O2/CO2气氛下煤燃烧NOx排放特性的实验研究

利用管式电阻炉在O₂/CO₂气氛和O₂/N₂气氛下对煤粉燃烧过程中NO_x排放特性进行实验,研究在不同停留时间、炉内燃料/氧化学当量比、温度、氧浓度等因素对燃煤过程中NO_x放特性的影响,并对这两种燃烧方式下NO_x的排放特性进行对比。结果表明:在O₂/CO₂气氛下NO_x的生成量要远远低于O₂/N₂气氛下NO_x的生成量。随着停留时间的延长,NO_x沿程释放特性是先增大后减少。随着燃料/氧化学当量比的增加,NO_x排放浓度也呈现出先增加后降低的趋势。随着炉内温度的增加,2种气氛下NO_x的排放浓度均增加。随着氧浓度的提高,NO_x排放浓度增大。     

O2/CO2气氛下炉内煤粉切圆燃烧数值研究

对某电厂600 MW切圆燃烧锅炉进行了O2/CO2气氛下炉内流动、传热和燃烧过程的数值研究。结果表明:在O2/CO2气氛下,随着氧气摩尔浓度的增加,炉内温度升高,高温区变大,对煤粉的着火燃烧有利;但考虑到燃烧器安全和水冷壁结渣,氧气摩尔浓度不能太高,对燃用文中煤质的锅炉其极限摩尔浓度在40%至45%之间。O2/CO2气氛对现有切圆燃烧锅炉的上层燃烧器煤粉的燃烧影响较小,对下层燃烧器煤粉的燃烧影响较大。与空气气氛煤粉燃烧相比,炉内火焰中心上移,且在氧气摩尔浓度不太高时,炉内温度分布特性有利于防止水冷壁的结渣。     

不同粒径煤粉在O2/CO2气氛下的燃烧特性

用TG研究了不同粒径煤粉在空气和O2/CO2气氛下的燃烧特性,对比分析了两种气氛下不同粒径对煤粉特征温度和特征指数的影响情况.结果表明,O2/CO2气氛下,粒径对煤粉燃烧的影响要大于空气气氛,且挥发分含量越高的煤种其影响越大.相比空气气氛,O2/CO2气氛下煤粉的燃烧特性随粒径变化会呈现较大的波动性,且随着煤种挥发分含量的增加,小粒径段煤粉的波动性增强.可以通过提高氧浓度来减少燃烧波动的影响.     

O2/CO2气氛下生物质混煤燃烧SO2排放特性的实验研究

在水平管式炉上通过在线烟气分析仪研究了O2/CO2气氛下生物质混合比例、温度、燃烧气氛及氧浓度对生物质混煤SO2排放特性的影响规律。结果表明,O2/CO2气氛下,随着生物质混合比例的增大,生物质混煤SO2释放峰值减小,SO2排放完毕的时间减少,SO2的排放量降低;随着温度的升高,生物质混煤SO2的排放量增加。O2/CO2和O2/N2气氛下随着氧浓度的增大,生物质混煤SO2的排放量均增加。相同氧浓度时,O2/CO2气氛下生物质混煤SO2的排放量略小于O2/N2气氛下的情况,其降低幅度约为5%左右。     

流化床O2/CO2燃烧（Ⅱ）-高氧浓度的中试研究

为给大型循环流化床O2/CO2燃烧系统在高氧气浓度下的燃烧提供参考,在燃烧室直径140 mm、高度6 000 mm的0.15 MW循环流化床燃烧试验系统上,在O2/N2气氛中,进行了煤在高氧浓度下的燃烧试验。实验结果表明,在一次风氧气浓度49.0%～53.3%、二次风氧气浓度50.8%～56.0%时仍可以安全、稳定燃烧。煤在燃烧过程中SO2收率为92.2%～94.0%,配风对SO2收率影响不大。不同风量配比下,NOx收率为6.71%～7.64%,N2O收率为5.13%～7.23%。降低一次风氧量,有助于降低NOx收率和N2O收率。推迟二次风加入时间,有助于降低N2O收率,但会使NOx收率升高。     

燃煤过程中亚微米颗粒生成及影响因素的研究

通过沉降炉燃煤实验,讨论了燃煤过程中亚微米颗粒的形成机理,研究了炉膛温度、煤粉粒径及氧浓度对亚微米颗粒生成的影响.实验选择平顶山烟煤、六盘水烟煤和合山烟煤,每种煤的煤粉粒径范围分别是100～200 μm、63～100 μm和小于63μm.煤粉在不同条件下燃烧后,用13级低压撞击器按不同粒径收集可吸入颗粒物进行研究.结果表明:粒径小于0.377 μm的颗粒是通过气化-凝结机理形成,而粒径大于0.377μm的颗粒是通过矿物质的破碎、聚结机理形成;随着炉膛温度的升高、煤粉粒径的降低及氧浓度的提高,亚微米颗粒生成量会有不同程度的增加;炉膛温度是最主要的影响因素,煤粉粒径及气氛次之.     

O2／CO2煤粉燃烧对矿物质成灰行为的影响

通过乌兰木伦煤在高温沉降炉中的燃烧实验,研究了O2/CO2燃烧时煤中矿物质的成灰行为.通过对所生成灰样的详细分析,并和O2/N2气氛下煤灰特性比较,研究了O2/CO2燃烧对矿物质成灰行为的影响.结果表明,与O2/N2燃烧相比,O2/CO2燃烧对灰样中生成的主要矿物质物相未产生显著影响,但改变了它们的相对含量;煤粉在O2和CO2体积比R为1:4条件下燃烧时,亚微米颗粒的生成量在较空气燃烧时减少,而当O2和CO2体积比R为2:3时,亚微米颗粒的生成量较相同氧浓度的O2/N2燃烧时大幅度增加;燃烧气氛还显著地影响亚微米颗粒的元素组成.     

O2/CO2气氛添加CaCO3对徐州烟煤PM2.5排放的影响

采用管式炉研究了在O2/CO2气氛下添加CaCO3对PM2.5(空气动力学直径小于2.5,μm的颗粒物)排放特性的影响.试验采用荷电低压撞击器(ELPI)采集和分析燃烧后的PM2.5.结果表明,添加CaCO3是燃烧过程中影响PM2.5生成的重要因素.添加CaCO3后,生成PM1的数密度和质量浓度均降低,而PM1-2.5的数密度和质量浓度均略有增加,PM2.5粒径分布均呈双峰分布,峰值点分别出现在0.2,μm和2.0,μm左右.随着CaCO3添加质量分数的增加,PM2.5中的S、Pb、Cu、Na和K几种元素的浓度呈下降趋势.     

高压O2/CO2气氛下煤焦理论计算研究

研究表明在6MPa压力,富氧浓度为30%的条件下的增压富氧燃烧的经济性可以达到最佳。在此气氛下用一个简单的燃烧模型对碳球燃烧的情况进行理论计算,与空气气氛下的燃烧情况作对比,得到增压富氧燃烧在煤粉的燃烧时间和对烟气捕集回收二氧化碳上的优越性。从而为增压富氧燃烧的进一步发展提供理论基础。     

O2/CO2和O2/N2氛围下煤粉富氧燃烧数值模拟

在目前煤炭依然作为能源主体的背景下，控制燃煤污染物排放有着重要意义。基于CFD数值模拟，建立伴流燃烧器模型，控制燃料、氧化剂入口流量恒定，设计了O₂/CO₂、O₂/N₂氧化剂氛围中O₂浓度在21%～40%内的多种工况，对煤粉燃烧特性及燃烧产生的污染物进行了研究。分析了不同工况下煤粉燃烧的温度分布、燃烧速率、碳烟、NO_x的生成情况。结果显示，在O₂/CO₂、O₂/N₂两种氧化剂氛围中，随着O₂浓度的上升，煤粉燃烧温度升高、燃烧速率增大，碳烟生成量均增加，同等O2浓度条件下，O₂/CO₂氛围的煤粉燃烧温度和燃烧速率均高于O₂/N₂氛围，碳烟生成量小于O₂/N₂氛围，且O₂/CO₂...     

Effect of Fe on NO release during char combustion in air and O2/CO2

The chemistry of char was probed by studying nitrogen release under the reactions with air and oxy-fuel combustion. The experiments were conducted in a drop tube furnace and a fixed bed flow reactor. NO was observed during those experiments. The results show that the particle size of char generated at 1073 K in CO₂ is larger than that in N₂. However, at 1573 K, it is smaller in CO₂ atmosphere due to particle breaking by gasification of char and CO₂. The Fe addition increases the NO conversion ratio, and the effect of Fe rises steeply with the process going until it becomes stable in the end. The results also indicate that the release of NO increases more significantly with the Fe addition in oxy-fuel environment.     

挥发分火焰对碳粒燃烧的影响

建立了球坐标系下传热、传质、化学反应全耦合的煤粉燃烧数值模拟程序．通过煤粉与事先脱除挥发分的焦炭的对比实验及数值模拟,研究了挥发分火焰对碳粒表面一次产物CO火焰的点燃及碳粒燃烧的影响．傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)测温实验及煤粉燃烧动态过程的数值模拟结果不仅进一步验证了碳粒着火初期CO火焰所引起的颗粒高温现象,而且给出了挥发分引燃表面反应一次产物CO的直接证据．由于挥发分火焰的引燃作用,碳粒可以在较其非均相着火温度为低的温度下被点燃,阐明了Juntgen提出的联合着火方式的物理本质．     

Effect of CO2 and steam gasification reactions on the oxy-combustion of pulverized coal char

For oxy-combustion with flue gas recirculation, elevated levels of CO₂ and steam affect the heat capacity of the gas, radiant transport, and other gas transport properties. A topic of widespread speculation has concerned the effect of gasification reactions of coal char on the char burning rate. To asses the impact of these reactions on the oxy-fuel combustion of pulverized coal char, we computed the char consumption characteristics for a range of CO₂ and H₂O reaction rate coefficients for a 100 μm coal char particle reacting in environments of varying O₂, H₂O, and CO₂ concentrations using the kinetics code SKIPPY (Surface Kinetics in Porous Particles). Results indicate that gasification reactions reduce the char particle temperature significantly (because of the reaction endothermicity) and thereby reduce the rate of char oxidation and the radiant emission from burning char particles. However, the overall effect of the combined steam and CO₂ gasification reactions is to increase the carbon consumption rate by approximately 10% in typical oxy-fuel combustion environments. The gasification reactions have a greater influence on char combustion in oxygen-enriched environments, due to the higher char combustion temperature under these conditions. In addition, the gasification reactions have increasing influence as the gas temperature increases (for a given O₂ concentration) and as the particle size increases. Gasification reactions account for roughly 20% of the carbon consumption in low oxygen conditions, and for about 30% under oxygen-enriched conditions. An increase in the carbon consumption rate and a decrease in particle temperature are also evident under conventional air-blown combustion conditions when the gasification reactions are included in the model.     

O_2/CO_2条件下生物质焦和煤焦燃烧动力学特性

为得到富氧条件下生物质焦和煤焦的燃烧动力学特性规律,利用热重研究了麦秆焦,木屑焦以及烟煤焦在富氧气条件下的燃烧特性。实验结果表明:无论是生物质焦还是煤焦,相同的O2浓度下,O2/CO2气氛下焦样的着火相对于O2/N2气氛均发生了延迟,燃烧特性指数也均低于O2/N2气氛下对应值;在O2/CO2气氛和O2/N2气氛下,随着O2浓度的增加,焦样的着火温度均降低,燃烧特性指数增大,且提高O2浓度对煤焦着火的改善程度显著优于木屑焦。     

O2/CO2粉煤燃烧技术的过程分析及烟气排放控制Q

目前减少CO2排放潜力较大、可行性较好的CCS、IGCC都离不开CO2的捕集技术。新型O2/CO2粉煤燃烧技术可以将排放烟气中的CO2浓度提高到95%,并使高温烟气回流,减少热量损失,同时又减少SO2、NOx等污染物的排放。与传统的O2/N2煤燃烧技术相比,O2/CO2粉煤燃烧技术增加了空气分离装置和烟气循环回流工艺。燃烧反应器中的主要反应包括有机物的燃烧反应、矿物质的氧化反应、脱硫剂的硫化反应等。高温烟气循环代替空气参与煤的燃烧反应能够减少能量损失,但减少的部分并不等于原有工艺排放的高温N2所带走的热损失,模型求解为Q=QA-QB。O2/CO2粉煤燃烧技术的主要优势体现在CO2高浓度捕集和液化储存环节,液化电耗约只有3%的下降,而传统技术液化电耗则可下降约27.8%左右,再加上减少的热损失,其经济性更加明显。O2/CO2粉煤燃烧技术可以对O2流量进行控制,使得不同质量的煤都得到充分燃烧。同时能够根据要求控制反应过程中排放的CO2、SO2、NOx中任意单个污染物的摩尔百分含量,通过求解目标函数f=f（XCO2,XSO2,XNOx,XCO,XH2O,…）,使其达到最优值。     

Rapid pyrolysis and CO2 gasification of anthracite at high temperature

Anthracite could be burnt efficiently at high temperature utilizing oxy-coal technology. To clarify the effects of temperature and atmosphere on char porosity characteristics, char morphology, fuel-N conversion, and reducing products release, rapid pyrolysis and CO₂ gasification of anthracite was carried out in a high temperature entrained-flow reactor to simulate the condition in a pulverized coal furnace. Developed pore structure was formed in the gasification chars, which could be contributed to charCO₂ reaction at high temperatures. More mesopores were formed in internal carbon skeleton and retained against collapse and coalescent for gasification chars than pyrolysis chars. Compared with pyrolysis char, smoother and denser surface was observed in gasification char with the irregular bulges disappeared due to the destruction of external carbon skeleton. Char-N could be oxidized to NO in CO₂ atmosphere and then reduced to N₂ by (CN) on the char surface. Char-N release was greatly promoted due to gasification reaction along with poly-condensation at high temperature; and the preact release of char-N would result in a larger portion of NO_x reduction in the following reduction zone with the oxygen-staging combustion technology compared with that in air-staging combustion. Complementally, homogeneous reduction in NO_x emission would play a minor effect for anthracite in oxy-coal combustion because of the deficiency of CH₄ and HCN, especially at high temperature.     

煤粉燃烧时NOx析出规律的试验研究

在一维沉降炉上系统地考察了煤粉燃烧时NOx的沿程排放特性及其影响因素.试验表明,NOx的生成与炉温、煤粉粒度、煤种、过量空气系数等因素密切相关;在其它条件相同的情况下,NOx的生成浓度随过量空气系数的增大而增大;随着温度的升高略有增大;挥发分含量、氮含量高的煤种NOx的生成也相对较多;煤粉燃烧存在一个临界粒径(dc).当d＞dc时,其NOx浓度随粒径的增大而减小;当d＜dc时,其NOx浓度随粒径的减小而减小.(通过对NOx生成规律的分析研究,对今后低NOx燃烧技术的改进具有一定的指导意义.)     

Effect of high temperature and separated combustion on SO2 release characteristics during coal combustion under O2/CO2 atmosphere

This paper studied the effect of high temperature (up to 1873K) and separated combustion mode (volatile combustion and char combustion are separated) on SO₂ release characteristics during pulverized coal combustion under O₂/CO₂ atmosphere. Coal combustion experiments were conducted at different combustion environment temperatures utilizing a high temperature fixed-bed setup. The results show that as temperature rises, the SO₂ release curve is transformed from a single-peak process to a double-peak process. In separated combustion, temperature has little effect on the volatile-SO₂ (SO₂ released during volatile combustion) but brings about a significant effect on char-SO₂ (SO₂ released during char combustion). Char-SO₂ release amount and the ratio of it to fuel-SO₂ release amount (total SO₂ released during coal combustion) increase with temperature rising. The increase of temperature leads to a dramatic decreasing of sulphur mass fixed in the ash and causes SO₂ release amount to rise when temperature is lower than 1573 K. Separated combustion causes a higher SO₂ release amount than coupled combustion (the same as conventional combustion, volatile combustion and char combustion are simultaneous). Thermochemistry equilibrium composition calculation results show that alkali metals and alkaline-earth metals are significant in sulphur retention. CaSO₄ and Na₂SO₄ are the main sulphates at high temperatures.