High-resolution 3D spatial modelling of complex geological structures for an environmental risk assessment of abundant mining and industrial megasites

Conceptual geological models of industrial and mining megasites are an essential task of groundwater investigations as well as environmental risk assessment studies. Therefore, the conceptualization process of the structural geological model has depended on the development of a set of 2D cross-sections to portray a 3D picture of groundwater flow. This attempt always includes some simplifications that require, only to some extent, the true 3D situation of heterogeneous aquifers. Consequently, the modelled predictions of the path flow and transport conditions of contaminated groundwater are not satisfying in terms of a flow-path and risk based modelling approach. A more structured approach to develop the hydrogeological framework for the conceptual model is advocated, using different 3D geological modelling software packages to assemble the data, working in three dimensions and using this platform for subsequent groundwater flow modelling. Attention is given to the capability of different 3D modelling approaches, indicated by geostatistically based versus constructive cross-section based interpolations of complex sedimentary successions, that are compared in their results and suitability for subsequent hydrogeological modelling requirements.The paper describes the results, in high-resolution 3D modelling, of the complex geological environment of the Bitterfeld/Wolfen megasite in the eastern part of Germany. Identification, assessment, and remediation of large-scale groundwater contamination require a detailed knowledge of the heterogeneous geological structure to predict the fate and pathways of contaminants and their potential interaction with, e.g., surface water. An area of 16 km² of the model area of the Bitterfeld/Wolfen area was chosen to transfer the complex structural geological setting. The subsurface geology could be assigned to 31 lithostratigraphic units and depicted using a 10×10 m GIS grid. This constructive and “knowledge-driven” 3D modelling allows the prediction of vertical and horizontal sections, visualization purposes, volumetric calculations of distinct sedimentary units, GIS applications, and the use of the detailed digital information within the subsequent flow and transport groundwater modelling. The high-resolution digital 3D model improves the hydrogeological modelling results. It is considered a basic requirement for groundwater modelling and investigations on environmental risk and impact assessment by fate, and pathway exposure route analysis of the complex geological and groundwater situations.     

A dynamic data model for mobile GIS

A fast response time is a major objective for Mobile Geographic Information System (GIS) applications. This study provides a solution for improving the performance of response time by a dynamic data model. A conceptual dynamic data model is proposed, which covers (a) “position” information of selected geographic objects relevant to the GIS user's interest within his current location, (b) the selected attribute information in which the mobile GIS user is interested. In this approach, first, the attribute information is selected through a validating process making use of the temporal and attribute filters. Second, a specially designed dynamic database is employed to enable the implementation of the conceptual dynamic data model. This dynamic database is continually updated in accordance with the spatial, temporal and attribute constraints specified for the conceptual model. This design of a dynamic data model increases the availability of spatial data to mobile GIS users by providing up to date accurate information relevant to the area of interest, in a limited communication bandwidth. Third, an experimental study has been conducted and the results demonstrate that by using a dynamic database the response time can be reduced to one-third of that of a conventional database. The response time performance can be further improved as the size of the database is increased.     

A GIS-based borehole data management and 3D visualization system

The use of subsurface data for problem solving is limited in part by the freedom the user has in their choice of data structures. If a user is allowed to work with the data in a familiar way, they can spend more time performing analysis tasks and less time restructuring data, thus increasing productivity and reducing the risks associated with a series of data modification cycles. Borehole information system (BoreIS) is based upon this principle. Design was guided by interviews with geologists who were targeted as potential users of the software, and BoreIS was developed as an extension to ESRI's ArcScene three-dimensional (3D) GIS environment. BoreIS uses borehole or well data supplied by the user to develop a 3D GIS representation which can be queried, visualized, and analysed. By asking relevant questions about data stored in Excel spreadsheets, BoreIS can automate many high-level GIS functions so that an inexperienced GIS user can still use the system. By matching table elements to spatially and geologically significant terms through the interactive setup, users can work with the data more closely matched to the geological problem domain. This allows the novice user to use powerful GIS functions to discover spatial patterns in their data. BoreIS’ interactive manipulation of terms in complex queries, simple addition of contoured surfaces, and masking by lithology or formation helps geologists find spatial patterns in their data, beyond the limits of data tables and flat maps.     

城市资源环境信息系统空间数据库的建立与应用-以贵阳市中心城区为例

以贵阳市中心城区为试验区,建立城市资源环境信息系统空间数据库用遥感和地理信息系统技术,进行城市资源综合评价,为城市规划与管理提供信息服务。该数据库的设计和建立是以地理信息系统PAMAP GIS软件为基本工具,在数据的采集过程中,以遥感数据作为充实和更新数据库的主要信息源。数据库由两部分组成:①基础地理数据库,包括数字高程模型和基础地理图件;②资源环境数据库,主要由常规专题图和遥感专题图组成。     

GIS技术在区域土地开发适宜性分区中的应用——以江苏省为例*

重点讨论了GIS技术在区域土地开发适宜性分区方法中的应用。区域土地开发适宜性分区,要求将评价单元的自然生态要素与经济社会要素在空间上反映出来,并对各单元的生态保护价值和经济开发需求进行聚类分析。GIS技术在获取、处理和集合各基本空间单元的要素数据上发挥了重大作用。应用GIS技术建立空间基础信息数据库,进行面状要素叠加分析、线状要素网络分析、统计要素链接分析和赋值要素追加分析,使分区数据的采集、组织和分析更加简单;专题地图的应用,也使分区方案的表现更为直观;尤其是GIS空间叠加分析功能通过图形处理与空间数据     

An object-oriented hydrogeological data model for groundwater projects

Geological and hydrogeological data are expensive to obtain in the field but are crucial for specific hydrogeological studies, from hydrogeological water balances to groundwater flow modelling and contaminant transport, or for more integrated environmental investigations where groundwater plays a role. In this context, hydrogeological data are collected, transformed and exchanged at different scales, from local to international levels and between numerous institutions ranging from environmental consulting companies to the national and international environmental administrations. To guarantee that these exchanges are possible and meaningful, a clear structure and meta-information on applied hydrogeological data models is required. To make one step towards seamless management of groundwater projects, a new hydrogeological data model has been developed: H^g₂O. It is described using object-oriented paradigms and it follows the recommendations of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO/TC211), the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), and the European Geospatial Information Working Group. Hydrogeological features are organized in packages of spatial feature datasets. The observations and measurements related to these features are organized in a separate package. A particular focus is on specialized hydrogeological field experiments such as hydraulic and tracer tests. Two first implementations in the proprietary desktop ArcGIS environment and in the open source web-based Web2GIS platform are presented, focussing on their respective standards support.     

Integrating remotely sensed data,GIS and expert knowledge to update object-based land use/land cover information

Remote-sensing technology provides a powerful means for land use/land cover (LU/LC) monitoring at global and regional scales. However, it is more efficient and effective to combine remote-sensing measurements with a geographic information system (GIS) database and expert knowledge for change updating than to use remote-sensing technology alone. In this article, these different sources of information are integrated in the proposed framework, which is able to provide rapid updating of LU/LC information. An object-based data analysis is adopted for thematic mapping, taking both spectral and spatial properties into consideration. An expert knowledge coding is introduced and combined quantitatively with other evidence provided by remotely sensed data and the GIS database. A case study using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) datasets demonstrated an overall successful LU/LC map updating and a satisfactory change detection using the proposed change-updating framework.     

本体驱动的时空数据查询方法研究

本体是由特定信息领域中的相关术语集合及这些术语之间的关联所组成的,是语义丰富的元数据,通过它可以获取关于底层数据库的相关信息。基于现有的地理数据库和已创建的地理信息领域本体,建立了适合于地理数据集的应用本体数据库;通过描述逻辑指定相应的规则知识,在空间数据库和本体数据库之间、本体库之间分别建立一定的关联关系,提出了本体驱动的时空数据查询方法。当需要对某个时空实体对象进行查询时,通过在本体数据库中进行的逻辑运算,从而得到查询结果,最后返回查询结果。并以数字烟草中烟草的种植查询为例,验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

地热资源管理信息系统的设计与实现

地热资源是一种宝贵的清洁能源。为了地热资源开发和管理的科学性,实现地热资源的可持续开发利用,该文设计并实现一个集办公自动化、MIS、三维、2.5维、二维GIS于一体,集成地热各种评价和预测模型,实现地热资源数据的采集、处理、表达、解释、分析和决策的混合型(GIS)地理信息系统。     

基于SIG框架的上海城市空间信息应用服务系统的体系与实现

基于空间信息网格SIG框架的上海城市空间信息应用服务系统中城市空间特征、绿化、环保、水系、土地、道路网络等各类城市空间信息资源分布在网络的不同节点上；建立了集中的元数据库提供相关数据的描述信息；以分布在不同节点上的GIS Web Service提供空间数据处理服务。平台以门户网站的方式提供元数据检索，利用检索结果获取分布式的各类空间信息数据资源；提供空间数据处理网络应用程序，调用GIS Web Service，提供格式转换、坐标转换、地图综合、空间分析等空间数据处理功能；提供GIS Web Service的搜索和注册。此平台已经在上海公务网中实际运行。     

Database development and 3D modeling of textural variations in heterogeneous,unconsolidated aquifer media: Application to the Milan plain

The textural and hydrogeologic properties of loose deposits are closely connected to the sedimentary processes occurring in fluvial and glacio-fluvial systems. The proposed procedure combines geologic knowledge, coded well data logs stored in a hydrogeologic georeferenced database, geographic information system (GIS) and 3D calculation software to reconstruct the detailed distribution of the subsoil's hydrogeologic parameters. The calculations may apply to any subsoil part, bounded by one or more surfaces. This methodological approach may be applied to diverse investigation depths, vertical intervals detailed to varying extents, on a local or regional scale. Employing great quantities of well data logs, recorded in different ways and distributed across large areas, has enabled significant spatial sedimentologic reconstruction. Two groups of parameters were considered: textural (percentages of gravel, sand and clay) and hydrogeologic (hydraulic conductivity and porosity). In terms of sedimentology, the method reconstructs spatial heterogeneity both along cross-sections and for an entire user-defined volume to analyze the sediments’ energy functions and their distribution; deposition rates are proportional to process intensity and distribution with time. In terms of hydrogeology, detailed 3D hydrogeologic structural data provide detailed input for hydrogeologic models in groundwater resource management and planning, such as for transport models.     

Delineation of groundwater recharge sites using integrated remote sensing and GIS in Jammu district,India

With the increasing demands for water due to increasing population, urbanization and agricultural expansion, groundwater resources are gaining much attention, particularly in the Kandi region of Jammu district, which faces acute shortages of drinking water throughout the year. Groundwater development programmes need a large volume of data from various sources. This study used integrated remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) techniques to provide an appropriate platform for convergent analysis of multidisciplinary data and decision making for artificial recharge to groundwater. Thematic maps were constructed using merged Linear Imaging Self Scanner (LISS)‐III and Panchromatic (PAN) remote sensing data and aquifer parameter thematic layers were prepared from conventional field data. The thematic layers of the aquifer parameters were integrated and a map showing the potential zones for artificial recharge to groundwater was generated. By superimposing the drainage network map over this artificial recharge zone map, and also considering the terrain conditions for artificial recharge, suitable sites for replenishing groundwater in the study area were identified.     

基于“3S”技术的县级土地资源动态监测技术系统

土地资源日新月异的变化使得传统的土地资源管理手段无法满足土地资源信息及时更新的要求。探讨了利用遥感、地理信息系统和全球定位系统为代表的“3S”技术进行县级土地资源动态监测和更新的原理和方法。遥感是进行土地利用变化动态监测,发现土地利用变化区域的主要手段。全球定位系统接收仪用于对变化区域进行现场精确定位和实测。实测的变更数据可用于对原有的地理信息系统本底数据库进行修改,从而完成对土地资源的动态监测和数据库的及时更新。福清市土地资源动态监测技术系统就是利用“3S”技术建立起来的业务运行系统。系统所具备的功能可以满足县级土地资源的动态监测和及时更新。     

GIS环境下地质变量自动提取与地质异常的圈定

通过对研究区合理的网格单元划分,介绍地理信息系统(GIS)提取地质变量的原理,即利用GIS的空间叠加功能,实现地质变量自动提取。在此基础上,进行变量综合,挖掘隐含信息。过滤与已知矿产有关的变量,圈定地质异常,它是研究致矿异常和发现新矿产地的基础。以云南省维西地区为实例,按上述方法原理,提取其地质变量,圈定其地质异常。已发现的矿体(包括矿化点)中,有76.84%矿体(含矿化点)落入异常区内。     

基于地址匹配方法的POI数据更新研究

中国电信114号码百事通平台的LBS业务在使用过程中,常常需要定期、大批量的对GIS数据库中的POI数据进行更新。针对电信公司的特点,在充分利用电信企业库中客户信息资源和地址库中空间信息资源的基础上,采用地址匹配技术实现POI数据的自动匹配更新,达到电信已有资源的最大利用和POI数据维护成本的最低化。     

From 3d geomodelling systems towards 3d geoscience information systems: Data model,query functionality,and data management

Two-dimensional GIS are extensively used in geology to create, analyse, and interpret geological map models. However, these systems are unable to represent the Earth's subsurface in three spatial dimensions. The objective of this article is to overcome this deficiency and to provide a general framework for a 3d GIS.The presented approach is based on existing 3d geomodelling theory and software, and is characterized by an integrated data model for geological observation data and geomodels, data management supported by an XML-enabled database server, and functionality for querying observation data and 3d geomodels based on their 3d spatial and geological properties. The resulting 3d GIS framework enables geologists to manipulate, analyse and interpret 3d geomodels analogously as they work with 2d geological maps.     

基于SDE的空间数据库的研究与实现

GIS的核心是空间数据库。本文在介绍空间数据库的基本概念的基础上，着重分析说明了ESRI公司的空间数据库引擎SDE（Spatial Database Engine），它能将空间数据和属性数据集成在数据库中。分析了GIS中空间数据模型，并以湘江流域水环境地理信息系统为例，介绍大型分布式网络GIS系统中空间数据库的设计及其实现。     

Hibernate技术在基于GIS数据库中的应用研究

空间信息的存储和处理问题是地理信息系统(GIS)的核心问题.对空间数据和属性数据的统一存储管理已成为必然趋势.本文通过对GIS中海量数据的存储方式进行研究,指出对象-关系型的数据库存储方式是空间数据库的发展方向.在此基础上讨论了Hibernate技术与GIS数据库的结合,使用Hibernate技术将关系数据库中空间数据和属性数据进行封装,屏蔽了数据库底层操作,使得程序员可以用面向对象的思想随意操纵数据库,在利用了关系数据库的快速检索、查询能力的同时也增强了数据的一致性和可移植性.     

基于Geoway的森林资源数据采集方案设计研究

以Geoway软件为森林资源矢量数据采集平台，根据合肥市森林资源地理信息管理系统的需要，探讨了森林资源地理信息分类编码的原则；采用基于研究对象的图形分类方法，建立了一套合肥市森林资源地理信息分类编码方案。利用该方案所采集的数据能用于各种GIS软件，满足制图与GIS分析的需要，已在合肥市森林资源空间数据库中使用，并取得了良好的效果。     

基于网络环境的地理信息系统整合与知识发现

本文从应用整合和数据整合入手,提出了在分布式计算平台上以空间信息显示,服务,获取,存储为基础的层次化ＧＩＳ软件框架,以便提供数据分析,共享,知识发现不同水平的空间信息服务。