Alps.     

基于开源平台构建文献计量地理信息系统

地理信息系统(Geographical Information System,GIS)在文献计量学中的应用是GIS应用拓展的一个新方向,近10年来得到越来越广泛的应用,特别是在空间相关信息展示和查询等方面发展迅速。为了方便非GIS专业人员应用GIS技术进行文献计量信息挖掘、制图和空间分析等操作,利用开源GIS软件DotSpatial开发文献计量GIS工具,可以满足用户数据导入、指标计算、图层和视图操作以及制图输出等需求。研究结果显示:通过研发的文献计量GIS工具可以比较快捷地实现文献指标的空间展示和制图目的。
     

地理信息系统及其在水资源监控与管理实践中的应用

地理信息系统(Geographic Information System, GIS)具有高效的空间数据管理和灵活的空间数据综合分析能力,已在水资源管理领域得到广泛应用。随着我国水资源监控能力建设的逐步推进,地理信息系统在水资源监控领域应用得也越来越多。本文对GIS技术功能及发展历程进行介绍,重点对基于GIS技术的水资源监控与管理系统的开发应用情况进行综述。最后,对地理信息系统在水资源管理与监控中的发展应用提出了建议。     

Integration of a GIS and a complex three-dimensional hydrodynamic,sediment and heavy metal transport numerical model

The paper presents an integration of a geographic information system (GIS) and a complex three-dimensional hydrodynamic sediment and heavy metal transport numerical model. The integration overcomes the two-dimensional constraint of conventional GIS by supplementing advance tools for three-dimensional, dynamic visualization. The application of a GIS-based interface module together with the three-dimensional, dynamic display tools enhances communication of relationships and trends of hydrodynamic and pollutant transport simulation in both spatial and temporal context, and thus promotes better coastal water quality planning and management. Model functionality includes input data viewing and editing, mesh grid configuration, and result interpretation. The functionality of the GIS-model integrated system is illustrated through a case study on the Pearl River Estuary (PRE).     

Transportation applications of geographic information systems

A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computerized data base management system for the capture, storage, retrieval, analysis, and display of spatial (i.e., locationally defined) data. The purpose of this paper is to explain why GIS technology is important to transportation professionals, describe how a number of transportation agencies are using GIS, and provide insight on how to participate in this technology. Transportation agencies are still in their infancy with respect to exploiting the power and possibilities offered by GIS technology. The paper examines the usefulness of spatially integrated data to transportation and clarifies the distinction between GIS and other data base systems that use spatial data. The benefits of GIS are summarised, examples of GIS activities at the FHWA and State highway agencies are described, and sources of digital geocoded data are discussed. The paper concludes with a more detailed discussion of hardware and software requirements, topology, overlay processing, and special issues involved in designing a GIS for transportation     

A dynamic data model for mobile GIS

A fast response time is a major objective for Mobile Geographic Information System (GIS) applications. This study provides a solution for improving the performance of response time by a dynamic data model. A conceptual dynamic data model is proposed, which covers (a) “position” information of selected geographic objects relevant to the GIS user's interest within his current location, (b) the selected attribute information in which the mobile GIS user is interested. In this approach, first, the attribute information is selected through a validating process making use of the temporal and attribute filters. Second, a specially designed dynamic database is employed to enable the implementation of the conceptual dynamic data model. This dynamic database is continually updated in accordance with the spatial, temporal and attribute constraints specified for the conceptual model. This design of a dynamic data model increases the availability of spatial data to mobile GIS users by providing up to date accurate information relevant to the area of interest, in a limited communication bandwidth. Third, an experimental study has been conducted and the results demonstrate that by using a dynamic database the response time can be reduced to one-third of that of a conventional database. The response time performance can be further improved as the size of the database is increased.     

Prediction of river discharge and surface water quality using an integrated geographical information system approach

A methodology is developed for the prediction of river discharge and surface water quality (indexed by nitrogen loading) of a predominantly rural catchment using simple models in an integrated Geographical Information System (GIS). River discharge is predicted using the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) runoff Curve Number model, and surface water quality by the export coefficient model. Main input variable to these models is information on land-use along with ancillary information such as soils. Land-use is an important parameter that affects both discharge and water quality, and it can be derived from classification of remotely sensed images. Unlike conventional models, the models employed here do not require large amounts of data on several hydro-meteorological variables. The models are applied to a rural catchment in eastern England where major land-use changes have occurred in the recent past. Historical land-use data are derived from a variety of sources including maps, aerial photographs and remotely sensed satellite images for various dates ranging from 1931 to 1989. A GIS is a valuable means to enable large amounts of spatial data to be integrated, and to facilitate data manipulation for the specific application of the models. Results are validated using observed runoff and water quality records, and it is shown that the model predictions are of acceptable accuracy. This study demonstrated an application of a GIS to employ simple models to predict river discharge and water quality.     

GIS在政府宏决策中的开发应用

国务院综合国情地理信息系统（９２０２工程）是一个多要素、多层次和多时态的空间型信息系统，它以国家基础地理信息为支撑，旨在为中央和地方政府领导提供一套进行宏观分析决策的辅助工具，用以解决经济建设和社会发展中所遇到的各种问题。本文重点阐述了政府ＧＩＳ的基本特征，软件系统的设计思想，开发手段，系统功能及在政府机关的实际应用，并对如何加快我国ＧＩＳ软件系统的发展提出了建议。     

空间规则的可视化解释

随着地理信息系统(GIS)软件的成熟，其空间信息分析、处理和展示能力日趋完善。利用空间数据挖掘等空间信息分析抽取手段进行空间规则发现并对这些规则进行规范化与形式化描述进而利用GIS进行可视化展现已成为一种趋势。本文研完了空间关联规则、分布规则、分类规则的形式化描述，并且给出了这些规则的可视化解释过程。     

基于组件式GIS技术的中国地形图分幅表查询系统

组建式软件技术不仅是软件技术发展的主流,而且是地理信息系统发展的热点,并可能成为地理信息系统发展的主要方向。依据国家基本比例尺地形图分幅和编码规则,并利用编程语言自动生成Generate格式的分幅表原始数据,利用ArcView3.3和 ArcInfor3.3对原始数据进行数据格式转换、建立拓扑关系、空间配准、属性表关联等处理,最终生成了不同比例尺的中国地形图分幅表空间数据库。在该数据库的基础上,利用面向对象的Visual Basic开发平台,调用MO（MapObjects2.2）组件,开发了专题信息系统软件中国地形图分幅表查询系统。     

A data model and query language for spatio-temporal decision support

In recent years, applications aimed at exploring and analyzing spatial data have emerged, powered by the increasing need of software that integrates Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP). These applications have been called SOLAP (Spatial OLAP). In previous work, the authors have introduced Piet, a system based on a formal data model that integrates in a single framework GIS, OLAP (On-Line Analytical Processing), and Moving Object data. Real-world problems are inherently spatio-temporal. Thus, in this paper we present a data model that extends Piet, allowing tracking the history of spatial data in the GIS layers. We present a formal study of the two typical ways of introducing time into Piet: timestamping the thematic layers in the GIS, and timestamping the spatial objects in each layer. We denote these strategies snapshot-based and timestamp-based representations, respectively, following well-known terminology borrowed from temporal databases. We present and discuss the formal model for both alternatives. Based on the timestamp-based representation, we introduce a formal First-Order spatio-temporal query language, which we denote L_t,\mathcal{L}_t, able to express spatio-temporal queries over GIS, OLAP, and trajectory data. Finally, we discuss implementation issues, the update operators that must be supported by the model, and sketch a temporal extension to Piet-QL, the SQL-like query language that supports Piet.     

空间工程辅助设计GIS系统的研究与实践

探讨GIS技术在空间工程辅助设计(例如电力、电信管线工程)方面的应用.在系统分析空间工程设计的 逻辑过程和工程辅助设计系统的发展与需求的基础上,对GIS技术在空间工程辅助设计中应用的优势及工程辅助 设计GIS系统的结构、功能和特点以及系统基本设计思路进行了探讨，指出GIS技术的引入一方面提高了空间工 程辅助设计的效率和水平，同时使空间工程辅助设计成为同时具有规划和设计功能的系统。     

基于GIS的扎龙湿地生态信息系统建立方法研究

该文充分应用GIS强大的空间信息管理和分析功能,以ARC/INFO8.2软件为工具,根据扎龙湿地生态环境特点和现有生态环境信息资料,进行了湿地生态资源调查和湿地专题地图绘制,设计了湿地生态信息系统数据库结构,建立了空间数据库和属性数据库。     

几种支持互操作的GIS软件设计模式

GIS互操作是当前空间信息科学与技术发展的要求和趋势。为了支持互操作GIS软件的实现，该文提出了数据适配器、外观和桥接3种设计模式，为空间数据互操作和GIS功能互操作的软件开发提供了一种可复用的实现方案。旨在软件实现层面增强GIS的互操作性，提高软件质量和开发效率。     

Building a geodatabase for mapping hydrogeological features and 3D modeling of groundwater systems: Application to the Saguenay-Lac-St.-Jean region, Canada

Understanding and managing groundwater resources require the integration of a large amount of high-quality data from a variety of sources. Due to the limitations in accessing information related to groundwater and subsurface conditions, the gathering of available existing information is of crucial importance when conducting a successful hydrogeological study. Here, we present an approach for the development of an exhaustive and comprehensive groundwater database through (1) the gathering of relevant sources of information relating to groundwater, and (2) the application of a quality control process in order to screen the data for accuracy and quality. This hydrogeological database is then implemented within a GIS (geographic information system) framework coupled to a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) as a personal geodatabase (ESRI format) GIS technology. Once established, the spatial database allows a user to request the relevant data required for a specific hydrogeological study. In addition, stratigraphic data stored within the spatial database may be utilized for constructing 3D subsurface hydrostructural models. In order to achieve this objective, the software Arc Hydro Groundwater combined with the ArcGIS spatial database is shown to be appropriate for the 3D structural representation of aquifers (groundwater reservoirs). The innovative contribution of this approach in building 3D hydrostructural subsurface models from a spatial database resides in simplifying the required step-by-step processes by considering a unified compatible combination of “RDBMS-ArcGIS-Arc Hydro Groundwater” technologies. The proposed methodology is illustrated using data from an ongoing project aimed at developing an inventory of the groundwater resources of the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region, Quebec (Canada).     

MATLAB辅助GIS空间分析建模实验设计与应用

根据地理信息系统GIS的特点和空间分析实验的特点,提出利用MATLAB软件进行GIS空间分析实验设计,并结合一个实例,给出了MATLAB空间分析建模实验应用的主要内容和方法。此实验设计应用有助于学生较快地理解GIS空间分析实验原理,学会利用MATLAB软件分析解决GIS地学实际问题。