面向IEEE802.15.4协议的跳频信道接入方法

IEEE802.15.4协议中2.4 GHz频段的信道极易受Wi-Fi等信号干扰,且其规定节点丢失信标帧数量超过aMaxLost?Beacons 就判定为孤立节点,需要重新扫描信道进行重新同步,这必将导致较大吞吐量降低和时间消耗。本文分析IEEE802.15.4和IEEE802.11在2.4 GHz频段中信道重叠规律,提出一种利用信标帧的周期性作为跳频函数输入变量生成的跳频序列,以此快速选择未受干扰的信道,该方法不需增加信标帧负荷和开销,且简单易实现。Wi-Fi干扰源测试结果表明,平均吞吐量最低能提高约16%,平均传输延迟由25.86 ms降低到9.07 ms。     

An Adaptive GTS Allocation Scheme for IEEE 802.15.4

IEEE 802.15.4 is a new standard uniquely designed for low-rate wireless personal area networks. It targets ultralow complexity, cost, and power for low-rate wireless connectivity among inexpensive, portable, and moving devices. IEEE 802.15.4 provides a guaranteed time slot (GTS) mechanism to allocate a specific duration within a superframe for time-critical transmissions. This paper proposes an adaptive GTS allocation (AGA) scheme for IEEE 802.15.4, which considers low latency and fairness. The scheme is designed based on the existing IEEE 802.15.4 medium access control protocol, and IEEE 802.15.4 devices can receive this AGA service without any modification. A simulation model and an analytical model are developed to investigate the performance of our AGA scheme. The numerical results show that the proposed scheme significantly outperforms the existing IEEE 802.15.4 implementation.     

Improved modeling of IEEE 802.11a PHY through fine-grained measurements

In wireless networks, modeling of the physical layer behavior is an important yet difficult task. Modeling and estimating wireless interference is receiving great attention, and is crucial in a wireless network performance study. The physical layer capture, preamble detection, and carrier sense threshold are three key components that play important roles in successful frame reception in the presence of interference. Using our IEEE 802.11a wireless network testbed, we carry out a measurement study that reveals the detailed operation of each component and in particular we show the terms and conditions (interference timing, signal power difference, bitrate) under which a frame survives interference according to the preamble detection and capture logic. Based on the measurement study, we show that the operations of the three components in real IEEE 802.11a systems differ from those of popular simulators and present our modifications of the IEEE 802.11a PHY models to the NS-2 and QualNet network simulators. The modifications can be summarized as follows. (i) The current simulators’ frame reception is based only on the received signal strength. However, real 802.11 systems can start frame reception only when the Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR) is high enough to detect the preamble. (ii) Different chipset vendors implement the frame reception and capture algorithms differently, resulting in different operations for the same event. We provide different simulation models for several popular chipset vendors and show the performance differences between the models. (iii) Based on the 802.11a standard setting and our testbed observation, we revise the simulator to set the carrier sense threshold higher than the receiver sensitivity rather than equal to the receiver sensitivity. We implement our modifications to the QualNet simulator and evaluate the impact of PHY model implementations on the wireless network performance; these result in an up to six times increase of net throughput.     

NDIS-based virtual polling algorithm for IEEE 802.11b for guaranteeing the real-time requirements

This paper focuses on the feasibility of IEEE 802.11b wireless LAN for real-time wireless industrial network. In general, it has been known that IEEE 802.11b is not suitable for industrial networking because its medium access control method is the contention-based CSMA/CA (Carrier Sensing Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance) that exhibits unstable performance under heavy traffic and unbounded delay distribution. As an attempt to circumvent the probabilistic nature of IEEE 802.11b, this paper presents an enhanced four-layer architecture using the Network Driver Interface Specification (NDIS) and a virtual polling algorithm. Also, the enhanced four-layer architecture's performance is compared with that of conventional IEEE 802.11b. Based on the experimental results, it is found that the enhanced four-layer architecture for IEEE 802.11b is a very promising alternative for wireless industrial networking.     

IEEE802.11MAC层性能分析及仿真

无线网络通信作为新兴的通信技术已备受人们关注。无线局域网使用无线传输媒体,可以覆盖有线网络难于涉及的范围,成为传统有线网的必要补充。IEEE802.11b是当前无线局域网的主流标准,对其性能仿真和结果分析已做了大量工作,而对尚未普及的802.11a却没有太多的性能分析。论文利用文献眼1演算法得出802.11吞吐量理论极限值,并通过ns-2软件对802.11a进行仿真。     

The interference problem for wireless networks in automation systems of industrial enterprises: The statement and a solution method

The interference problem is considered for modern wireless computer networks (IEEE 802.11 WLAN and IEEE 802.15 WPAN) during their operation within a common frequency range in automation systems of industrial enterprises. A universal technique is suggested for solving this problem based on estimating the energy component of the signals. As an example, two special cases of the estimation procedure are considered using an IEEE 802.15.4 standard device.     

IEEE 802.15.4对WLAN抗干扰性能的实验研究

针对2.4 GHz频段内的IEEE 802.15.4,研究其与无线局域网共存时的抗干扰性。实验设定了多种场景并测试了实际应用环境中IEEE 802.15.4的通信质量。实验数据表明,WLAN干扰可使IEEE 802.15.4数据丢包率高达94%。通过实验数据分析得到了IEEE 802.15.4通信节点丢包率与WLAN信道、节点发送功率以及RSSI的相关性,为研究WSN的同频抗干扰技术提供了有价值的实验依据。     

Design and evaluation of practical coexistence management schemes for Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11b systems

Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11b standards share the same unlicensed ISM (Industrial, Scientific, Medical) radio spectrum. As such, severe interference is inevitable and performance can be impaired significantly when heterogeneous devices using the two technologies come into close proximity. We propose a new approach called ISOAFH (Interference Source Oriented Adaptive Frequency Hopping) based on a memory and power efficient channel classification process, thereby reducing the time and space complexity of the mechanism. Through our MATLAB Simulink based simulations of various coexistence mechanisms, we find that the IEEE 802.15 Task Group 2 (TG2) AFH performance is sensitive to memory and power limitations, while ISOAFH is less sensitive to these constraints and can keep a lower channel collision rate. In view of the potential implementation difficulties for AFH based approaches, we also propose a time domain mechanism called ISOMDMS (ISO Master Delay MAC Scheduling).     

多速率IEEE802.11b网络控制包速率调整

针对IEEE802．11b无线自组网中控制帧使用的速率较低、降低网络性能的问题,提出1种速率调整策略,其中心思想是使用AARF（Adaptive Auto Rate Fallback）算法自动调整RTS（Request to Send）和ACK（ACKnowledge）与DATA包的速率,使其速率一致,但不调整CTS（Clear to Send）以减少控制帧占用信道的时间．仿真结果表明改进后的速率调整策略能使IEEE802．1lb无线自组网的吞吐量显著提高．     

Comparative performance evaluation of IEEE 802.11v for positioning with time of arrival

Time of Arrival (TOA) based techniques are expected to overcome performance limitations of existing WLAN positioning approaches. The upcoming IEEE 802.11v standard is expected to play a key role because it will include new specific mechanisms for TOA-based positioning with WLAN. This article analyzes some of these new capabilities and evaluates the performance enhancement that they can provide in practice. To this end, a comparative assessment between an existing WLAN TOA-based approach that uses IEEE 802.11 b/g and an analogous solution employing IEEE 802.11v is performed.     

Enhancing IEEE 802.11a/n with dynamic single-user OFDM adaptation

Earlier paper have demonstrated that the achievable throughput of OFDM systems can benefit significantly from individual modulation/transmit power selection on a per sub-carrier basis according to the actual gain of individual sub-carriers (so called dynamic OFDM scheme). Usage of such an approach requires, however, providing support for additional functionalities such as: acquisition of the sub-carrier gains, signaling of the modulation types used between sender and receiver, etc. Therefore dynamic OFDM is actively pursued for future radio interfaces, rather than considered as extension of existing OFDM based standards. In this paper we introduce a proposal on how the widely accepted IEEE 802.11a/g systems as well as the emerging IEEE 802.11n system might be extended to support the dynamic OFDM in a single-user (point-to-point) setting. The presented approach guarantees backward compatibility to legacy devices. We address these issues by presenting (a) a set of protocol modifications required to incorporate dynamic OFDM in 802.11a/g/n; and (b) a performance evaluation of the suggested extension (referred to further on as single-user 802.11 DYN mode). Although 802.11n already includes advanced MAC and PHY features, i.e., frame aggregation and MIMO transmissions, our performance evaluation demonstrates that a further improvement is achievable by incorporating dynamic OFDM.     

基于IEEE802.15.4的Ad hoc网络路由协议研究

Adhoc网络是一个自组织、动态拓扑变化的网络。由于具有低成本、低功耗的特点,基于IEEE802.15.4的Adhoc网络将得到广泛的应用。文章在分析AODV协议的基础上,提出了适合基于IEEE802.15.4的Adhoc网络的M-AODV协议。并在NS-2中对该协议作了仿真,在性能上和AODV协议作了比较。     

IEEE 802.15.4a工业无线标准的研究与应用

对目前常用的几种工业无线标准进行了简单比较,并着重介绍了低速无线个人区域网络的新标准IEEE802．15．4a及其关键技术MDMA和CCS。新标准采用Chirp扩频物理层技术作为物理层标准,对工业环境中的干扰等具有很强的鲁棒性。以IEEE802．15．4a为基础,在现场总线测控系统中构建了无线子网段,实验表明系统处于稳定运行状态,且满足一般流程工业要求。该实例为工业无线网络接入到有线网络提供了一种解决方案,新标准在工业现场的短距离传输方面将会有广阔的应用前景。     

Joint transmit power and physical carrier sensing adaptation based on loss differentiation for high density IEEE 802.11 WLAN

In high density (HD) IEEE 802.11 WLAN, packet loss can occur due to co-channel interference (asynchronous interference) or collisions (synchronous interference). In order to effectively mitigate the interference for spatial reuse, the causes of packet loss should be differentiated and corresponding network parameters (physical carrier sensing (PCS) threshold, transmit power (TXPW) and contention windows size) tuned accordingly. Such loss differentiation ability is not supported by current IEEE 802.11 networks; we devised a novel, zero over-the-air overhead, robust yet accurate method of estimating the probability of collision and interference, respectively. In this work, we investigate how to use differentiated packet error rate (PER) to mitigate asynchronous interference for increasing spatial reuse. Motivated by analysis, a joint transmit power and PCS threshold self-adaptation algorithm based on loss differentiation is proposed. Heuristics that address node starvation and fairness are also incorporated within the above (aggregate throughput maximization) framework to allow a flexible suite of approaches to network tuning. Elaborate simulations show that such joint adaptation algorithm can increase both total throughput and worst link throughput in HD WLAN greatly compared with PCS only adaptation without loss differentiation.     

增强安全性的IEEE802.15.4协议研究

IEEE 802．15．4标准因其低速率、低成本、低功耗、高质量，被认为是无线传感器网络和无线个人域网络的理想实现技术。简要介绍了无线传感器网络及其主要特点和问题，及无线传感器网络的安全需求。提出了增强安全性的IEEE802．15．4协议SE-IEEE802．15．4研究，其中使用公钥加密算法ECC来实现IEEE802．15．4协议的数字签名。最后采用NS-2平台对其进行仿真，并进行了性能和安全性的分析。     

IEEE802.15.4无线传感器网络仿真与性能评估

IEEE802.15.4标准是为满足低速率、低能耗、低成本需求而制定的无线个人区域网（LR_WPAN）规范。通过用网络仿真软件NS2对基于IEEE802.15.4的无线传感器网络的主要性能指标进行分析,较为详实地论述了IEEE802.15.4MAC层基于时槽的CSMA/CA机制,最后给出仿真环境及其结果,并进行度量分析和阐述各指标间的依赖关系。     

基于IEEE 802.15.4接收机灵敏度测试的设计与实现

在设计符合IEEE 802.15.4规范的射频通信系统过程中,系统性能测试是备受关注的问题。文章提出了在使用Agilent无线连接测试仪N4010A测试射频通信系统接收机灵敏度时,如何使用MATLAB软件设计符合N4010A任意波形文件规范和IEEE 802.15.4接收机灵敏度测试规范的IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBeeTM波形文件。将该波形文件载入N4010A,实现了射频通信系统接收机灵敏度的测试。     

增强安全性的IEEE802.15.4协议研究

IEEE 802.15.4标准因其低速率、低成本、低功耗、高质量,被认为是无线传感器网络和无线个人域网络的理想实现技术。简要介绍了无线传感器网络及其主要特点和问题,及无线传感器网络的安全需求。提出了增强安全性的IEEE802.15.4协议SE-IEEE802.15.4研究,其中使用公钥加密算法ECC来实现IEEE802.15.4协议的数字签名。最后采用NS-2平台对其进行仿真,并进行了性能和安全性的分析。     

Uncoordinated coexisting IEEE 802.15.4 networks for machine to machine communications

IEEE 802.15.4 standard has been proposed for low power wireless personal area networks. It can be used as an important component in machine to machine (M2M) networks for data collection, monitoring and controlling functions. With an increasing number of machine devices enabled by M2M technology and equipped with 802.15.4 radios, it is likely that multiple 802.15.4 networks may be deployed closely, for example, to collect data for smart metering at residential or enterprise areas. In such scenarios, supporting reliable communications for monitoring and controlling applications is a big challenge. The problem becomes more severe due to the potential hidden terminals when the operations of multiple 802.15.4 networks are uncoordinated. In this paper, we investigate this problem from three typical scenarios and propose an analytic model to reveal how performance of coexisting 802.15.4 networks may be affected by uncoordinated operations under these scenarios. Simulations will be used to validate the analytic model. It is observed that uncoordinated operations may lead to a significant degradation of system performance in M2M applications. With the proposed analytic model, we also investigate the performance limits of the 802.15.4 networks, and the conditions under which coordinated operations may be required to support M2M applications.     

IEEE 802.11无线局域网标准研究*

介绍了IEEE 802.11全系列标准,研究了IEEE 802.11系列各标准的发展轨迹和相互关系,建立了该系列标准的层次模型。研究并分析了IEEE 802.11、IEEE 802.11a、IEEE 802.11b、IEEE 802.11g和IEEE 802.11n这几种常见标准,并对相应物理层和媒质访问控制层的关键技术作了重点分析。